横向断层及其控油气作用
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摘要
尽管横向断层目前已经显示出重要的控矿作用,其重要作用也已在油气地质中有所体现,但油气地质学家对此却缺乏足够的重视。鉴于此,基于国内外大量文献调研,结合大量实际工作,系统总结了横向断层的特征,介绍了横向断层的识别方法,并以塔里木盆地为例探讨了横向断层对油气的控制作用。研究结果表明:在造山带(露头区),横向断层的识别方法主要包括野外地质填图、遥感及重磁异常解译,其活动性质可结合地震机制解进行判断;而在沉积盆地(覆盖区),主要利用三维地震属性分析技术。此外横向断层在石油地质中的作用表现为:1横向断层切割主构造带,导致了含油气盆地平面分块;2横向断层对储层进行改造,包括物理改造和化学改造作用;3横向断层形成了一系列烃类充注点,作为烃类的垂向运移通道,而烃类侧向优势运移路径可能平行于各个断块的锐角平分线。
Although transverse fault has played a significant role in ore-control and similar influence on petroleum geology,there is still a lack of sufficient attention on this kind of faults from petroleum geologists currently.Based on researches from many publications,and practical work,we discussed the characteristics,identification means of transverse faults and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Tarim Basin.In the orogen/outcrop area,transverse fault identification mainly depends on integrated analysis of field geological mapping and interpretation of remote sensing,gravity,and magnetic anomalies.The nature of its activity can be determined by solution earthquake mechanisms.In the sedimentary basin/coverage area,transverse fault identification makes full use of attribute analysis with high resolution 3Dseismic data.The control of transverse fault on hydrocarbon accumulation can be summarized as follows.(1)Transverse faults cut main tectonic belt,generating a series of fault blocks in oil and gas basin.(2)Transverse faults improve reservoir quality by physical and chemical transformation.(3)Transverse faults control a series of hydrocarbon-infill points,which could be vertical migration pathways of hydrocarbon,while axis alignment with acute angle bisector of each fault block could be laterally dominant migration pathways of hydrocarbon.
Although transverse fault has played a significant role in ore-control and similar influence on petroleum geology,there is still a lack of sufficient attention on this kind of faults from petroleum geologists currently.Based on researches from many publications,and practical work,we discussed the characteristics,identification means of transverse faults and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Tarim Basin.In the orogen/outcrop area,transverse fault identification mainly depends on integrated analysis of field geological mapping and interpretation of remote sensing,gravity,and magnetic anomalies.The nature of its activity can be determined by solution earthquake mechanisms.In the sedimentary basin/coverage area,transverse fault identification makes full use of attribute analysis with high resolution 3Dseismic data.The control of transverse fault on hydrocarbon accumulation can be summarized as follows.(1)Transverse faults cut main tectonic belt,generating a series of fault blocks in oil and gas basin.(2)Transverse faults improve reservoir quality by physical and chemical transformation.(3)Transverse faults control a series of hydrocarbon-infill points,which could be vertical migration pathways of hydrocarbon,while axis alignment with acute angle bisector of each fault block could be laterally dominant migration pathways of hydrocarbon.
引文
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[3]燕守勋,孟宪刚,黄晓霞,等.谈调整构造[J].地质科学,1997,32(2):146-155.
[4]Horne R R.Possible transverse fault control of base metal mineralisation in Ireland and Britain[J].The Irish Naturalists′Journal,1975,18(5):140-144.
[5]Price R A.An evaluation of models for the kinematic evolution of thrust and fold belts:Structural analysis of a transverse fault zone in the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies north of Banff,Alberta[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2001,239(6):1079-1088.
[6]Bégin N J,Spratt D A.Role of transverse faulting in alongstrike termination of Limestone Mountain Culmination,Rocky Mountain thrust-and-fold belt,Alberta,Canada[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2002,24(4):689-707.
[7]Authemayou C,Bellier O,Chardon D,et al.Role of the Kazerun fault system in active deformation of the Zagros foldthrust belt(Iran)[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2005,337(5):539-545.
[8]Hessami K,Koyi H A,Talbot C J.The significance of strikeslip faulting in the basement of the Zagros fold and thrust belt[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology,2001,24(1):5-28.
[9]Jacques J M.The influence of intraplate structural accommodation zones on delineating petroleum provinces of the Sub-Andean foreland basins[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2002,10:1-19.
[10]Bourgois J,Calle B,Tournon J,et al.The Andean ophiolitic megastructures on the Buga-Buenaventura transverse Western Cordillera-Valle Colombia)[J].Tectonophysics,1982,82(3):207-229.
[11]Ben-Avraham Z,Ten Brink U.Transverse faults and segmentation of basins within the Dead Sea Rift[J].Journal of African Earth Sciencesand the Middle East,1989,8(2):603-616.
[12]Ben-Avraham Z,Ten Brink U,Charrach J.Transverse faults at the northern end of the southern basin of the Dead Sea graben[J].Tectonophysics,1990,180(1):37-47.
[13]Ginzburg A,Reshef M,Ben-Avraham Z,et al.The style of transverse faulting in the Dead Sea Basin from seismic reflection data:The Amazyahu fault[J].Israel Journal of Earth Sciences,2006,55(3):129-139.
[14]Palyvos N,Bantekas I,Kranis H.Transverse fault zones of subtle geomorphic signature in northern Evia islandcentral Greece extensional province:An introduction to the Quaternary Nileas graben[J].Geomorphology,2006,76(3/4):363-374.
[15]何登发,尹成,杜社宽,等.前陆冲断带构造分段特征:以准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂构造带为例[J].地学前缘,2004,11(3):91-101.
[16]李涛,王宗秀.塔里木地块北部横向构造及断条模式[J].中国地质,2006,33(1):14-27.
[17]贺电,李江海,李百寿.塔北喀拉玉尔滚断裂系构造特征及地质意义[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2009,45(1):90-96.
[18]赵红格,刘池洋,王峰,等.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘构造分区及其特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(2):173-179.
[19]赵红格,刘池洋,王建强,等.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中部的横向构造带探讨[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,2009,39(3):490-496.
[20]王学潮,张辉,刘振红,等.南水北调西线工程雅砻江调水区横向构造的地质特征及成因机制[J].华北水利水电学院学报,1999,20(2):30-35.
[21]刘池洋.盆地构造动力学研究的弱点、难点及重点[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):113-124.
[22]刘立创,王润平,刘维妮.遥感技术在活动断层研究中的应用[J].山西建筑,2006,32(22):121-122.
[23]TрифоновВГ.地球的航天地质研究[M].林彻,译.北京:地质出版社,1981.
[24]赵希刚,吴汉宁,柏冠军,等.重磁异常解释断裂构造的处理方法及图示技术[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2):414-421.
[25]刘丽芳,毛慧玲,苏有锦,等.利用P波、S波初动和振幅比计算2000年姚安MS6.5地震序列震源机制解[J].地震研究,2009,32(1):25-30.
[26]高国英,聂晓红,龙海英.近期新疆震源机制解与地震活动特征研究[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(1):57-63.
[27]吕坚,王晓山,苏金蓉,等.芦山7.0级地震序列的震源位置与震源机制解特征[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(5):1753-1763.
[28]李明杰,胡少华,王庆果,等.塔中地区走滑断裂体系的发现及其地质意义[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(1):116-121.
[29]李明杰,郑孟林,冯朝荣,等.塔中低凸起的结构特征及其演化[J].西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2004,19(4):43-45.
[30]吕修祥,胡轩.塔里木盆地塔中低凸起油气聚集与分布[J].石油与天然气地质,1997,18(4):288-293.
[31]Yassaghi A.Integration of Landsat imagery interpretation and geomagentic data on verification of deep-seated transverse fault lineaments in SE Zagros,Iran[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2006,27(20):4529-4544.
[32]张世民,聂高众,刘旭东,等.荥经-马边-盐津逆冲构造带断裂运动组合及地震分段特征[J].地震地质,2005,27(2):221-233.
[33]沈金瑞,许世远,傅文杰.台湾海峡地区横向构造及其对东南沿海地震的作用[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(4):535-541.
[34]陶国亮,胡文碹,张义杰,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘北西向横断裂与油气成藏[J].石油学报,2006,27(4):23-28.
[35]刘哲,吕延防,付广,等.断层古侧向封闭能力恢复方法及其应用[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2013,44(5):1964-1970.
[36]Smith L B.Origin and reservoir characteristics of Upper Ordovician Trenton--Black River hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs in New York[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(11):1691-1718.
[37]Antonellini M,Mollema P N.A natural analog for a fractured and faulted reservoir in dolomite:Triassic Sella Group,Northern Italy[J].AAPG Bulletin,2000,84(3):314-344.
[38]Billi A.Attributes and influence on fluid flow of fractures in foreland carbonates of southern Italy[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(9):1630-1643.
[39]徐剑良,程绪彬,潘校华,等.碳酸盐岩储层缝洞的预测方法与应用[J].天然气工业,2007,27(11):40-42.
[40]Mcquillan H.The role of basement tectonics in the control of sedimentary facies,structural patterns and salt plug emplacements in the Zagros fold belt of southwest Iran[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,1991,5(1):453-463.
[41]吕修祥,杨宁,解启来,等.塔中地区深部流体对碳酸盐岩储层的改造作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(3):284-289.
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