不同尺度下交通对空间流动性的影响
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摘要
交通的变化对社会经济空间组织产生了重大影响。在宏观与微观尺度下,从理论上分析了交通对空间流动性的影响,借鉴物理学中动能与势能转化理论,构建了单一城市的流动性测度方法,并基于Arc GIS软件的空间分析方法,使用2005年、2010年和2015年的电子地图数据和统计数据,以全国285个设区市和典型市域——赣州市为研究区开展了实证研究。结果表明:(1)交通流是空间流动性最显性的表现,与时间、空间及距离相互作用,形成特殊的空间组织形式—流动空间。(2)不同尺度下交通对空间流动性的影响表现不一:宏观尺度下,交通的改变使区际流动空间得以生成,相互依赖程度也随着流动性的增强而增强,微观尺度下,交通的变化改变了城市内部的空间组织。(3)全国主要设区市陆路交通网密度呈阶梯状分布,中心城市和交通变化量最大的城市流动性最大,交通的变化对设区市的流动有明显的正向带动作用,对市域内人流的迁移与扩散、功能区的范围扩展与方向迁移、精英空间的变化具有较为显著的引导作用。
Traffic system controls the material flow of modern society and it shapes the spatial distribution of socio-economic system by providing logistics service. Its change has significant impact on the spatial organization of socio-economic system. Here we report an investigation on the impact of traffic change on spatial mobility at different scales, and based on the theory of kinetic energy and potential energy transformation in physics, a method of measuring the mobility of a single city is constructed. On both macro and micro scales, we selected 285 municipalities(major cities with districts and with Ganzhou as a typical case) to investigate the impact of traffic change on spatial mobility based on the spatial analysis of electronic map data and statistical data collected in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with the aid of Arc GIS. Our results find that traffic change has significant impact on the spatial mobility of municipalities at different scales. Our conclusions can be drawn as follows. First, traffic flow is the most dominant reflection of spatial mobility, and by interacting with other factors of time, space and distance,a special spatial organization, flowing space, is formed. Second, the influence of traffic on spatial mobility is different from scale to scale. On macro scale, traffic change will generate new inter-regional flow space. The degree of interdependence increases as spatial mobility increases; on micro scale, traffic change will change the spatial organization within a city where the material flow of the city will change accordingly. Finally, the land transport network density of municipalities in China was in a gradient distribution. Central cities and cities with the most variable traffic flow have the greatest spatial mobility. Traffic change has an obvious positive driving force on the mobility of municipalities(cities with districts), and it plays a more significant leading role in the migration and dispersal of population in urban areas, and the extension and direction migration of functional zones.
Traffic system controls the material flow of modern society and it shapes the spatial distribution of socio-economic system by providing logistics service. Its change has significant impact on the spatial organization of socio-economic system. Here we report an investigation on the impact of traffic change on spatial mobility at different scales, and based on the theory of kinetic energy and potential energy transformation in physics, a method of measuring the mobility of a single city is constructed. On both macro and micro scales, we selected 285 municipalities(major cities with districts and with Ganzhou as a typical case) to investigate the impact of traffic change on spatial mobility based on the spatial analysis of electronic map data and statistical data collected in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with the aid of Arc GIS. Our results find that traffic change has significant impact on the spatial mobility of municipalities at different scales. Our conclusions can be drawn as follows. First, traffic flow is the most dominant reflection of spatial mobility, and by interacting with other factors of time, space and distance,a special spatial organization, flowing space, is formed. Second, the influence of traffic on spatial mobility is different from scale to scale. On macro scale, traffic change will generate new inter-regional flow space. The degree of interdependence increases as spatial mobility increases; on micro scale, traffic change will change the spatial organization within a city where the material flow of the city will change accordingly. Finally, the land transport network density of municipalities in China was in a gradient distribution. Central cities and cities with the most variable traffic flow have the greatest spatial mobility. Traffic change has an obvious positive driving force on the mobility of municipalities(cities with districts), and it plays a more significant leading role in the migration and dispersal of population in urban areas, and the extension and direction migration of functional zones.
引文
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[11]Liu Chaoqing,Qian Zhi.The research of urban spatial polarization based on the space of flows theory:A case study of Shanghai.Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Science),2013,42(2):206-213.[刘朝青,钱智.基于流动空间理论的城市空间极化研究:以上海市为例.上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,42(2):206-213.]
[12]Ai Shaowei,Miao Changhong."Space of places","space of flows"and"space of actor-networks":From the perspective of ant.Human Geography,2010,25(2):43-49.[艾少伟,苗长虹.从“地方空间”、“流动空间”到“行动者网络空间”:ANT视角.人文地理,2010,25(2):43-49.]
[13]Xiu Chunliang,Sun Pingjun,Wang Qi.Residence-employment structure analysis on spaces of geography and flows in Shenyang City.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1110-1118.[修春亮,孙平军,王绮.沈阳市居住就业结构的地理空间和流空间分析.地理学报,2013,68(8):1110-1118.]
[14]Choo S,Mokhtarian P L.Do telecommunications affect passenger travel or vice versa?Structural euqantion models of aggregate U.S.time series data using composite indexes.Transportation Research Record,2005:224-232.
[15]Zhen Feng,Wei Zongcai,Yang Shan,et al.The impact of information technology on the characteristics of urban resident travel:Case of Nanjing.Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1307-1317.[甄峰,魏宗财,杨山,等.信息技术对城市居民出行特征的影响:以南京为例.地理研究,2009,28(5):1307-1317.]
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[17]Zhen Feng,Zhai Qing,Chen Gang,et al.Mobile social theory construction and urban geography research in the information era.Geographical Research,2012,31(2):197-206.[甄峰,翟青,陈刚,等.信息时代移动社会理论构建与城市地理研究.地理研究,2012,31(2):197-206.]
[18]Wu Kang,Fang Chuanglin,Zhao Miaoxi,et al.The intercity space of flow influenced by high-speed rail:A case study for the rail transit passenger behavior between Beijing and Tianjin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(2):159-174.[吴康,方创琳,赵渺希,等.京津城际高速铁路影响下的跨城流动空间特征.地理学报,2013,68(2):159-174.]
[19]Kivisto P.Time-space compression.Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization,2012.
[20]Wang Degen,Chen Tian,Lu Lin,et al.Mechanism and HSR effect of spatial structure of regional tourist flow:Case study of Beijing-Shanghai HSR in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):214-233.[汪德根,陈田,陆林,等.区域旅游流空间结构的高铁效应及机理:以中国京沪高铁为例.地理学报,2015,70(2):214-233.]
[21]Wang Jixian.Urban and regional impacts of high-speed railways:A preamble.Urban Planning International,2011,26(6):1-5.[王缉宪.高速铁路影响城市与区域发展的机理.国际城市规划,2011,26(6):1-5.]
[22]Ure?a J M,Menerault P,Garmendia M.The high-speed rail challenge for big intermediate cities:A national,regional and local perspective.Cities,2009,26(5):266-279.
[23]Wang Jixian,Lin Chenhui.High-speed rail and its impacts on the urban spatial dynamics in China:The background and analytical framework.Urban Planning International,2011,26(1):16-23.[王缉宪,林辰辉.高速铁路对城市空间演变的影响:基于中国特征的分析思路.国际城市规划,2011,26(1):16-23.]
[24]Jin Fengjun,Wang Jiao'e.Railway network expansion and spatial accessibility analysis in China:1906-2000.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(2):293-302.[金凤君,王姣娥.20世纪中国铁路网扩展及其空间通达性.地理学报,2004,59(2):293-302.]
[25]Liu Chengliang,Yu Ruiling,Xiong Jianping,et al.Spatial accessibility of road network in Wuhan Metropolitan Area.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1488-1498.[刘承良,余瑞林,熊剑平,等.武汉都市圈路网空间通达性分析.地理学报,2009,64(12):1488-1498.]
[26]Li Peiquan,Cao Xiaoshu.The road network accessibility and spatial pattern of Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area.Economic Geography,2011,31(3):371-378.[李沛权,曹小曙.广佛都市圈公路网络通达性及其空间格局.经济地理,2011,31(3):371-378.]
[27]Mei Zhixiong,Xu Songjun,Ouyang Jun.Road network accessibility and its influence on city potential in Zhujiang River Delta.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(5):513-520.[梅志雄,徐颂军,欧阳军.珠三角公路通达性演化及其对城市潜力的影响.地理科学,2013,33(5):513-520.]
[28]Li Lele,Bai Jianjun,Song Bingjie.A study of comprehensive accessibility of xi'an transport networks.Human Geography,2014,29(5):88-93.[李乐乐,白建军,宋冰洁.西安市交通网络综合通达性研究.人文地理,2014,29(5):88-93.]
[29]Matsumoto H.International urban systems and air passenger and cargo flows:Some calculations.Journal of Air Transport Management,2004,(10):239-247.
[30]Ye Lei,Duan Xuejun,Ou Xiangjun.The urban network structure of Jiangsu Province based on the traffic and information flow.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1230-1237.[叶磊,段学军,欧向军.基于交通信息流的江苏省流空间网络结构研究.地理科学,2015,35(10):1230-1237.]
[31]Xie Binggeng,Chen Yonglin,Li Xiaoqing.The application of coupling coordination model in the evaluation of"Beautiful China"construction.Economic Geography,2016,36(7):38-44.[谢炳庚,陈永林,李晓青.耦合协调模型在“美丽中国”建设评价中的运用.经济地理,2016,36(7):38-44.]
[32]Wang De,Song Yu,Shen Chi,et al.A review on the implementation of city integration strategy.Urban Planning Forum,2009(4):74-78.[王德,宋煜,沈迟,等.同城化发展战略的实施进展回顾.城市规划学刊,2009(4):74-78.]
[2]Castells M.The Information City:Information Technology,Economic Restructuring,and the Urban-Regional Progress.Oxford UK&Cambridge USA:Blackwell,1989.
[3]Castells M.The Rise of the Network Society.Cambridge,MA:Blackwell,1996.
[4]Tang Xueqiong,Yang Xihao,Qian Junxi.Meanings and practices of borders from the perspective of cross-border mobility:A case study of village X,Hekou,Yunnan at the Sino-Vietnamese borderlands.Geographical Research,2016,35(8):1535-1546.[唐雪琼,杨茜好,钱俊希.流动性视角下边界的空间实践及其意义:以云南省河口县中越边境地区X村为例.地理研究,2016,35(8):1535-1546.]
[5]Shen Lizhen,Zhen Feng,Xi Guangliang.Nalyzing the concept,attributes and characteristics of the attributes of space of flow in the information society.Human Geography,2012,27(4):14-18.[沈丽珍,甄峰,席广亮.解析信息社会流动空间的概念、属性与特征.人文地理,2012,27(4):14-18.]
[6]Shen Lizhen,Jiang Zhou,Yu Tao.The flow characteristics of urban space in the new period.Urban Problems,2009(6):9-14.[沈丽珍,江昼,于涛.新时期城市空间的流动特征.城市问题,2009(6):9-14.]
[7]Sun Zhongwei.Formation mechanism,basic flows pattern relation and network properties of space of flows.Geography and Geographical Information Systems,2013,29(5):107-111.[孙中伟.流动空间的形成机理、基本流态关系及网络属性.地理与地理信息科学,2013,29(5):107-111.]
[8]Wei Ye.Spatial structure of Shenyang in the perspective of space of flows[D].Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2013.[魏冶.流空间视角的沈阳市空间结构研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2013.]
[9]Chen Chen,Xiu Chunliang.Research on city network of northeast China based on space of flows.Areal Research and Development,2014,33(4):82-89.[陈晨,修春亮.流空间视角的东北地区城市网络研究.地域研究与开发,2014,33(4):82-89.]
[10]Dong Chao,Xiu Chunliang,Wei Ye.Network structure of'space of flows'in Jilin Province based on telecommunication flows.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):510-519.[董超,修春亮,魏冶.基于通信流的吉林省流空间网络格局.地理学报,2014,69(4):510-519.]
[11]Liu Chaoqing,Qian Zhi.The research of urban spatial polarization based on the space of flows theory:A case study of Shanghai.Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Science),2013,42(2):206-213.[刘朝青,钱智.基于流动空间理论的城市空间极化研究:以上海市为例.上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,42(2):206-213.]
[12]Ai Shaowei,Miao Changhong."Space of places","space of flows"and"space of actor-networks":From the perspective of ant.Human Geography,2010,25(2):43-49.[艾少伟,苗长虹.从“地方空间”、“流动空间”到“行动者网络空间”:ANT视角.人文地理,2010,25(2):43-49.]
[13]Xiu Chunliang,Sun Pingjun,Wang Qi.Residence-employment structure analysis on spaces of geography and flows in Shenyang City.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1110-1118.[修春亮,孙平军,王绮.沈阳市居住就业结构的地理空间和流空间分析.地理学报,2013,68(8):1110-1118.]
[14]Choo S,Mokhtarian P L.Do telecommunications affect passenger travel or vice versa?Structural euqantion models of aggregate U.S.time series data using composite indexes.Transportation Research Record,2005:224-232.
[15]Zhen Feng,Wei Zongcai,Yang Shan,et al.The impact of information technology on the characteristics of urban resident travel:Case of Nanjing.Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1307-1317.[甄峰,魏宗财,杨山,等.信息技术对城市居民出行特征的影响:以南京为例.地理研究,2009,28(5):1307-1317.]
[16]Xi Guangliang,Zhen Feng,Shen Lizhen,et al.The evaluation of resident fluidity and the spatial characteristics of flow in Nanjing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(9):1051-1057.[席广亮,甄峰,沈丽珍,等.南京市居民流动性评价及流空间特征研究.地理科学,2013,33(9):1051-1057.]
[17]Zhen Feng,Zhai Qing,Chen Gang,et al.Mobile social theory construction and urban geography research in the information era.Geographical Research,2012,31(2):197-206.[甄峰,翟青,陈刚,等.信息时代移动社会理论构建与城市地理研究.地理研究,2012,31(2):197-206.]
[18]Wu Kang,Fang Chuanglin,Zhao Miaoxi,et al.The intercity space of flow influenced by high-speed rail:A case study for the rail transit passenger behavior between Beijing and Tianjin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(2):159-174.[吴康,方创琳,赵渺希,等.京津城际高速铁路影响下的跨城流动空间特征.地理学报,2013,68(2):159-174.]
[19]Kivisto P.Time-space compression.Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization,2012.
[20]Wang Degen,Chen Tian,Lu Lin,et al.Mechanism and HSR effect of spatial structure of regional tourist flow:Case study of Beijing-Shanghai HSR in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):214-233.[汪德根,陈田,陆林,等.区域旅游流空间结构的高铁效应及机理:以中国京沪高铁为例.地理学报,2015,70(2):214-233.]
[21]Wang Jixian.Urban and regional impacts of high-speed railways:A preamble.Urban Planning International,2011,26(6):1-5.[王缉宪.高速铁路影响城市与区域发展的机理.国际城市规划,2011,26(6):1-5.]
[22]Ure?a J M,Menerault P,Garmendia M.The high-speed rail challenge for big intermediate cities:A national,regional and local perspective.Cities,2009,26(5):266-279.
[23]Wang Jixian,Lin Chenhui.High-speed rail and its impacts on the urban spatial dynamics in China:The background and analytical framework.Urban Planning International,2011,26(1):16-23.[王缉宪,林辰辉.高速铁路对城市空间演变的影响:基于中国特征的分析思路.国际城市规划,2011,26(1):16-23.]
[24]Jin Fengjun,Wang Jiao'e.Railway network expansion and spatial accessibility analysis in China:1906-2000.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(2):293-302.[金凤君,王姣娥.20世纪中国铁路网扩展及其空间通达性.地理学报,2004,59(2):293-302.]
[25]Liu Chengliang,Yu Ruiling,Xiong Jianping,et al.Spatial accessibility of road network in Wuhan Metropolitan Area.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1488-1498.[刘承良,余瑞林,熊剑平,等.武汉都市圈路网空间通达性分析.地理学报,2009,64(12):1488-1498.]
[26]Li Peiquan,Cao Xiaoshu.The road network accessibility and spatial pattern of Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area.Economic Geography,2011,31(3):371-378.[李沛权,曹小曙.广佛都市圈公路网络通达性及其空间格局.经济地理,2011,31(3):371-378.]
[27]Mei Zhixiong,Xu Songjun,Ouyang Jun.Road network accessibility and its influence on city potential in Zhujiang River Delta.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(5):513-520.[梅志雄,徐颂军,欧阳军.珠三角公路通达性演化及其对城市潜力的影响.地理科学,2013,33(5):513-520.]
[28]Li Lele,Bai Jianjun,Song Bingjie.A study of comprehensive accessibility of xi'an transport networks.Human Geography,2014,29(5):88-93.[李乐乐,白建军,宋冰洁.西安市交通网络综合通达性研究.人文地理,2014,29(5):88-93.]
[29]Matsumoto H.International urban systems and air passenger and cargo flows:Some calculations.Journal of Air Transport Management,2004,(10):239-247.
[30]Ye Lei,Duan Xuejun,Ou Xiangjun.The urban network structure of Jiangsu Province based on the traffic and information flow.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1230-1237.[叶磊,段学军,欧向军.基于交通信息流的江苏省流空间网络结构研究.地理科学,2015,35(10):1230-1237.]
[31]Xie Binggeng,Chen Yonglin,Li Xiaoqing.The application of coupling coordination model in the evaluation of"Beautiful China"construction.Economic Geography,2016,36(7):38-44.[谢炳庚,陈永林,李晓青.耦合协调模型在“美丽中国”建设评价中的运用.经济地理,2016,36(7):38-44.]
[32]Wang De,Song Yu,Shen Chi,et al.A review on the implementation of city integration strategy.Urban Planning Forum,2009(4):74-78.[王德,宋煜,沈迟,等.同城化发展战略的实施进展回顾.城市规划学刊,2009(4):74-78.]