不同年限的草方格沙障对生态恢复的影响
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摘要
为研究草方格沙障不同布设年限沙地恢复状况,分别对裸沙地及草方格沙障布设1、2、5、和10年样地进行分层土壤取样,利用5点取样法、烘干法、统计分析、像素点法等方法对土壤的质量含水量、土壤粒径以及植被恢复状况进行分析。结果表明:1)土壤质量含水量与草方格沙障布设年限呈正相关关系(P <0. 05),沙障布设1、2、5、和10年后的质量含水量分别为裸沙地的1. 11、1. 14、1. 36、1. 47倍,0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40 cm土壤层的质量含水量分别为裸沙地的1. 46、1. 26、1. 83、1. 48倍; 2)草方格沙障布设后各土壤层次的土壤粒径均呈现出黏粒及粉粒含量增加、砂粒含量降低的趋势,沙障布设10年后黏粒含量平均增长2. 5倍,粉粒含量平均增长1. 98倍,砂粒含量平均降低5. 25%; 3)草方格沙障布设1年即出现先锋植物的萌发,5年后形成稳定先锋草本植被群落,10年后形成稳定的灌木群落,植被盖度达到59. 83%,草方格沙障能有效改善地表微环境,改良土壤条件,促进生态恢复。该研究为机械沙障对中国北方沙区沙地生态修复的影响提供参考和依据。
[Background]According to the fifth China desertification and sandy status bulletin,China's desertification land accounted for 27. 2% of the total land area,while the sandy land accounted for17. 93%. In the prevention and control of wind erosion process,engineering measure is one of the important measures. Due to simple layout and adaptability to various environments,straw checkerboard are widely used to control wind-blown sand in China. Most of the existing researches focus on windproof capacity,while there is less research on ecological restoration of sandy land. [Methods] To study the influence of the straw checkerboard on ecological restoration after their deployment,we conducted a long-term study of the sandy land management in this area over a period of many years. The layers of soil were sampled in plots with straw checkerboard set by 1 year,2 years,5 years,and 10 years,respectively,and each 10 cm was for a layer,totally 4 layers for 40 cm soil. The soil quality was carried out by drying method. The analysis of soil particle size was carried out by laser particle size analyzer,and the vegetation restoration was analyzed by pixel method. All data were analyzed by SPSS for statistical analysis. [Results]1) There was a positive correlation between water quality and straw checkerboard setting years( P < 0. 05),the mass moisture content of sand plots with laying 1 year,2 years,5 years,and 10 years straw checkerboard was 1. 11,1. 14,1. 36,1. 47 times,and the 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm,and 30-40 cm soil layer soil were 1. 46,1. 26,1. 83,and 1. 48 times than bare sand. The surface soil moisture content showed an increasing trend after the sand barrier set 1 year,and the deep soil moisture content increased obviously after the sand barrier set 5 years. 2) The soil particle size of the soil layer after setting straw checkerboard showed the increase of the clay and grain,and the decrease of the gravel content. The clay content increased by 2. 5 times and the grain content increased by 1. 98 times,sand content decreased by an average of 5. 25%. Sand surface formation of 3-5 mm crust,some areas have begun to appear the presence of loam. The flow sand was basically fixed,the wind erosion was less,and the surface micro-terrain was more stable. 3) The germination of the pioneer plants appeared after sand barrier set 1 year,and the stable herbaceous vegetation community formed after sand barrier set5 years,at the same time,the shrub plants appeared,the shrub community was formed after sand barrier set 10 years,and the herbaceous plants subsided. The vegetation coverage reached 59. 83%. At the same time,we conducted the sample analysis of sand plot that closured 10 years,and found that the total coverage was more than 90%,and there was hardly any sand on the surface of the soil. [Conclusions]Straw checkerboard plays a major role in sand control,it can be effective in improving the surface microenvironment,providing favourable conditions for the restoration of vegetation,further cooperating with vegetation,improving soil and promoting ecological restoration.
[Background]According to the fifth China desertification and sandy status bulletin,China's desertification land accounted for 27. 2% of the total land area,while the sandy land accounted for17. 93%. In the prevention and control of wind erosion process,engineering measure is one of the important measures. Due to simple layout and adaptability to various environments,straw checkerboard are widely used to control wind-blown sand in China. Most of the existing researches focus on windproof capacity,while there is less research on ecological restoration of sandy land. [Methods] To study the influence of the straw checkerboard on ecological restoration after their deployment,we conducted a long-term study of the sandy land management in this area over a period of many years. The layers of soil were sampled in plots with straw checkerboard set by 1 year,2 years,5 years,and 10 years,respectively,and each 10 cm was for a layer,totally 4 layers for 40 cm soil. The soil quality was carried out by drying method. The analysis of soil particle size was carried out by laser particle size analyzer,and the vegetation restoration was analyzed by pixel method. All data were analyzed by SPSS for statistical analysis. [Results]1) There was a positive correlation between water quality and straw checkerboard setting years( P < 0. 05),the mass moisture content of sand plots with laying 1 year,2 years,5 years,and 10 years straw checkerboard was 1. 11,1. 14,1. 36,1. 47 times,and the 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm,and 30-40 cm soil layer soil were 1. 46,1. 26,1. 83,and 1. 48 times than bare sand. The surface soil moisture content showed an increasing trend after the sand barrier set 1 year,and the deep soil moisture content increased obviously after the sand barrier set 5 years. 2) The soil particle size of the soil layer after setting straw checkerboard showed the increase of the clay and grain,and the decrease of the gravel content. The clay content increased by 2. 5 times and the grain content increased by 1. 98 times,sand content decreased by an average of 5. 25%. Sand surface formation of 3-5 mm crust,some areas have begun to appear the presence of loam. The flow sand was basically fixed,the wind erosion was less,and the surface micro-terrain was more stable. 3) The germination of the pioneer plants appeared after sand barrier set 1 year,and the stable herbaceous vegetation community formed after sand barrier set5 years,at the same time,the shrub plants appeared,the shrub community was formed after sand barrier set 10 years,and the herbaceous plants subsided. The vegetation coverage reached 59. 83%. At the same time,we conducted the sample analysis of sand plot that closured 10 years,and found that the total coverage was more than 90%,and there was hardly any sand on the surface of the soil. [Conclusions]Straw checkerboard plays a major role in sand control,it can be effective in improving the surface microenvironment,providing favourable conditions for the restoration of vegetation,further cooperating with vegetation,improving soil and promoting ecological restoration.
引文
[1]王丽英,李红丽,董智,等.沙柳方格沙障对库布齐沙漠防风固沙效应的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(5):115.WANG Liying,LI Hongli,DONG Zhi,et al. Effect of Salix psammophila checkerboard sand barrier on wind prevention and sand resistance in Kubuqi Desert[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(5):115.
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[4]许永利,马树彪,马文喜.沙柳沙障对土壤水分和养分的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2013(33):12866.XU Yongli,MA Shubiao,MA Wenxi. Effects of Salix psammophila C. sand barrier on soil moisture and nutrient[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2013(33):12866.
[5]赵廷宁,曹子龙,郑翠玲,等.平行高立式沙障对严重沙化草地土壤有机质含量及颗粒组成的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(4):73.ZHAO Tingning,CAO Zilong,ZHENG Cuiping,et al.Impacts ofhigh-parallel sand-barrier on soil organic matter contents and particle composition of serious desertified grassland[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,2(4):73.
[6]蒙仲举,任晓萌,高永. PLA平铺沙障对沙丘土壤颗粒分形特征的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(3):613.MENG Zhongju,REN Xiaomeng,GAO Yong. Effects of PLA sand barriers on soil fractal dimension[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(3):613.
[7]张圆,李芳,屈建军,等.机械沙障组合对土壤含水量及温度的影响[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1533.ZHANG Yuan,LI Fang,QU Jianjun,et al. Effect of sand barrier combinations on the water content and temperature of soil[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(6):1533.
[8]王丽英,李红丽,董智,等.沙柳沙障对沙丘沙粒度组成与特征的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(4):53.WANG Liying,LI Hongli,DONG Zhi,et al. Effects of Salix psammophila checkerboard sand barrier on dune sand grain size composition and characteristics[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(4):53.
[9]陈曦,雷虹娟,汪季,等.不同铺设年限沙柳沙障的防风固沙效益研究[J].北方园艺,2014(8):51.CHEN Xi,LEI Hongjuan,WANG Ji,et al. Study on windproof effective of different laying age of Salix psammophila sand barrier[J]. Northern Horticulture,2014(8):51.
[10]张文军,刘德义,李泽江,等.科尔沁沙地植物再生沙障人工群落结构特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(5):56.ZHANG Wenjun,LIU Deyi,LI Zejiang,et al. Characteristics of artificial communities structure of plant regenerative sand-barrier in Horqin Sandy Land[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(5):56.
[11]高广磊,丁国栋,赵媛媛,等.生物结皮发育对毛乌素沙地土壤粒度特征的影响[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(1):115.GAO Guanglei,DING Guodong,ZHAO Yuanyuan,et al.Effects of biological soil crusts on soil particle size characteristics in Mu Us Sandland[J]. Transactions of the CSAM,2014,45(1):115.
[12]李谦,高永,汪季,等.聚乳酸纤维沙障对表层土壤含水量的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(3):69.LI Qian,GAO Yong,WANG Ji,et al. The effect of PLA sand barrier on the moisture content of surface soil[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(3):69.
[13]黄巍,杨涛,石长春.设置沙柳沙障对沙丘土壤理化性质的影响[J].防护林科技,2014(8):5.HUANG Wei,YANG Tao,SHI Changchun. Effect of Salix psammophila checkerboard on physical and chemical characteristics of sandy soil[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology,2014(8):5.
[14]曹波,孙保平,高永,等.高立式沙柳沙障防风效益研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):40.CAO Bo,SUN Baoping,GAO Yong,et al. Effect of high-banded Salix psammophila sand-barriers on reduction of wind speed[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(2):40.
[15]蒙仲举,任晓萌,高永.半隐蔽式沙柳沙障的防风阻沙效益[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(3):178.MENG Zhongju,REN Xiaomeng,GAO Yong. Effect of semi-buried Salix Psammophila checkerboard on windpreventing and sand-resisting[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(3):178.
[16]陈淑青,董贵华,王曼曼.宁夏盐池县风沙区聚落的人居环境荷载评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):76.CHEN Shuqing,DONG Guihua,WANG Manman,et al. An evaluation of human settlement load in the sandy area of Yanchi County of Ningxia Autonomous Region[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):76.
[17]成聪聪,闫德仁,海春兴. PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(3):176.CHENG Congcong,YAN Deren,HAI Chunxing. Effect of PLA sand-barrier on soil moisture of windward slope of dunes[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(3):176.
[18]许婷婷,董智,李红丽,等.不同设障年限沙丘土壤粒径和有机碳分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(6):628.XU Tingting,DONG Zhi,LI Hongli,et al. Soil organic carbon in dunes of checkerboard barriers with different setting years[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(6):628.
[19] ZHANG Chunlai,LI Qing,ZHOU Na,et al. Field observations of wind profiles and sand fluxes above the windward slope of a sand dune before and after the establishment of semi-buried straw checkerboard barriers[J]. Aeolian Research,2016,20:59.
[20]董智,李红丽,汪季,等.土工格栅沙障防风积沙效应风洞模拟实验[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):35.DONG Zhi,LI Hongli,WANG Ji,et al,Wind tunnel test on effect of controlling windand deposited sand of geogrid sand-barrier[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(1):35.
[2]袁立敏,高永,虞毅,等. PLA沙障对土壤硬度的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):90.YUAN Limin,GAO Yong,YU Yi,et al. Effects of poly lactic acid sand barrier on soil hardness[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(4):90.
[3]万玲玲,董智,李红丽,等.沙柳方格沙障对土壤种子库的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(4):78.WAN Lingling,DONG Zhi,LI Hongli,et al. Effects of Salix psammophila checkerboard sand barrier on soil seed banks[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(4):78.
[4]许永利,马树彪,马文喜.沙柳沙障对土壤水分和养分的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2013(33):12866.XU Yongli,MA Shubiao,MA Wenxi. Effects of Salix psammophila C. sand barrier on soil moisture and nutrient[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2013(33):12866.
[5]赵廷宁,曹子龙,郑翠玲,等.平行高立式沙障对严重沙化草地土壤有机质含量及颗粒组成的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(4):73.ZHAO Tingning,CAO Zilong,ZHENG Cuiping,et al.Impacts ofhigh-parallel sand-barrier on soil organic matter contents and particle composition of serious desertified grassland[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,2(4):73.
[6]蒙仲举,任晓萌,高永. PLA平铺沙障对沙丘土壤颗粒分形特征的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(3):613.MENG Zhongju,REN Xiaomeng,GAO Yong. Effects of PLA sand barriers on soil fractal dimension[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(3):613.
[7]张圆,李芳,屈建军,等.机械沙障组合对土壤含水量及温度的影响[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1533.ZHANG Yuan,LI Fang,QU Jianjun,et al. Effect of sand barrier combinations on the water content and temperature of soil[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(6):1533.
[8]王丽英,李红丽,董智,等.沙柳沙障对沙丘沙粒度组成与特征的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(4):53.WANG Liying,LI Hongli,DONG Zhi,et al. Effects of Salix psammophila checkerboard sand barrier on dune sand grain size composition and characteristics[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(4):53.
[9]陈曦,雷虹娟,汪季,等.不同铺设年限沙柳沙障的防风固沙效益研究[J].北方园艺,2014(8):51.CHEN Xi,LEI Hongjuan,WANG Ji,et al. Study on windproof effective of different laying age of Salix psammophila sand barrier[J]. Northern Horticulture,2014(8):51.
[10]张文军,刘德义,李泽江,等.科尔沁沙地植物再生沙障人工群落结构特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(5):56.ZHANG Wenjun,LIU Deyi,LI Zejiang,et al. Characteristics of artificial communities structure of plant regenerative sand-barrier in Horqin Sandy Land[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(5):56.
[11]高广磊,丁国栋,赵媛媛,等.生物结皮发育对毛乌素沙地土壤粒度特征的影响[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(1):115.GAO Guanglei,DING Guodong,ZHAO Yuanyuan,et al.Effects of biological soil crusts on soil particle size characteristics in Mu Us Sandland[J]. Transactions of the CSAM,2014,45(1):115.
[12]李谦,高永,汪季,等.聚乳酸纤维沙障对表层土壤含水量的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(3):69.LI Qian,GAO Yong,WANG Ji,et al. The effect of PLA sand barrier on the moisture content of surface soil[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(3):69.
[13]黄巍,杨涛,石长春.设置沙柳沙障对沙丘土壤理化性质的影响[J].防护林科技,2014(8):5.HUANG Wei,YANG Tao,SHI Changchun. Effect of Salix psammophila checkerboard on physical and chemical characteristics of sandy soil[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology,2014(8):5.
[14]曹波,孙保平,高永,等.高立式沙柳沙障防风效益研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):40.CAO Bo,SUN Baoping,GAO Yong,et al. Effect of high-banded Salix psammophila sand-barriers on reduction of wind speed[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(2):40.
[15]蒙仲举,任晓萌,高永.半隐蔽式沙柳沙障的防风阻沙效益[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(3):178.MENG Zhongju,REN Xiaomeng,GAO Yong. Effect of semi-buried Salix Psammophila checkerboard on windpreventing and sand-resisting[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(3):178.
[16]陈淑青,董贵华,王曼曼.宁夏盐池县风沙区聚落的人居环境荷载评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):76.CHEN Shuqing,DONG Guihua,WANG Manman,et al. An evaluation of human settlement load in the sandy area of Yanchi County of Ningxia Autonomous Region[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):76.
[17]成聪聪,闫德仁,海春兴. PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(3):176.CHENG Congcong,YAN Deren,HAI Chunxing. Effect of PLA sand-barrier on soil moisture of windward slope of dunes[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(3):176.
[18]许婷婷,董智,李红丽,等.不同设障年限沙丘土壤粒径和有机碳分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(6):628.XU Tingting,DONG Zhi,LI Hongli,et al. Soil organic carbon in dunes of checkerboard barriers with different setting years[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(6):628.
[19] ZHANG Chunlai,LI Qing,ZHOU Na,et al. Field observations of wind profiles and sand fluxes above the windward slope of a sand dune before and after the establishment of semi-buried straw checkerboard barriers[J]. Aeolian Research,2016,20:59.
[20]董智,李红丽,汪季,等.土工格栅沙障防风积沙效应风洞模拟实验[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):35.DONG Zhi,LI Hongli,WANG Ji,et al,Wind tunnel test on effect of controlling windand deposited sand of geogrid sand-barrier[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(1):35.