液化土床中氮、磷向水体中释放的水槽试验研究
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摘要
湖泊、河流及海岸沉积物会长期吸附来自水体的氮(N)、磷(P)等营养物质,同时氮磷营养盐也会从沉积物中释放出来,进入上覆水体,成为水体富营养化的物质来源。本文利用波浪水槽试验,研究了沉积层中N、P在静置固结阶段(I)、加波未液化阶段(II)和加波液化阶段(III)的释放规律。结果表明,阶段III活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率相比阶段I和阶段II均提高了数倍;无机氮的释放受到生物作用的影响,但在阶段III,硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和氨氮(NH_4~+—N)的释放速率均明显提高。亚硝态氮(NO_2~-—N)浓度在阶段II出现急剧下降,之后基本不再增加,因此动力扰动对沉积物中氮磷的释放有明显的促进作用,而海床液化能显著提高SRP、NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N的释放速率。
The nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and other nutrients absorbed by lakes,rivers and coastal sediments can be released into the overlying water,being the sources of eutrophication.In this paper,flume experiments were carried out to study the release rules of N and P at phase of consolidation(I),non-liquefaction(II),and liquefaction(III).The results shows that the release speed of reactive phosphate(SRP)in phase III increased several times than that in other two phases;the realse of inorganic nitrogen was affected by biological action,but the release speed of nitrate—N(NO_3~-—N)increased apparently;the concentration of nitrite—N(NO_2~-—N)dropped sharply in phase II and stayed stable after that.
The nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and other nutrients absorbed by lakes,rivers and coastal sediments can be released into the overlying water,being the sources of eutrophication.In this paper,flume experiments were carried out to study the release rules of N and P at phase of consolidation(I),non-liquefaction(II),and liquefaction(III).The results shows that the release speed of reactive phosphate(SRP)in phase III increased several times than that in other two phases;the realse of inorganic nitrogen was affected by biological action,but the release speed of nitrate—N(NO_3~-—N)increased apparently;the concentration of nitrite—N(NO_2~-—N)dropped sharply in phase II and stayed stable after that.
引文
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[13]秦伯强,朱广伟,张路,等.大型浅水湖泊沉积物内源营养盐释放模式及其估算方法——以太湖为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35:33-44.Qin B Q,Zhu G W,Zhang L,et al.Release pattern and estimation method of endogenous nutrient salt from sediments of large shallow lakes-taking Taihu Lake as an example[J].Science in China Ser.D Earth Science,2005,35:33-44.
[14]孙振红,许国辉,游启,等.液化条件下沉积物中氮,磷的释放规律[J].海洋环境科学,2016,35:203-208.Sun Z H,Xu G H,You Q,et al.Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediment under liquefaction[J].Marine Environmental Science,2016,35:203-208.
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[17]应宏伟,孙威,朱成伟.波浪作用下临海基坑超孔压响应试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016(S2):187-194.Ying H W,Sun W,Zhu C W.Experiment research on response of excess pore pressure to wave around near-sea excavation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016(S2):187-194.
[18]栾茂田,张晨明,王栋,等.波浪作用下海床孔隙水压力发展过程与液化的数值分析[J].水利学报,2004,35:94-100.Luan M T,Zhang C M,Wang D,et al.Numerical analysis of residual pore water pressure development and evaluation of liquefaction potential of seabed under wave loading[J].Journal of Hydraulic Eengineering,2004,35:94-100.
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[20]白洁,陈春涛,赵阳国,等.辽河口湿地沉积物硝化细菌及硝化作用研究[J].环境科学,2010,31:3011-3017.Bai J,Chen C T,Zhao Y G,et al.Studies on nitrobacteria and nitrification in Liaohe Estuary wetland sediments[J].Environmental Science,2010,31:3011-3017.
[21]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平,等.大亚湾海域沉积物中的硝化与反硝化作用[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38:206-211.Xu J R,Wang Y S,Yin J P,et al.Nitrification and denitrification in sediment of the Daya Bay[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinaca,2007,38:206-211.
[22]袁飞,冉炜,胡江,等.变性梯度凝胶电泳法研究我国不同土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成及活性[J].生态学报,2005,25:1318-1324.Yuan F,Ran W,Hu J,et al.Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria communities and their influence on the nitrification potential of Chinese soils measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25:1318-1324.
[23]孙志梅,武志杰,陈利军,等.土壤硝化作用的抑制剂调控及其机理[J].应用生态学报,2008,19:1389-1395.Sun Z M,Wu Z J,Chen L J,et al.Regulation of soil nitrification with nirification inhibitors and related mechanisms[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19:1389-1395.
[24]周才平,欧阳华,刘金福.温度和湿度对暖温带落叶阔叶林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].植物生态学报,2001,25:204-209.Zhou C P,Ou Y H,Liu J F.Temperature and moisture effects on soil nitrogen mineral ization in deciduous broad-leaved forest[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25:204-209.
[25]付海曼,贾黎明.土壤对氮、磷吸附/解吸附特性研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2009,25:198-203.Fu H M,Jia L M.Study progress of nitrogen and phosphate adsorption&desorption in soils[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25:198-203.
[26]李文红,陈英旭,孙建平.不同溶解氧水平对控制底泥向上覆水体释放污染物的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):170-173.Li W H,Chen Y X,Sun J P.Influence of different dissolved oxygen(DO)amounts on released pollutants from sediment to overlying water[J].Journal of Agricutural Environmental Science,2003,22(2):170-173.
[27]罗潋葱,秦伯强,朱广伟,等.动力扰动下太湖梅梁湾水-沉积物界面的营养盐释放通量[J].中国科学:D辑,2005,35(S2):166-172.Luo L C,Qin B Q,Zhu G W,et al.Nutrient fluxes from watersediment interface under dynamic perturbation in Meiliang Bay,Taihu[J].Science in China Ser.D Earth Sciences,2005,35(S2):166-172.
[28]夏波,张庆河,蒋昌波,等.水体紊动作用下湖泊泥沙解吸释放磷的实验研究[J].泥沙研究,2014,2(1):74-80.Xia B,Zhang Q H,Jiang C B,et al.Experimental investigation of effect of flow turbulence on phosphorus release from lake sediment[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2014,2(1):74-80.
[2]朱广伟,陈英旭,周根娣,等.运河(杭州段)沉积物磷释放的模拟试验[J].湖泊科学,2002,14:343-349.Zhu G W,Chen Y X,Zhou G D,et al.Study on the P release from sediments of the Hangzhou section of the Grand Chanel,China[J].Journal of Lake Science,2002,14:343-349.
[3]Reddy K,Fisher M,Ivanoff D.Resuspension and diffusive flux of nitrogen and phosphorus in a hypereutrophic lake[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25:363-371.
[4]李一平,逄勇,吕俊,等.水动力条件下底泥中氮磷释放通量[J].湖泊科学,2004,16:318-324.Li Y P,Pang Y,Lv J,et al.On the relation between rate of TN,TP from sediment and water velocity[J].Journal of Lake Science,2004,16:318-324.
[5]Percuoco V P,Kalnejais L H,Officer L V.Nutrient release from the sediments of the Great Bay Estuary,NH USA[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2015,161:76-87.
[6]James W F,Best E P,Barko J W.Sediment resuspension and light attenuation in Peoria Lake:can macrophytes improve water quality in this shallow system?[J].Hydrobiologia,2004,515:193-201.
[7]董慧,郑西来,张健.河口沉积物孔隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量[J].水科学进展,2012,23:815-821.Dong H,Zheng X L,Zhang J.Distribution of nutrients in interstitial water and diffusion flux in estuary[J].Advanteges in Water Science,2012,23:815-821.
[8]秦伯强,胡维平,陈伟民,等.太湖梅梁湾水动力及相关过程的研究[J].湖泊科学,2000,12:327-334.Qin B Q,Hu W P,Chen W M,et al.Studies on the hydrodynamic processes and related factors in Meiliang Bay,Northern Taihu Lake,China[J].Journal of Science Lake,2000,12:327-334.
[9]许国辉,孙永福,于月倩,等.黄河水下三角洲浅表土体的风暴液化问题[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2011,31:6-12.Xu G H,Sun Y F,Yu Y Q,et al.Storm-induced liquefaction of the surficial sediments in the yellow river subaqueous delta[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2011,31:6-12.
[10]于月倩,许国辉,赵庆鹏,等.底床粉质土液化下波动水体含沙量垂向L型分布特征试验研究[J].海洋学报,2010,32:144-151.Yu Y Q,Xu G H,Zhao Q P,et al.An experiment study on L shaped vertical characteristics of suspended sediments content on the liquefied silty soil bed[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2010,32:144-151.
[11]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Adminstration Editorial Board of Water and Waste Water Monitorig and Analysis Methods.Water and Waste Water Monitorig and Analysis Methods(the forth edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[12]宋新龙,王宇,汪灿.岩质边坡随机楔体稳定性分析的MonteCarlo模拟[J].安全與環境工程,2012,19:112-116.Song X L,Wang Y,Wang C.Random wedge block stability analysis with Monte Carlo simulation for rock slope[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2012,19:112-116.
[13]秦伯强,朱广伟,张路,等.大型浅水湖泊沉积物内源营养盐释放模式及其估算方法——以太湖为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35:33-44.Qin B Q,Zhu G W,Zhang L,et al.Release pattern and estimation method of endogenous nutrient salt from sediments of large shallow lakes-taking Taihu Lake as an example[J].Science in China Ser.D Earth Science,2005,35:33-44.
[14]孙振红,许国辉,游启,等.液化条件下沉积物中氮,磷的释放规律[J].海洋环境科学,2016,35:203-208.Sun Z H,Xu G H,You Q,et al.Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediment under liquefaction[J].Marine Environmental Science,2016,35:203-208.
[15]张亚昆,杨丽标,雷坤,等.黄河下游沉积物-水界面氮磷交换与沉积通量研究[J].泥沙研究,2013(6):66-74.Zhang Y K,Yang L B,Lei K,et al.Exchange and deposition fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus across sediment-water interface in lower Yellow River[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2013(6):66-74.
[16]Jeng D S,Lee T L,Dynamic response of porous seabed to ocean waves[J].Computers&Geotechnics,2001,28:99-128.
[17]应宏伟,孙威,朱成伟.波浪作用下临海基坑超孔压响应试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016(S2):187-194.Ying H W,Sun W,Zhu C W.Experiment research on response of excess pore pressure to wave around near-sea excavation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016(S2):187-194.
[18]栾茂田,张晨明,王栋,等.波浪作用下海床孔隙水压力发展过程与液化的数值分析[J].水利学报,2004,35:94-100.Luan M T,Zhang C M,Wang D,et al.Numerical analysis of residual pore water pressure development and evaluation of liquefaction potential of seabed under wave loading[J].Journal of Hydraulic Eengineering,2004,35:94-100.
[19]黄敏.泥沙对总磷的吸附与释放研究及总磷含量预测[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2009.Huang M.Study on Sediments Adsorbing and Releasing Phosphorus and Phosphorus Prediction[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2009.
[20]白洁,陈春涛,赵阳国,等.辽河口湿地沉积物硝化细菌及硝化作用研究[J].环境科学,2010,31:3011-3017.Bai J,Chen C T,Zhao Y G,et al.Studies on nitrobacteria and nitrification in Liaohe Estuary wetland sediments[J].Environmental Science,2010,31:3011-3017.
[21]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平,等.大亚湾海域沉积物中的硝化与反硝化作用[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38:206-211.Xu J R,Wang Y S,Yin J P,et al.Nitrification and denitrification in sediment of the Daya Bay[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinaca,2007,38:206-211.
[22]袁飞,冉炜,胡江,等.变性梯度凝胶电泳法研究我国不同土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成及活性[J].生态学报,2005,25:1318-1324.Yuan F,Ran W,Hu J,et al.Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria communities and their influence on the nitrification potential of Chinese soils measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25:1318-1324.
[23]孙志梅,武志杰,陈利军,等.土壤硝化作用的抑制剂调控及其机理[J].应用生态学报,2008,19:1389-1395.Sun Z M,Wu Z J,Chen L J,et al.Regulation of soil nitrification with nirification inhibitors and related mechanisms[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19:1389-1395.
[24]周才平,欧阳华,刘金福.温度和湿度对暖温带落叶阔叶林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].植物生态学报,2001,25:204-209.Zhou C P,Ou Y H,Liu J F.Temperature and moisture effects on soil nitrogen mineral ization in deciduous broad-leaved forest[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25:204-209.
[25]付海曼,贾黎明.土壤对氮、磷吸附/解吸附特性研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2009,25:198-203.Fu H M,Jia L M.Study progress of nitrogen and phosphate adsorption&desorption in soils[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25:198-203.
[26]李文红,陈英旭,孙建平.不同溶解氧水平对控制底泥向上覆水体释放污染物的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):170-173.Li W H,Chen Y X,Sun J P.Influence of different dissolved oxygen(DO)amounts on released pollutants from sediment to overlying water[J].Journal of Agricutural Environmental Science,2003,22(2):170-173.
[27]罗潋葱,秦伯强,朱广伟,等.动力扰动下太湖梅梁湾水-沉积物界面的营养盐释放通量[J].中国科学:D辑,2005,35(S2):166-172.Luo L C,Qin B Q,Zhu G W,et al.Nutrient fluxes from watersediment interface under dynamic perturbation in Meiliang Bay,Taihu[J].Science in China Ser.D Earth Sciences,2005,35(S2):166-172.
[28]夏波,张庆河,蒋昌波,等.水体紊动作用下湖泊泥沙解吸释放磷的实验研究[J].泥沙研究,2014,2(1):74-80.Xia B,Zhang Q H,Jiang C B,et al.Experimental investigation of effect of flow turbulence on phosphorus release from lake sediment[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2014,2(1):74-80.