试析加纳/科特迪瓦划界案的实体裁决——兼论对我国海洋争端解决的启示
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摘要
2017年9月加纳/科特迪瓦划界案公布了最终裁决。特别分庭认为两国不存在默示的海洋划界协议,遵循了海洋划界的国际判例在认定存在默示协议上的高标准。通过采用"等距离/相关情况"的方法实施单一划界,特别分庭维持了国际海洋划界规则的一致性。另一方面,对于加纳在争议水域内实施的单方面油气开发活动,特别分庭认定加纳没有侵犯科特迪瓦的主权权利,也没有违反善意协商和不危害或阻碍最后协议的达成的义务,但这一裁决有可能会鼓励其他国家在划界前的争议水域增加单方面的油气开发行为。对我国东海和南海的争端解决而言,加纳/科特迪瓦划界案也具有一定的启示,我国应加强对最新的国际海洋划界判例的研究,为谈判和协商解决海洋争议做好充分准备。
The judgment of the dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary between Ghana and C8 te d'Ivoire was issued on September 2017. The Special Chamber considered that there was no establishment of a tacit agreement on maritime boundary between two States,which followed the high threshold of international case law in maritime boundary delimitation regarding the identification of existing a tacit agreement. By adopting the approach of the equidistance line/relevant circumstances,the Special Chamber maintained the consistency in the methodology of maritime delimitation. With regard to unilateral oil exploitation activities in the disputed waters,the Special Chamber determined that Ghana neither violated sovereign rights of C8 te d'Ivoire,nor breached the obligation to negotiate in good faith and the obligation not to hamper or prejudice the reaching of the final agreement. However,this decision may encourage other states in other disputed waters before delimitation to increment unilateral oil activities. In the context of the dispute settlement of the East China Sea and South China Sea,the Ghana and C8 te d'Ivoire case provides some references for China. Research on this latest maritime delimitation case requires to be strengthened which will help China make full preparations for negotiation and consultation to address maritime disputes in the near future.
The judgment of the dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary between Ghana and C8 te d'Ivoire was issued on September 2017. The Special Chamber considered that there was no establishment of a tacit agreement on maritime boundary between two States,which followed the high threshold of international case law in maritime boundary delimitation regarding the identification of existing a tacit agreement. By adopting the approach of the equidistance line/relevant circumstances,the Special Chamber maintained the consistency in the methodology of maritime delimitation. With regard to unilateral oil exploitation activities in the disputed waters,the Special Chamber determined that Ghana neither violated sovereign rights of C8 te d'Ivoire,nor breached the obligation to negotiate in good faith and the obligation not to hamper or prejudice the reaching of the final agreement. However,this decision may encourage other states in other disputed waters before delimitation to increment unilateral oil activities. In the context of the dispute settlement of the East China Sea and South China Sea,the Ghana and C8 te d'Ivoire case provides some references for China. Research on this latest maritime delimitation case requires to be strengthened which will help China make full preparations for negotiation and consultation to address maritime disputes in the near future.
引文
(1)See Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean(Ghana/Coted d'Ivoire), Judgment of 23 Septenmber 2017, p. 8, paras. 1-2.
(2)分庭有五位法官组成,分别是布阿莱姆·布盖岱亚(Judge Boualem Bouguetaia)、吕迪格·沃尔夫鲁姆(Judge Rudiger Wolfrum)、白珍铉(Judge Jiin-Hyun Paik)、托马斯·门萨(Judge Thiomas Mensah)、龙尼·亚伯拉罕(Ronny Abraham)。
(1)See Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean(Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire), Provisional Measures, Order of 25 April 2015.
(2)See"Ghana,Cote d'Ivoire Commit to ITLOS Judgement-Joint Committee for Implementation Set Up",TheStatesman,18 October 2017,http://www. thestatesmanonline. com/index. php/news/3671-ghana-cote-d-ivoire-commit-to-itlos-judgement-joi nt-committee-for-implementation-set-up[2018-10-24].
(3)SeeGhana/Cate d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 33,para. 100.
(4)SeeGhana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,pp. 47-62,paras. 148-197.
(5)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, p. 66, para. 212. Case Concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment of 8 October 2007,I. C. J Reports 2007,p. 659,at p. 735,para. 253.
(6)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, pp. 67-71, paras. 217-228.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 93,paras. 324-325.
(2)See Pieter Bekker,Robert van de Poll,"Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire Receive a Strict-Equidistance Boundary",,American Society of International Law Insight,13 October 2017, https://www. asil. org/insights/volume/21/issue/11/ghana-and-cote-di voire-rece ive-strict-equidistance-boundary[2018-10-24]; Constantinos Yiallourides and Elizabeth Rose Donnelly,"Part I:Analysis of Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean", EJIL Talk!, 19 October 2017, https://www. ejiltalk. org/part-i-analysis-of-dispute-concerning-delimitation-of-the-maritime-boundar y-betweenghana-and-co te-divoire-in-the-atlantic-ocean/[2018-10-24].
(3)See hana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment,p. 97,para. 342.
(4)See The South China Sea Arbitration(The Republic of Philippines v. The People's Republic of China),Award on Merits of 12 July 2016, pp. 140-143, paras. 327-332.
(5)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,pp. 128-129,para. 453. See Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area(Canada/United States of America), Judgment, 1. C. J. Reports 1984, p. 246, at p. 342, para. 237.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 135,paras. 477-478.
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 162,para. 591-592.
(3)See Nigel Bankes"ITLOS Judgment in the Maritime Boundary Dispute between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire",The Blog of the K. G. Jebsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea,27 October 2017,http://site. uit. no/jclos/files/2017/10/JCLOS-Blog_271017_ITLOS-Judgment-in-the-Maritime-Boundary-Dispute.pdf[2018-10-24]; Natalia Ermolina and Constantinos Yiallourides"State responsibility for unilateral hydrocarbon activities in disputed maritime areas:The case of Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire and its implications", The Blog of the K. G. Jebsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea,23 November 2017,http://site. uit. no/jclos/2017/11/23/state-responsibility-for-unilateral-hydrocarbon-activities-in-disputed-mari time-areas-the-case-of-ghana-and-cote-divoire-and-itsimplications/[2018-10-24].
(4)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Provisional Measures,Order,p. 163,paras. 88-90.
(1)See Nigel Bankes"ITLOS Judgment in the Marititme Boundary Dispute between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire,The Blog of the K. G. Jebbsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea".
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,pp. 165-166,paras. 604-605.
(3)叶泉《当事国在海洋划界前的国际法义务之研析——兼论南海当事国在划界前之国际法义务》,《法学评论》2016年第6期,第101页。
(4)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, p. 171, para. 628.
(5)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment,pp. 176-179,paras. 647-658.
(6)See Nigel Bankes"ITLOS Judgment in the Maritime Boundary Dispute between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire,The Blog of the K. G. Jebsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea".
(7)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, pp. 161-162, paras. 587-588.
(8)See Ghanna/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, pp. 172-173, paras. 631-633.
(9)See Nicholas A. Ioannides"A Commentary on the Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Oc.ean(Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire)", Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal, Issue No. 3, 2017, pp. 57-58.
(1)See Award in the Arbitration regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guyana and Suriname(Guyana v. Suriname), Award of 17 September 2007, p. 132, paras. 467-468.
(2)See Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case(Greece v. Turkey), Request for the Indication of Interim Measures of Protection,Order of 11 September 1976,I. C.J Reports 1976,p.3,at p. 10,para. 30.
(3)See Guyana v. Suriname), Award, p. 133,para. 469.
(4)See Guyana v. Suriname),Award,p. 137,paras. 480-481.
(5)SeeGhana/Cote d'Ivoire,Provisional Measures,Order,p. 163,paras. 88-90.
(6)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, p. 3-6, para. 7-16.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, pp. 6-7, para. 17.
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Provisional Measures,Order,p. 20,paras. 99-101.
(3)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Provisional Measures,Order,p. 20,para. 102.
(4)See Yoshifuma Tanaka,"Article 74"and"Article 83",in Alexander Proelβ, ed., The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:A Commentary, C. H. Beck·Hart·Nomos, 2017, pp. 581,665.
(5)See Yoshifumi Tanaka"Unilateral Exploration and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Disputed Areas:A Note on the Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire Order of 25 April 2015 before the Special Chamber of ITLOS", Ocean Development&International Law, Vol. 46, Issue 4, 2015, p.326.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, p. 7, para. 18.
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, pp. 7-8, para. 19.
(3)See Constantinos Yiallourides and Elizabeth Rose Donnelly,"Part I:Analysis of Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean"and"Part II:Analysis of Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean", EJIL Talk!,20 October 2017,https://www.ejiltalk. org/part-ii-analysis-of-dispute-concerning-delimitation-of-the-maritime-bounda ry-between-ghana-and-cote-divoire-in-the-atlantic-ocean/[2018-10-24].
(4)See Nicholas A. Ioannides"A Commentary on the Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean(Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire)",pp. 57-58.
(5)张小奕《关于科特诉迪瓦诉加纳海洋划界案临时措施裁定的述评》,《亚太安全与海洋研究》2016年第2期,第116页。
(6)See Suk Kyoon Kim, Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia Regional Challenges and Cooperation, Brill Nijhoff, 2017, pp. 64-68.
(1)参见《自民党拟要求政府就中国开发东海油气田问题提起仲裁》,南海研究论坛,2016年7月13日,http://www.nhjd.net/article-3311-1. html[2018-10-24]。
(2)董世杰《剖析日本蓄意在东海“中间线”以西海域挑起争议的划界图谋》,《太平洋学报》2017年第11期,第69页。
(3)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, p. 70, para. 225.
(4)See Sovereign ty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan(Indonesia/Malaysia), Judgment of 17 December2002,I. C. J Reports 2002,p. 625,at p. 664,para. 79.
(5)See Nicaragua v. Honduras, Judgment, p.735,para. 253.
(1)参见《中华人民共和国政府关于在南海的领土主权和海洋权益的声明》,中华人民共和国外交部网站,2016年7月12日,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/chn/snhwtlcwj/t1380021. htm[2018-10-24]。
(1)张华《争议海域油气资源开发活动对国际海洋划界的影响——基于“加纳与科特迪瓦大西洋划界案”的思考》,《法商研究》2018年第3期,第169页。
(2)参见《日本再抗议中国东海采油中方多次表示是我主权范围内之事》,环球网,2018年6月30日,http://world.huan qiu.com/exclusive/2018-06/12380952. html[2018-10-24]。
(1)See"PetroVietnam, Japanese firms sign South China Sea gas deal amid tensions with Beijing", Reuters, 1August 2018, https://www.reuters. com/article/us-vietnam-japan-southchinasea/petrovietnam-japanese-firmssign-south-china-sea-gas-deal-amid-tensions-with-beijing-idUSKBN1KM3SO[2018-10-24].
(2)参见张华《争议海域油气资源开发活动对国际海洋划界的影响——基于“加纳与科特迪瓦大西洋划界案”的思考》,第170页。
(3)参见《中越北部湾湾口外海域工作组、海上共同开发磋商工作组新一轮磋商在越南举行》,2018年3月19日,中华人民共和国外交部网站,http://www. mfa. gov. cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1543444. htm[2018-10-24]。《中国—菲律宾南海问题双边磋商机制第二次会议》,中华人民共和国外交部网站,2018年2月13日,http://www. mfa. gov. cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1534825. htm[2018-10-24]。
(4)参见《王毅“南海行为准则”单一磋商文本草案形成,证明中国与东盟国家有能力达成共同遵守的地区规则》,中华人民共和国外交部网站,2018年8月2日,https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/t1582564. shtml[2018-10-24]。
(2)分庭有五位法官组成,分别是布阿莱姆·布盖岱亚(Judge Boualem Bouguetaia)、吕迪格·沃尔夫鲁姆(Judge Rudiger Wolfrum)、白珍铉(Judge Jiin-Hyun Paik)、托马斯·门萨(Judge Thiomas Mensah)、龙尼·亚伯拉罕(Ronny Abraham)。
(1)See Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean(Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire), Provisional Measures, Order of 25 April 2015.
(2)See"Ghana,Cote d'Ivoire Commit to ITLOS Judgement-Joint Committee for Implementation Set Up",TheStatesman,18 October 2017,http://www. thestatesmanonline. com/index. php/news/3671-ghana-cote-d-ivoire-commit-to-itlos-judgement-joi nt-committee-for-implementation-set-up[2018-10-24].
(3)SeeGhana/Cate d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 33,para. 100.
(4)SeeGhana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,pp. 47-62,paras. 148-197.
(5)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, p. 66, para. 212. Case Concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment of 8 October 2007,I. C. J Reports 2007,p. 659,at p. 735,para. 253.
(6)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, pp. 67-71, paras. 217-228.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 93,paras. 324-325.
(2)See Pieter Bekker,Robert van de Poll,"Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire Receive a Strict-Equidistance Boundary",,American Society of International Law Insight,13 October 2017, https://www. asil. org/insights/volume/21/issue/11/ghana-and-cote-di voire-rece ive-strict-equidistance-boundary[2018-10-24]; Constantinos Yiallourides and Elizabeth Rose Donnelly,"Part I:Analysis of Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean", EJIL Talk!, 19 October 2017, https://www. ejiltalk. org/part-i-analysis-of-dispute-concerning-delimitation-of-the-maritime-boundar y-betweenghana-and-co te-divoire-in-the-atlantic-ocean/[2018-10-24].
(3)See hana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment,p. 97,para. 342.
(4)See The South China Sea Arbitration(The Republic of Philippines v. The People's Republic of China),Award on Merits of 12 July 2016, pp. 140-143, paras. 327-332.
(5)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,pp. 128-129,para. 453. See Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area(Canada/United States of America), Judgment, 1. C. J. Reports 1984, p. 246, at p. 342, para. 237.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 135,paras. 477-478.
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,p. 162,para. 591-592.
(3)See Nigel Bankes"ITLOS Judgment in the Maritime Boundary Dispute between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire",The Blog of the K. G. Jebsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea,27 October 2017,http://site. uit. no/jclos/files/2017/10/JCLOS-Blog_271017_ITLOS-Judgment-in-the-Maritime-Boundary-Dispute.pdf[2018-10-24]; Natalia Ermolina and Constantinos Yiallourides"State responsibility for unilateral hydrocarbon activities in disputed maritime areas:The case of Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire and its implications", The Blog of the K. G. Jebsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea,23 November 2017,http://site. uit. no/jclos/2017/11/23/state-responsibility-for-unilateral-hydrocarbon-activities-in-disputed-mari time-areas-the-case-of-ghana-and-cote-divoire-and-itsimplications/[2018-10-24].
(4)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Provisional Measures,Order,p. 163,paras. 88-90.
(1)See Nigel Bankes"ITLOS Judgment in the Marititme Boundary Dispute between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire,The Blog of the K. G. Jebbsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea".
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Judgment,pp. 165-166,paras. 604-605.
(3)叶泉《当事国在海洋划界前的国际法义务之研析——兼论南海当事国在划界前之国际法义务》,《法学评论》2016年第6期,第101页。
(4)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, p. 171, para. 628.
(5)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment,pp. 176-179,paras. 647-658.
(6)See Nigel Bankes"ITLOS Judgment in the Maritime Boundary Dispute between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire,The Blog of the K. G. Jebsen Centre fort the Law of the Sea".
(7)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, pp. 161-162, paras. 587-588.
(8)See Ghanna/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, pp. 172-173, paras. 631-633.
(9)See Nicholas A. Ioannides"A Commentary on the Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Oc.ean(Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire)", Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal, Issue No. 3, 2017, pp. 57-58.
(1)See Award in the Arbitration regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guyana and Suriname(Guyana v. Suriname), Award of 17 September 2007, p. 132, paras. 467-468.
(2)See Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case(Greece v. Turkey), Request for the Indication of Interim Measures of Protection,Order of 11 September 1976,I. C.J Reports 1976,p.3,at p. 10,para. 30.
(3)See Guyana v. Suriname), Award, p. 133,para. 469.
(4)See Guyana v. Suriname),Award,p. 137,paras. 480-481.
(5)SeeGhana/Cote d'Ivoire,Provisional Measures,Order,p. 163,paras. 88-90.
(6)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, p. 3-6, para. 7-16.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, pp. 6-7, para. 17.
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire,Provisional Measures,Order,p. 20,paras. 99-101.
(3)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Provisional Measures,Order,p. 20,para. 102.
(4)See Yoshifuma Tanaka,"Article 74"and"Article 83",in Alexander Proelβ, ed., The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:A Commentary, C. H. Beck·Hart·Nomos, 2017, pp. 581,665.
(5)See Yoshifumi Tanaka"Unilateral Exploration and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Disputed Areas:A Note on the Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire Order of 25 April 2015 before the Special Chamber of ITLOS", Ocean Development&International Law, Vol. 46, Issue 4, 2015, p.326.
(1)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, p. 7, para. 18.
(2)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, Separated Opinion of Judge Paik, pp. 7-8, para. 19.
(3)See Constantinos Yiallourides and Elizabeth Rose Donnelly,"Part I:Analysis of Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean"and"Part II:Analysis of Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean", EJIL Talk!,20 October 2017,https://www.ejiltalk. org/part-ii-analysis-of-dispute-concerning-delimitation-of-the-maritime-bounda ry-between-ghana-and-cote-divoire-in-the-atlantic-ocean/[2018-10-24].
(4)See Nicholas A. Ioannides"A Commentary on the Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean(Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire)",pp. 57-58.
(5)张小奕《关于科特诉迪瓦诉加纳海洋划界案临时措施裁定的述评》,《亚太安全与海洋研究》2016年第2期,第116页。
(6)See Suk Kyoon Kim, Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia Regional Challenges and Cooperation, Brill Nijhoff, 2017, pp. 64-68.
(1)参见《自民党拟要求政府就中国开发东海油气田问题提起仲裁》,南海研究论坛,2016年7月13日,http://www.nhjd.net/article-3311-1. html[2018-10-24]。
(2)董世杰《剖析日本蓄意在东海“中间线”以西海域挑起争议的划界图谋》,《太平洋学报》2017年第11期,第69页。
(3)See Ghana/Cote d'Ivoire, Judgment, p. 70, para. 225.
(4)See Sovereign ty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan(Indonesia/Malaysia), Judgment of 17 December2002,I. C. J Reports 2002,p. 625,at p. 664,para. 79.
(5)See Nicaragua v. Honduras, Judgment, p.735,para. 253.
(1)参见《中华人民共和国政府关于在南海的领土主权和海洋权益的声明》,中华人民共和国外交部网站,2016年7月12日,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/chn/snhwtlcwj/t1380021. htm[2018-10-24]。
(1)张华《争议海域油气资源开发活动对国际海洋划界的影响——基于“加纳与科特迪瓦大西洋划界案”的思考》,《法商研究》2018年第3期,第169页。
(2)参见《日本再抗议中国东海采油中方多次表示是我主权范围内之事》,环球网,2018年6月30日,http://world.huan qiu.com/exclusive/2018-06/12380952. html[2018-10-24]。
(1)See"PetroVietnam, Japanese firms sign South China Sea gas deal amid tensions with Beijing", Reuters, 1August 2018, https://www.reuters. com/article/us-vietnam-japan-southchinasea/petrovietnam-japanese-firmssign-south-china-sea-gas-deal-amid-tensions-with-beijing-idUSKBN1KM3SO[2018-10-24].
(2)参见张华《争议海域油气资源开发活动对国际海洋划界的影响——基于“加纳与科特迪瓦大西洋划界案”的思考》,第170页。
(3)参见《中越北部湾湾口外海域工作组、海上共同开发磋商工作组新一轮磋商在越南举行》,2018年3月19日,中华人民共和国外交部网站,http://www. mfa. gov. cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1543444. htm[2018-10-24]。《中国—菲律宾南海问题双边磋商机制第二次会议》,中华人民共和国外交部网站,2018年2月13日,http://www. mfa. gov. cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1534825. htm[2018-10-24]。
(4)参见《王毅“南海行为准则”单一磋商文本草案形成,证明中国与东盟国家有能力达成共同遵守的地区规则》,中华人民共和国外交部网站,2018年8月2日,https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/t1582564. shtml[2018-10-24]。