太湖水动力扰动对有机物释放影响的试验
|
摘要
为了解浅水湖泊在不同水动力扰动下水体营养盐及有机物释放量的变化,在实验室进行了连续长时间的不同风浪条件下水土界面扰动试验,以确定不同风速引起的沉积物再悬浮对水体有机物的影响。结果表明,扰动促进了沉积物中颗粒态有机质(POM)的再悬浮,但随扰动强度加大,颗粒物中有机质的比例反而降低,而溶解态营养盐及有机质并未受到明显影响。利用三维荧光光谱(EEMS)并结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)解析有机物(DOM)的荧光特征,共识别出2类5个荧光组分,分别为类蛋白荧光组分C1(280 nm,322 nm)、C3(235 nm,353 nm)、C5(270 nm,<300 nm)和类腐殖质荧光组分C2(275 nm,383 nm)、C4(260 nm/335 nm,443 nm)。在试验过程中类蛋白组分所占比重接近80%,表现出明显的内源释放特征。同时,a355在对照组和试验组也无显著差异。研究表明,不同水动力扰动促进颗粒态有机物再悬浮,但对溶解态有机质的浓度和组分变化影响并不显著。此次室内模拟试验是水体有机物对水动力扰动响应的初步研究,原位观测需考虑更多影响因子。
The present paper is aimed to identify and examine the releasing change of the nutrients and organic matters in the shallow-water lakes under different hydrodynamic disturbances,with the purpose to deepen our understanding of the effects of the resuspension of the sedimentary deposits likely to be caused by the different wind velocities on the organic substances in the lake body. We have also conducted continuous and long-lasting experiments of the soil-water mixture interface disturbance under thedifferent wind and wave conditions( e. g. the breeze,moderate wind and/or strong wind) in the Lab. The results of our experiment and testing have shown that the perturbation promotes resuspension of the particulate organic matters( POM) in the sediments. But the ratio of the organic matters in the particles have been found in decrease with the increase of the disturbing strength,though no obvious effects can be found on the dissolved nutrient and organic contents. Further analysis has been done with the fluorescent features of the dissolved organic matters in the water by using the EEMS and PARAFAC,which let us find 2 categories and 5 types of fluorescent components,that is,C1,C3 and C5 of the category of protein-like fluorescent components at280 nm,322 nm and 235 nm,353 nm and 270 nm, < 300 nm,respectively,and C2,C4,belonging to that of the humic-like fluorescent components at 275 nm,383 nm and 260 nm/335 nm,443 nm,respectively. And,in contrast,the protein-like component in the result of the experiment has been found equal to80%,implying clearly the endogenous release features. However,no significant difference of a355 has been noticed between the control group and the experimental group,which could be used to characterize the concentration of a chromophoric dissolved organic matters. Thus,it can be concluded that the different hydrodynamic disturbances are in a position to promote the resuspension of the particulate organic matters( POM) in the sediments,whereas the concentration and the alteration of the components of the dissolved organic matters fail to. The indoor or laboratory simulated experiments can also be used to do the preliminary tests of the response of water organic matters to the hydrodynamic disturbance,in which it is necessary to take in account lots of factors involved in the given status in-situ observations.
The present paper is aimed to identify and examine the releasing change of the nutrients and organic matters in the shallow-water lakes under different hydrodynamic disturbances,with the purpose to deepen our understanding of the effects of the resuspension of the sedimentary deposits likely to be caused by the different wind velocities on the organic substances in the lake body. We have also conducted continuous and long-lasting experiments of the soil-water mixture interface disturbance under thedifferent wind and wave conditions( e. g. the breeze,moderate wind and/or strong wind) in the Lab. The results of our experiment and testing have shown that the perturbation promotes resuspension of the particulate organic matters( POM) in the sediments. But the ratio of the organic matters in the particles have been found in decrease with the increase of the disturbing strength,though no obvious effects can be found on the dissolved nutrient and organic contents. Further analysis has been done with the fluorescent features of the dissolved organic matters in the water by using the EEMS and PARAFAC,which let us find 2 categories and 5 types of fluorescent components,that is,C1,C3 and C5 of the category of protein-like fluorescent components at280 nm,322 nm and 235 nm,353 nm and 270 nm, < 300 nm,respectively,and C2,C4,belonging to that of the humic-like fluorescent components at 275 nm,383 nm and 260 nm/335 nm,443 nm,respectively. And,in contrast,the protein-like component in the result of the experiment has been found equal to80%,implying clearly the endogenous release features. However,no significant difference of a355 has been noticed between the control group and the experimental group,which could be used to characterize the concentration of a chromophoric dissolved organic matters. Thus,it can be concluded that the different hydrodynamic disturbances are in a position to promote the resuspension of the particulate organic matters( POM) in the sediments,whereas the concentration and the alteration of the components of the dissolved organic matters fail to. The indoor or laboratory simulated experiments can also be used to do the preliminary tests of the response of water organic matters to the hydrodynamic disturbance,in which it is necessary to take in account lots of factors involved in the given status in-situ observations.
引文
[1]WU Fengchang(吴丰昌),WANG Liying(王立英),LI Wen(黎文),et al.Natural organic matter and its signification in terrestrial surface environment[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2008,20(1):1-12.
[2]YAO Xin(姚昕),ZOU Shengzhang(邹胜章),XIA Riyuan(夏日元),et al.Dissolved organic matter(DOM)dynamics in Karst aquifer systems[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2014,35(5):1766-1772.
[3]KEPPLER F,EDIEN R,NIEDAN V,et al.Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter[J].Nature,2000,403(6767):298-301.
[4]OLIVER R L,WHITTING J,LORENZ Z,et al.The influence of vertical mixing on the photoinhibition of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence and its inclusion in a model of phytoplankton photosynthesis[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(9):1107-1129.
[5]THIESSEN G,ENGELDER C J.Isolation of the humic acids[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,1930,22(10):1131-1133.
[6]HE Wei(何伟),BAI Zelin(白泽琳),LI Yilong(李一龙),et al.Advances in the characteristics analysis and source identification of the dissolved organic matter[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2016,36(2):359-372.
[7]YAO Xin(姚昕).The fluorescence characteristics and amino acid composition of organic matter(OM)and environmental Significance in Lake Taihu(太湖水体有机质荧光特征、氨基酸组分特征及环境指示意义)[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2011.
[8]YAO Xin(姚昕),SUN Jiangling(孙将凌),DONG Jie(董杰),et al.Absorption characteristics and environmental significance of dissolved organic matter in Lake Dongping[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析),2016,36(10):3232-3236.
[9]LI Sijia(李思佳),SONG Kaishan(宋开山),ZHAO Ying(赵莹),et al.Absorption characteristics of particulates and CDOM in waters of Chagan Lake and Xilicheng Reservoir in autumn[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2016,37(1):112-122.
[10]SHAO Tiantian(邵甜甜),SONG Kaishan(宋开山),DING Zhi(丁智),et al.Absorption characteristics and seasonal variations of optically active water constituents from Liaohe River[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2016,36(7):1861-1871.
[11]WANG Shuhang(王书航),WANG Wenwen(王雯雯),JIANG Xia(姜霞),et al.Distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lihu Lake using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis[J].China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2016,36(2):517-524.
[12]HELLER M L,WUTTIG K,CROOT P L.Identifying the sources and sinks of CDOM/FDOM across the Mauritanian shelf and their potential role in the decomposition of superoxide[J].Frontiers in Marine Science,2016,3:1-19.
[13]CONMY R N,COBLE P G,CANNIZZARO J P,et al.Influence of extreme storm events on West Florida Shelf CDOM distributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2009,114(G4):1-17.
[14]BOSS E S,PEGAU W S,ZANEVELD J R,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of absorption by dissolved material at a continental shelf[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(C5):9499-9507.
[15]LIU Xiaohan(刘笑菡),FENG Longqing(冯龙庆),ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),et al.Effects of hydrodynamic process on biooptical properties in algal-dominated lake region of shallow lake[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2012,33(2):412-420.
[16]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),CHEN Weimin(陈伟民),et al.Distribution,seasonal variation and correlation analysis of the transparency in Taihu Lake[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology(海洋湖沼通报),2003(2):30-36.
[17]QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟),ZHANG Lu(张路),et al.Nutrient release model and its estimation method in large diving lake sediment—with Lake Taihu as an example[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences(中国科学D辑:地球科学),2005,35(SII):33-44.
[18]FU P Q,WU F C,LIU C Q,et al.Spectroscopic characterization and molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter in sediment porewaters from Lake Erhai,Southwest China[J].Biogeochemistry,2016,81:179-189.
[19]WANG Xiaodong(王小冬),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),LIU Lizhen(刘丽贞),et al.Effects of experimental sediment suspension on the nutrients release and growth of algal bloom[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin(长江流域与资源环境),2011,20(12):1481-1486.
[20]WANG Peng(王鹏),WANG Shengyan(王胜艳),HAO Shaopan(郝少盼),et al.Characteristics of sediment resuspension in Taihu Lake under simulative disturbing conditions[J].Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2010,21(3):399-404.
[21]SUN Xiaojing(孙小静),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟),et al.Effect of wind-induced wave on concentration of colloidal nutrient and phytoplankton in Lake Taihu[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2007,28(3):506-511.
[22]GENG Di(耿頔),YANG Fen(杨芬),WEI Chaoyang(韦朝阳),et al.Effects of wind-wave disturbance on the partition of arsenic between the water suspended solids phase of Lake Taihu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2015,35(5):1358-1365.
[23]LI Yiping(李一平),PANG Yong(逄勇),LIU Xingping(刘兴平),et al.Numerical modeling of waves in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2008,20(1):117-122.
[24]QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),HU Weiping(胡维平),GAO Guang(高光),et al.The dynamic mechanism of sediment suspension lake and conceptual model of endogenous release in Lake Taihu[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(科学通报),2003,48(17):1822-1831.
[25]JIN Xiangcan(金相灿),TU Qingying(屠清瑛).Lake eutrophication investigation specification(湖泊富营养化调查规范)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.
[26]WU T F,WANG Z,NIU C,et al.The effect of intense hydrodynamic disturbance on chromophoric dissolved organic matter in a shallow eutrophic lake[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2015,30(1):143-156.
[27]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强).Feature of CDOM and its possible source in Meiliang bay and Da Taihu lake in Taihu lake in summer and winter[J].Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2007,18(3):415-423.
[28]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),YANG Longyuan(杨龙元).Spatial distribution and absorption characteristics with relation to fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in Meiliang bay of Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2006,18(4):319-326.
[29]HUANG Changchun(黄昌春),LI Yunmei(李云梅),WANG Qiao(王桥),et al.Components optical property of CDOM in Lake Taihu based on three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2010,22(3):375-382.
[30]FENG Weiying(冯伟莹),ZHU Yuanrong(朱元荣),WU Fengchang(吴丰昌),et al.The fluorescent characteristics and sources of dissolved organic matter in water of Tai Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2016,36(2):475-482.
[31]HAN Yuchao(韩宇超),GUO Weidong(郭卫东).The fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Jiulong River Estuary[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2009,29(3):641-647.
[32]LIU Xiaohan(刘笑菡),ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),YIN Yan(殷燕),et al.Application of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis in CDOM study[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology(海洋湖沼通报),2012(3):133-144.
[33]LI Dapeng(李大鹏),HUANG Yong(黄勇).Effect of disturbance intensity on phosphorus release and its transformation in the sediment from Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2012,33(8):2614-2620.
[34]DING Yanqing(丁艳青),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),et al.Experimental study on the effect of wave disturbances on the phosphorus dynamics in shallow lakes[J].Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2011,22(2):273-278.
[35]TROLLE D,ZHU G W,HAMILTON D,et al.The influence of water quality and sediment geochemistry on the horizontal and vertical distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen in sediments of a large,shallow lake[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,627(1):31-44.
[36]BINDING C E,JEROME J H,BUKATA R P,et al.Spectral absorption properties of dissolved and particulate matter in Lake Erie[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(4):1702-1711.
[37]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),YANG Longyuan(杨龙元).Spectral absorption coefficients of particulate matter and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2006,26(12):3969-3979.
[38]LUO Liancong(罗潋葱),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟).Sediment distribution and the maximum resuspension depth with disturbance in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Sediment Research(泥沙研究),2004(1):9-14.
[2]YAO Xin(姚昕),ZOU Shengzhang(邹胜章),XIA Riyuan(夏日元),et al.Dissolved organic matter(DOM)dynamics in Karst aquifer systems[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2014,35(5):1766-1772.
[3]KEPPLER F,EDIEN R,NIEDAN V,et al.Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter[J].Nature,2000,403(6767):298-301.
[4]OLIVER R L,WHITTING J,LORENZ Z,et al.The influence of vertical mixing on the photoinhibition of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence and its inclusion in a model of phytoplankton photosynthesis[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(9):1107-1129.
[5]THIESSEN G,ENGELDER C J.Isolation of the humic acids[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,1930,22(10):1131-1133.
[6]HE Wei(何伟),BAI Zelin(白泽琳),LI Yilong(李一龙),et al.Advances in the characteristics analysis and source identification of the dissolved organic matter[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2016,36(2):359-372.
[7]YAO Xin(姚昕).The fluorescence characteristics and amino acid composition of organic matter(OM)and environmental Significance in Lake Taihu(太湖水体有机质荧光特征、氨基酸组分特征及环境指示意义)[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2011.
[8]YAO Xin(姚昕),SUN Jiangling(孙将凌),DONG Jie(董杰),et al.Absorption characteristics and environmental significance of dissolved organic matter in Lake Dongping[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析),2016,36(10):3232-3236.
[9]LI Sijia(李思佳),SONG Kaishan(宋开山),ZHAO Ying(赵莹),et al.Absorption characteristics of particulates and CDOM in waters of Chagan Lake and Xilicheng Reservoir in autumn[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2016,37(1):112-122.
[10]SHAO Tiantian(邵甜甜),SONG Kaishan(宋开山),DING Zhi(丁智),et al.Absorption characteristics and seasonal variations of optically active water constituents from Liaohe River[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2016,36(7):1861-1871.
[11]WANG Shuhang(王书航),WANG Wenwen(王雯雯),JIANG Xia(姜霞),et al.Distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lihu Lake using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis[J].China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2016,36(2):517-524.
[12]HELLER M L,WUTTIG K,CROOT P L.Identifying the sources and sinks of CDOM/FDOM across the Mauritanian shelf and their potential role in the decomposition of superoxide[J].Frontiers in Marine Science,2016,3:1-19.
[13]CONMY R N,COBLE P G,CANNIZZARO J P,et al.Influence of extreme storm events on West Florida Shelf CDOM distributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2009,114(G4):1-17.
[14]BOSS E S,PEGAU W S,ZANEVELD J R,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of absorption by dissolved material at a continental shelf[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(C5):9499-9507.
[15]LIU Xiaohan(刘笑菡),FENG Longqing(冯龙庆),ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),et al.Effects of hydrodynamic process on biooptical properties in algal-dominated lake region of shallow lake[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2012,33(2):412-420.
[16]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),CHEN Weimin(陈伟民),et al.Distribution,seasonal variation and correlation analysis of the transparency in Taihu Lake[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology(海洋湖沼通报),2003(2):30-36.
[17]QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟),ZHANG Lu(张路),et al.Nutrient release model and its estimation method in large diving lake sediment—with Lake Taihu as an example[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences(中国科学D辑:地球科学),2005,35(SII):33-44.
[18]FU P Q,WU F C,LIU C Q,et al.Spectroscopic characterization and molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter in sediment porewaters from Lake Erhai,Southwest China[J].Biogeochemistry,2016,81:179-189.
[19]WANG Xiaodong(王小冬),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),LIU Lizhen(刘丽贞),et al.Effects of experimental sediment suspension on the nutrients release and growth of algal bloom[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin(长江流域与资源环境),2011,20(12):1481-1486.
[20]WANG Peng(王鹏),WANG Shengyan(王胜艳),HAO Shaopan(郝少盼),et al.Characteristics of sediment resuspension in Taihu Lake under simulative disturbing conditions[J].Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2010,21(3):399-404.
[21]SUN Xiaojing(孙小静),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟),et al.Effect of wind-induced wave on concentration of colloidal nutrient and phytoplankton in Lake Taihu[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2007,28(3):506-511.
[22]GENG Di(耿頔),YANG Fen(杨芬),WEI Chaoyang(韦朝阳),et al.Effects of wind-wave disturbance on the partition of arsenic between the water suspended solids phase of Lake Taihu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2015,35(5):1358-1365.
[23]LI Yiping(李一平),PANG Yong(逄勇),LIU Xingping(刘兴平),et al.Numerical modeling of waves in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2008,20(1):117-122.
[24]QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),HU Weiping(胡维平),GAO Guang(高光),et al.The dynamic mechanism of sediment suspension lake and conceptual model of endogenous release in Lake Taihu[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(科学通报),2003,48(17):1822-1831.
[25]JIN Xiangcan(金相灿),TU Qingying(屠清瑛).Lake eutrophication investigation specification(湖泊富营养化调查规范)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.
[26]WU T F,WANG Z,NIU C,et al.The effect of intense hydrodynamic disturbance on chromophoric dissolved organic matter in a shallow eutrophic lake[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2015,30(1):143-156.
[27]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强).Feature of CDOM and its possible source in Meiliang bay and Da Taihu lake in Taihu lake in summer and winter[J].Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2007,18(3):415-423.
[28]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),YANG Longyuan(杨龙元).Spatial distribution and absorption characteristics with relation to fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in Meiliang bay of Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2006,18(4):319-326.
[29]HUANG Changchun(黄昌春),LI Yunmei(李云梅),WANG Qiao(王桥),et al.Components optical property of CDOM in Lake Taihu based on three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence[J].Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),2010,22(3):375-382.
[30]FENG Weiying(冯伟莹),ZHU Yuanrong(朱元荣),WU Fengchang(吴丰昌),et al.The fluorescent characteristics and sources of dissolved organic matter in water of Tai Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2016,36(2):475-482.
[31]HAN Yuchao(韩宇超),GUO Weidong(郭卫东).The fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Jiulong River Estuary[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2009,29(3):641-647.
[32]LIU Xiaohan(刘笑菡),ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),YIN Yan(殷燕),et al.Application of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis in CDOM study[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology(海洋湖沼通报),2012(3):133-144.
[33]LI Dapeng(李大鹏),HUANG Yong(黄勇).Effect of disturbance intensity on phosphorus release and its transformation in the sediment from Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science(环境科学),2012,33(8):2614-2620.
[34]DING Yanqing(丁艳青),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),et al.Experimental study on the effect of wave disturbances on the phosphorus dynamics in shallow lakes[J].Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2011,22(2):273-278.
[35]TROLLE D,ZHU G W,HAMILTON D,et al.The influence of water quality and sediment geochemistry on the horizontal and vertical distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen in sediments of a large,shallow lake[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,627(1):31-44.
[36]BINDING C E,JEROME J H,BUKATA R P,et al.Spectral absorption properties of dissolved and particulate matter in Lake Erie[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(4):1702-1711.
[37]ZHANG Yunlin(张运林),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),YANG Longyuan(杨龙元).Spectral absorption coefficients of particulate matter and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2006,26(12):3969-3979.
[38]LUO Liancong(罗潋葱),QIN Boqiang(秦伯强),ZHU Guangwei(朱广伟).Sediment distribution and the maximum resuspension depth with disturbance in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Sediment Research(泥沙研究),2004(1):9-14.