2018年广西市售蔬菜镉污染现状及其暴露评估
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摘要
目的了解广西市售蔬菜中镉的污染状况,评估广西居民通过食用市售蔬菜镉暴露风险程度。方法利用2018年广西监督抽检蔬菜中镉含量数据和广西居民蔬菜平均摄入量数据,采用点估计模型计算广西居民食用蔬菜中镉暴露水平。结果 9047批次蔬菜样品中,镉平均含量为0.02322 mg/kg,茎类蔬菜和豆类蔬菜镉检出率较低,分别为56.52%和48.65%;鳞茎类蔬菜镉超标率最高为6.90%;批发市场蔬菜镉检出率和超标率最高,分别为89.31%、5.66%;全区14个地市市售蔬菜平均含镉量区别不大,I市镉检出率最高为97.16%,B市镉超标率最高,为5.22%;广西居民经食用市售蔬菜所致镉的月平均暴露量范围为1.77～5.29μg/kgBW,占每月可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake, PTMI)的7.08%～21.16%。结论广西市售蔬菜中存在一定程度的镉超标情况,但居民通过食用市售蔬菜的镉暴露量不高,对人体的健康风险较小。
Objective To investigate the cadmium pollution status in commercial vegetables in Guangxi, and evaluate the cadmium exposure level of commercial vegetables for consumption by residents in Guangxi. Methods Using the data of cadmium content in vegetables monitored by Guangxi in 2018 and the data of average intake of vegetables in Guangxi, and point estimation model was used to calculate the cadmium exposure level of vegetables in Guangxi. Results Totally 9047 vegetable samples were analyzed, the average content of cadmium was 0.02322 mg/kg, the detection rate of cadmium in stem vegetables and legume vegetables was lower, they were 56.52% and 48.65%, and the exceed ratio of cadmium in bulb vegetables was the highest. The detection rate and the exceed ratio of cadmium in vegetables were the highest in terminal market, they were 89.31% and 5.66%, respectively. The average content of cadmium in commercial vegetables made little different in 14 cities of Guangxi, the detection rate of cadmium in I city was the highest, it was 97.16%, and the violation rate of cadmium in B city was the highest, it was 5.22%. The average monthly exposure to cadmium from commercial vegetables in Guangxi was 1.77-5.29 μg/kg BW, accounting for 7.08%-21.16% of provisional tolerable monthly intake. Conclusion A certain degree of cadmium exceeded the standard to commercial vegetables in Guangxi. However, the amount of cadmium exposed to commercial vegetables is not high by residents, which has a less risk to human health.
Objective To investigate the cadmium pollution status in commercial vegetables in Guangxi, and evaluate the cadmium exposure level of commercial vegetables for consumption by residents in Guangxi. Methods Using the data of cadmium content in vegetables monitored by Guangxi in 2018 and the data of average intake of vegetables in Guangxi, and point estimation model was used to calculate the cadmium exposure level of vegetables in Guangxi. Results Totally 9047 vegetable samples were analyzed, the average content of cadmium was 0.02322 mg/kg, the detection rate of cadmium in stem vegetables and legume vegetables was lower, they were 56.52% and 48.65%, and the exceed ratio of cadmium in bulb vegetables was the highest. The detection rate and the exceed ratio of cadmium in vegetables were the highest in terminal market, they were 89.31% and 5.66%, respectively. The average content of cadmium in commercial vegetables made little different in 14 cities of Guangxi, the detection rate of cadmium in I city was the highest, it was 97.16%, and the violation rate of cadmium in B city was the highest, it was 5.22%. The average monthly exposure to cadmium from commercial vegetables in Guangxi was 1.77-5.29 μg/kg BW, accounting for 7.08%-21.16% of provisional tolerable monthly intake. Conclusion A certain degree of cadmium exceeded the standard to commercial vegetables in Guangxi. However, the amount of cadmium exposed to commercial vegetables is not high by residents, which has a less risk to human health.
引文
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[15]李存仙,王永平,孙朋飞,等.楚雄州部分市售食品中铅镉汞砷监测结果[J].职业与健康,2017,33(8):1058-1061.Li CX,Wang YP,Sun PF,et al.Monitoring results of lead,cadmium,mercury and arsenic contents in some commercially available foods of Chuxiong city[J].Occup Health,2017,33(8):1058-1061.
[16]程妍,孙建云,李拥军,等.甘肃省市售蔬菜中镉污染状况调查[J].疾病预防控制通报,2017,32(3):84-86.Cheng Y,Sun JY,Li YJ,et al.Investigation on cadmium pollution in commercial vegetables in Gansu[J].Bull Dis Control Prev,2017,32(3):84-86.
[17]杨淋清,潘柳波,王舟,等.深圳市居民通过蔬菜对镉的暴露风险评估[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2018,30(4):436-440.Yang LQ,Pan LB,Wang Z,et al.Risk assessment of cadmium exposure of Shenzhen residents through vegetables[J].Chin J Food Hyg,2018,30(4):436-440.
[18]吴永宁,赵云峰,李敬光.第五次中国总膳食研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.Wu YN,Zhao YF,Li JG.The fifth china total diet study[M].Beijing:Science Press,2018.
[2]丁鸿,杨杏芳.环境镉危害早期健康效应风险评估的研究进展[J].国外医学卫生学分册,2007,35(5):279-282.Ding H,Yang XF.Research progress in risk assessment of early health effects of environmental cadmium damage[J].Foreign Med Sci Sect Hyg,2007,35(5):279-282.
[3]邓齐玉,赵银军,林清,等.广西重金属镉的区域性分布特征与土壤污染状况评价[J].环境工程,2019,37(1):164-171.Deng QY,Zhao YJ,Lin Q,et al.Regional distribuiton characterstics of cadmium and evaluation of soil pollution situation in Guangxi[J].Environ Eng,2019,37(1):164-171.
[4]闵小波,柴立元.有色冶炼镉污染控制[M].长沙:中南大学出版社.2017.Min XB,Chai LY.Cadmium pollution control of nonferrous metallurgy[M].Changsha:Central South University Press,2017.
[5]张帆,谢玲玲,弥宝彬,等.蔬菜对重金属镉富集研究进展[J].湖南农业科学,2017,35(7):127-130.Zhang F,Xie LL,Mi BB,et al.Research progress on heavy metal cadmium enrichment in vegetables[J].Hunan Agric Sci,2017,35(7):127-130.
[6]国家食品药品监督管理总局.总局办公厅关于印发国家食品安全监督抽检实施细则(2018年版)的通知[EB/OL].[2019-5-9].http://samr.cfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL1605/223270.html.China Food and Drug Administration.Circular of China Food and Drug Administration General Office of the detailed rules for the implementation of state food safety supervision and sampling Inspection(2018 Edition)[EB/OL].[2019-5-9].http://samr.cfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL1605/223270.html.
[7]唐振柱,方志峰.2010-2012年广西壮族自治区居民营养健康状况调查报告[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,2015.Tang ZZ,Fang ZF.A survey on nutritional health status of residents in Guangxi from 2010 to 2012[M].Nanning:Guangxi Science&Technology Press,2015.
[8]GB 5009.15-2014食品安全国家标准食品中镉的测定[S].GB 5009.15-2014 National food safety standard-Determination of cadmium in foods[S].
[9]GB 2762-2017食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量[S].GB 2762-2017 National food safety standard-Maximum levels of contaminants in foods[S].
[10]Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA).Cadmium[EB/OL].[2019-5-9]http://apps.who.int/foodadditives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=1376.
[11]王绪卿,吴永宁,陈君石.食品污染监测低水平数据处理问题[J].中国预防医学杂志,2002,36(4):278-279.Wang XQ,Wu YN,Chen JS.Food contamination monitoring low data processing problems[J].Chin J Prev Med,2002,36(4):278-279.
[12]董峰光,宫春波,王朝霞,等.烟台市居民主要膳食镉暴露风险评估[J].预防医学,2016,28(7):662-665.Dong FG,Gong CB,Wang ZX,et al.Preliminary risk assessment on the dietary exposure of Cd in Yantai[J].Prev Med,2016,28(7):662-665.
[13]赵瑾,黄久红,黄为红.泰州市2005-2012年蔬菜中铅、镉污染状况分析[J].现代预防医学,2014,41(10):1766-1768.Zhao J,Huang JH,Huang WH.Analysis on lead and cadmium contamination in vegetables in Taizhou during 2005-2012[J].Mod Prev Med,2014,41(10):1766-1768.
[14]张维蔚,侯建荣,余超,等.广州市居民膳食镉含量监测及暴露评估[J].职业与健康,2017,33(4):477-480.Zhang WW,Hou JR,Yu C,et al.Surveillance and dietary exposure assessment on cadmium in Guangzhou residents[J].Occup Health,2017,33(4):477-480.
[15]李存仙,王永平,孙朋飞,等.楚雄州部分市售食品中铅镉汞砷监测结果[J].职业与健康,2017,33(8):1058-1061.Li CX,Wang YP,Sun PF,et al.Monitoring results of lead,cadmium,mercury and arsenic contents in some commercially available foods of Chuxiong city[J].Occup Health,2017,33(8):1058-1061.
[16]程妍,孙建云,李拥军,等.甘肃省市售蔬菜中镉污染状况调查[J].疾病预防控制通报,2017,32(3):84-86.Cheng Y,Sun JY,Li YJ,et al.Investigation on cadmium pollution in commercial vegetables in Gansu[J].Bull Dis Control Prev,2017,32(3):84-86.
[17]杨淋清,潘柳波,王舟,等.深圳市居民通过蔬菜对镉的暴露风险评估[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2018,30(4):436-440.Yang LQ,Pan LB,Wang Z,et al.Risk assessment of cadmium exposure of Shenzhen residents through vegetables[J].Chin J Food Hyg,2018,30(4):436-440.
[18]吴永宁,赵云峰,李敬光.第五次中国总膳食研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.Wu YN,Zhao YF,Li JG.The fifth china total diet study[M].Beijing:Science Press,2018.