基于时间动态网络的应急响应组织协调机制研究
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摘要
风险社会下公共危机的复杂性和不确定性日益增加,组织协调成为一种重要的应急响应方式。如何提升公共危机应急响应过程中组织协调的效率,成为应急管理研究的重要议题。本文将时间动态网络作为研究视角,运用社会网络分析方法(SNA),以四川九寨沟地震为例,在对应急响应过程进行时间切片的基础上,通过UCINET软件生成了九寨沟地震应急响应网络拓扑图,基于网络密度、凝聚力和中心性测度等指标探析了应急响应组织间联系、"组织-功能"关系及组织角色地位随时间的动态演化情况。研究表明:(1)突发事件应急响应具有复杂性和动态性特征,应急响应组织间网络联系的紧密度和凝聚力随时间推移而下降;(2)应急响应功能数量和同一项应急响应功能涉及的参与组织数量随时间推移而减少,各时间切片的核心应急响应功能也不尽相同;(3)参与组织的角色与地位存在不确定性,均随时间发生改变。因此,在实践中需要以时间动态的视角识别组织协调问题,提升应急管理效率。本文基于时间动态分析了应急响应组织协调演化问题,拓展了SNA在应急管理中的应用,同时弥补了传统SNA仅能可视化静态网络的不足。
The complexity and uncertainty of the public crisis in a risk society are increasing. Organizational coordination has be-come an important emergency response method. How to improve the efficiency of organization and coordination in the emergency response of public crisis has become an important issue in emergency management research. In this paper, the time dynamic network is used as a research perspective. Using the social network analysis method(SNA), taking Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan on August 8, 2017 as an example, based on time slices of the emergency response process, UCINET was used to generate emergency response network of Ji-uzhaigou earthquake. Based on network density, cohesion, and centrality measures, this paper also explores the dynamic evolution of in-ter-organizational relations and "organization-function" relationships in the course of emergency response, as well as the evolution of an organization's role and status over time. Studies have shown that,(1) emergency response have complex and dynamic features, and the density and cohesion of inter-organizational network decline over time during the response;(2) the number of emergency response func-tions and the number of participating organizations involved in the same emergency response function decline over time. Also, the core e-mergency response function of each time slice is not the same;(3) the role and status of each participating organization are uncertain and change with time. Based on the above this paper suggests, it is necessary to identify the key problem of organizational coordination from the perspective of dynamic time and improve the efficiency of emergency management. This paper analyzes the evolution of emergency response organizations and functions based on time dynamics, expands the application of SNA in emergency management, and make up for the lack of traditional static analysis of SNA.
The complexity and uncertainty of the public crisis in a risk society are increasing. Organizational coordination has be-come an important emergency response method. How to improve the efficiency of organization and coordination in the emergency response of public crisis has become an important issue in emergency management research. In this paper, the time dynamic network is used as a research perspective. Using the social network analysis method(SNA), taking Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan on August 8, 2017 as an example, based on time slices of the emergency response process, UCINET was used to generate emergency response network of Ji-uzhaigou earthquake. Based on network density, cohesion, and centrality measures, this paper also explores the dynamic evolution of in-ter-organizational relations and "organization-function" relationships in the course of emergency response, as well as the evolution of an organization's role and status over time. Studies have shown that,(1) emergency response have complex and dynamic features, and the density and cohesion of inter-organizational network decline over time during the response;(2) the number of emergency response func-tions and the number of participating organizations involved in the same emergency response function decline over time. Also, the core e-mergency response function of each time slice is not the same;(3) the role and status of each participating organization are uncertain and change with time. Based on the above this paper suggests, it is necessary to identify the key problem of organizational coordination from the perspective of dynamic time and improve the efficiency of emergency management. This paper analyzes the evolution of emergency response organizations and functions based on time dynamics, expands the application of SNA in emergency management, and make up for the lack of traditional static analysis of SNA.
引文
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[2]孙帅,周毅.政务微博对突发事件的响应研究---以“7·21”北京特大暴雨灾害事件中的“北京发布”响应表现为个案[J].电子政务,2013,(5):30-40.
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[4]郭雪松,朱正威.跨域危机整体性治理中的组织协调问题研究---基于组织间网络视角[J].公共管理学报,2011,08(4):50-60.
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[9][11][29]Abbasi A.Link formation pattern during emergency response network dynamics[J].Natural Hazards,2014,71(3):1957-1969.
[12]沙勇忠,解志元.论公共危机的协同治理[J].中国行政管理,2010,(4):73-77.
[13]Dynes R R,Aguirre B E.Organizational adaptation to crises:Mechanisms of coordination and structural change[J].Disasters,1979,3(1):71-4.
[14]娄成武,于东山.系统化整合:中国公共危机管理的模式选择[J].行政管理改革,2009,(4):49-52.
[15]邓旭峰.公共危机多主体参与治理的结构与制度保障研究[J].社会主义研究,2011,(3):51-55.
[16]刘智勇,刘文杰.公共危机管理多元主体协同研究述评---以近10年来国内期刊论文研究为例[J].社会科学研究,2012,(3):59-64.
[17][41]康伟,陈茜.公共危机协同治理视角下的组织合作问题研究[J].行政论坛,2015,(1):14-17.
[18]刘军.社会网络分析导论[M].北京:社会文献科学出版社,2004.
[19]康伟,陈波.公共危机管理领域中的社会网络分析---现状、问题与研究方向[J].公共管理学报,2013,(4):114-124.
[20]朱正威,石佳.重大工程项目中风险感知差异形成机理研究---基于SNA的个案分析[J].中国行政管理,2013,(11):106-112.
[21][49]康伟.基于SNA的突发事件网络舆情关键节点识别---以“7·23动车事故”为例[J].公共管理学报,2012,09(3):101-111.
[22][38][47]Hu Q,Knox C C,Kapucu N.What have we learned since September 11,2001?A network study of the Boston marathon bombings response[J].Public Administration Review,2014,74(6):698-712.
[23]Guo X,Kapucu N.Network performance assessment for collaborative disaster response[J].Disaster Prevention&Management,2015,24(2):201-220.
[24][32][39][50]张海波,尹铭磊.应急响应中的突生组织网络---“鲁甸地震”案例研究[J].公共管理学报,2016,(2):84-96.
[25]Kapucu N.Interorganizational coordination in complex environments of disasters:The evolution of intergovernmental disaster response systems[J].Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management,2009,6(1):1-26.
[28]Kapucu N,Garayev V.Designing,managing,and sustaining functionally collaborative emergency management networks[J].American Review of Public Administration,2013,43(3):312-330.
[30]Breiger R,Carley K M,Pattison P.Dynamic social network modelling and analysis:Workshop summary and papers[M].Washington:The National Academies Press,2003.
[31]FEMA.Emergency Support functions annex:Introduction[EB/OL].[2015-8-1]http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esfintro.pdf
[33]郭雪松,朱正威.中国应急管理中的组织协调与联动机制研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.
[34]Kapucu N.Public-Nonprofit partnerships for collective action in dynamic contexts of emergencies[J].Public Administration,2006,84(1):205-220.
[35][36]刘军.整体网分析:UCINET软件实用指南[M].上海:格致出版社,2014.
[37]新华网.“8.8”九寨沟地震致25死525伤,人员搜救工作基本结束[EB/OL].[2017-08-14]http://www.xinhuanet.com/gongyi/2017-08/14/c_129679943.htm.
[40][51]马奔,李文静.天津港“8·12”事故应急合作网络与协同应对[J].国家行政学院学报,2017,(4):91-96.
[43]Mayhew B H,Levinger R L.Size and the density of interaction in human aggregates[J].American Journal of Sociology,1976,82(1):86-110.
[45]薛澜,张强,钟开斌.危机管理:转型期中国面临的挑战[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[46]张成福.公共危机管理:全面整合的模式与中国的战略[J].中国行政管理,2003,(7):6-11.
[48]March J G,Simon H A.Organizations[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1958,2(1):105-132.
[52]孔静静,韩传峰.应急组织合作的结构逻辑及运行机制---以2008年汶川地震应对为例[J].公共管理学报,2013,(4):88-101.
[53]曹蓉,王淑珍.危机状态下管理者应急决策的一个分析框架[J].上海行政学院学报,2014,15(2):79-84.
(1)详见四川省人民政府网站http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10883/11066/2012/4/9/10205803.shtml
(2)因篇幅与印刷效果限制,本文仅展示总体拓扑图,如需各时间切片拓扑图,请与作者联系获取。
[2]孙帅,周毅.政务微博对突发事件的响应研究---以“7·21”北京特大暴雨灾害事件中的“北京发布”响应表现为个案[J].电子政务,2013,(5):30-40.
[3]盛明科,郭群英.公共突发事件联动应急的部门利益梗阻及治理研究[J].中国行政管理,2014,(3):38-42.
[4]郭雪松,朱正威.跨域危机整体性治理中的组织协调问题研究---基于组织间网络视角[J].公共管理学报,2011,08(4):50-60.
[5]Kapucu N,Ozerdem A.Managing emergencies and crises[M].Burlington:Jones&Bartlett Learning,2011.
[6]Zhang H,Zhang X,Comfort L,et al.The emergence of an adaptive response network:The April 20,2013 Lushan,China Earthquake[J].Safety Science,2016,90:14-23.
[7][10][27][41]Wolbers J,GroenewegenP,Mollee J,et al.Incorporating time dynamics in the analysis of social networks in emergency management[J].Journal of Homeland Security&Emergency Management,2013,10(2):555-585.
[8][26][42]Abbasi A,Kapucu N.Structural dynamics of organizations during the evolution of interorganizational networks in disaster response[J].Journal of Homeland Security&Emergency Management,2012,9(1):547-573.
[9][11][29]Abbasi A.Link formation pattern during emergency response network dynamics[J].Natural Hazards,2014,71(3):1957-1969.
[12]沙勇忠,解志元.论公共危机的协同治理[J].中国行政管理,2010,(4):73-77.
[13]Dynes R R,Aguirre B E.Organizational adaptation to crises:Mechanisms of coordination and structural change[J].Disasters,1979,3(1):71-4.
[14]娄成武,于东山.系统化整合:中国公共危机管理的模式选择[J].行政管理改革,2009,(4):49-52.
[15]邓旭峰.公共危机多主体参与治理的结构与制度保障研究[J].社会主义研究,2011,(3):51-55.
[16]刘智勇,刘文杰.公共危机管理多元主体协同研究述评---以近10年来国内期刊论文研究为例[J].社会科学研究,2012,(3):59-64.
[17][41]康伟,陈茜.公共危机协同治理视角下的组织合作问题研究[J].行政论坛,2015,(1):14-17.
[18]刘军.社会网络分析导论[M].北京:社会文献科学出版社,2004.
[19]康伟,陈波.公共危机管理领域中的社会网络分析---现状、问题与研究方向[J].公共管理学报,2013,(4):114-124.
[20]朱正威,石佳.重大工程项目中风险感知差异形成机理研究---基于SNA的个案分析[J].中国行政管理,2013,(11):106-112.
[21][49]康伟.基于SNA的突发事件网络舆情关键节点识别---以“7·23动车事故”为例[J].公共管理学报,2012,09(3):101-111.
[22][38][47]Hu Q,Knox C C,Kapucu N.What have we learned since September 11,2001?A network study of the Boston marathon bombings response[J].Public Administration Review,2014,74(6):698-712.
[23]Guo X,Kapucu N.Network performance assessment for collaborative disaster response[J].Disaster Prevention&Management,2015,24(2):201-220.
[24][32][39][50]张海波,尹铭磊.应急响应中的突生组织网络---“鲁甸地震”案例研究[J].公共管理学报,2016,(2):84-96.
[25]Kapucu N.Interorganizational coordination in complex environments of disasters:The evolution of intergovernmental disaster response systems[J].Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management,2009,6(1):1-26.
[28]Kapucu N,Garayev V.Designing,managing,and sustaining functionally collaborative emergency management networks[J].American Review of Public Administration,2013,43(3):312-330.
[30]Breiger R,Carley K M,Pattison P.Dynamic social network modelling and analysis:Workshop summary and papers[M].Washington:The National Academies Press,2003.
[31]FEMA.Emergency Support functions annex:Introduction[EB/OL].[2015-8-1]http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esfintro.pdf
[33]郭雪松,朱正威.中国应急管理中的组织协调与联动机制研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.
[34]Kapucu N.Public-Nonprofit partnerships for collective action in dynamic contexts of emergencies[J].Public Administration,2006,84(1):205-220.
[35][36]刘军.整体网分析:UCINET软件实用指南[M].上海:格致出版社,2014.
[37]新华网.“8.8”九寨沟地震致25死525伤,人员搜救工作基本结束[EB/OL].[2017-08-14]http://www.xinhuanet.com/gongyi/2017-08/14/c_129679943.htm.
[40][51]马奔,李文静.天津港“8·12”事故应急合作网络与协同应对[J].国家行政学院学报,2017,(4):91-96.
[43]Mayhew B H,Levinger R L.Size and the density of interaction in human aggregates[J].American Journal of Sociology,1976,82(1):86-110.
[45]薛澜,张强,钟开斌.危机管理:转型期中国面临的挑战[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[46]张成福.公共危机管理:全面整合的模式与中国的战略[J].中国行政管理,2003,(7):6-11.
[48]March J G,Simon H A.Organizations[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1958,2(1):105-132.
[52]孔静静,韩传峰.应急组织合作的结构逻辑及运行机制---以2008年汶川地震应对为例[J].公共管理学报,2013,(4):88-101.
[53]曹蓉,王淑珍.危机状态下管理者应急决策的一个分析框架[J].上海行政学院学报,2014,15(2):79-84.
(1)详见四川省人民政府网站http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10883/11066/2012/4/9/10205803.shtml
(2)因篇幅与印刷效果限制,本文仅展示总体拓扑图,如需各时间切片拓扑图,请与作者联系获取。