南昌市扬尘PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价
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摘要
为了解南昌市道路扬尘和土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源和健康风险,利用颗粒物再悬浮系统采集PM_(2.5)样品,测定了PM_(2.5)中16种优先控制的多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,南昌市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)中ΣPAHs含量范围为48. 85～166. 16μg·kg~(-1),平均值为(114. 22±39. 95)μg·kg~(-1),土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)中ΣPAHs含量范围为31. 05～62. 92μg·kg~(-1),平均值为(40. 79±9. 39)μg·kg~(-1).道路尘和土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)中的PAHs都是以4～5环组分为主.主成分分析/多元线性回归分析结果表明,南昌市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)中PAHs的来源包括机动车的排放和燃煤源与石油泄漏,贡献率分别为51. 7%和48. 3%,总估计值与实际值的线性拟合有很好的一致性.对于儿童和成年男性,不同暴露途径的PAHs致癌风险值从大到小依次是皮肤接触>摄食>呼吸吸入,而成年女性则表现为摄食>皮肤接触>呼吸吸入.各暴露途径中,PAHs对成人的致癌风险均高于儿童.所有人群中,PAHs的总致癌风险值均低于美国EPA推荐的致癌风险阈值10~(-6),没有致癌风险.
In order to understand the sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the PM_(2.5) fraction of road dust and soil dust in Nanchang city,PM_(2.5) samples were collected by a resuspension sampler and the concentrations of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) were detected. The results showed that the Σ PAHs of the road dust ranged from 48. 85 to 166. 16μg·kg~(-1),with a mean of( 114. 22 ± 39. 95) μg·kg~(-1). The Σ PAHs of the soil dust ranged from 31. 05 to 62. 92 μg·kg~(-1) with a mean of( 40. 79 ± 9. 39) μg·kg~(-1). The PAHs in the PM_(2.5) fraction of fugitive dust were mainly composed of 4-5 rings. The results of the principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the PAHs in PM_(2.5) samples of road dust mainly originated from motor vehicle emissions,coal sources,and oil leakage,with contribution rates of 51. 7% and 48. 3%,respectively.For children and adult males,the carcinogenic risk values of PAHs in different exposure pathways followed the order dermal contact >ingestion > inhalation,while those for adult females followed the order ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. For all exposure pathways,the carcinogenic risks of the PAHs to adults were higher than those to children. For all populations,the total carcinogenic risk values of the PAHs were lower than the US EPA recommended carcinogenic risk threshold of 10~(-6),indicating no carcinogenic risk.
In order to understand the sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the PM_(2.5) fraction of road dust and soil dust in Nanchang city,PM_(2.5) samples were collected by a resuspension sampler and the concentrations of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) were detected. The results showed that the Σ PAHs of the road dust ranged from 48. 85 to 166. 16μg·kg~(-1),with a mean of( 114. 22 ± 39. 95) μg·kg~(-1). The Σ PAHs of the soil dust ranged from 31. 05 to 62. 92 μg·kg~(-1) with a mean of( 40. 79 ± 9. 39) μg·kg~(-1). The PAHs in the PM_(2.5) fraction of fugitive dust were mainly composed of 4-5 rings. The results of the principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the PAHs in PM_(2.5) samples of road dust mainly originated from motor vehicle emissions,coal sources,and oil leakage,with contribution rates of 51. 7% and 48. 3%,respectively.For children and adult males,the carcinogenic risk values of PAHs in different exposure pathways followed the order dermal contact >ingestion > inhalation,while those for adult females followed the order ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. For all exposure pathways,the carcinogenic risks of the PAHs to adults were higher than those to children. For all populations,the total carcinogenic risk values of the PAHs were lower than the US EPA recommended carcinogenic risk threshold of 10~(-6),indicating no carcinogenic risk.
引文
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[27] Hamid N,Syed J H,Junaid M,et al. Elucidating the urban levels, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Pakistan:implications for changing energy demand[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:165-175.
[28]王丽,王利军,史兴民,等.西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1279-1286.Wang L,Wang L J,Shi X M,et al. Distribution characteristics and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface dust of Xi'an City,China[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1279-1286.
[29] Wang W,Huang M J,Kang Y,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in urban surface dust of Guangzhou,China:status,sources and human health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(21):4519-4527.
[30]苑金鹏,王晓利,周家斌,等.济南市表层土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及风险分析[J].环境化学,2015,34(1):166-171.Yuan J P,Wang X L,Zhou J B,et al. Distribution,source and risk analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in top-soil from Jinan City[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(1):166-171.
[2] Wang X F,Cheng H X,Xu X B,et al. A wintertime study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2. 5and PM2. 5-10in Beijing:assessment of energy structure conversion[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,157(1):47-56.
[3]宋宁宁,冯嘉申,于洋,等.大庆市不同环境介质中多环芳烃污染特征对比及来源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5272-5281.Song N N,Feng J S,Yu Y,et al. Comparison of characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different environmental media in the urban area of Daqing City[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5272-5281.
[4]赵阳,林晓辉,胡恭任,等.南昌市秋季PM2. 5中多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价及来源分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(3):500-507.Zhao Y,Lin X H,Hu G R,et al. Pollution characteristics,risk assessment and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2. 5collected in autumn in Nanchang City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(3):500-507.
[5] Srogi K. Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:a review[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters,2007,5(4):169-195.
[6] Pickering R W. A toxicological review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Journal of Toxicology:Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology,1999,18(2):101-135.
[7]曹治国,王萌萌,王小颍,等.办公室地面灰尘中PAHs污染的时间变化规律及人体健康风险[J].生态毒理学报,2018,13(3):209-219.Cao Z G,Wang M M,Wang X Y,et al. Time variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in floor dust from office and corresponding human health risks[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2018,13(3):209-219.
[8]魏秀芝,左嘉,魏宝梅.南昌市扬尘污染现状及防治情况报告[J].黑龙江科技信息,2016,(10):13.
[9]陈轶楠,马建华,段海静,等.河南某市驾校地表灰尘多环芳烃组成、来源与健康风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):711-720.Chen Y N,Ma J H,Duan H J,et al. Compositions,sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface dusts from driving-schools in a City of Henan Province,China[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(2):711-720.
[10] Kong S F,Ding X,Bai Z P,et al. A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2. 5and PM2. 5-10in five typical cities of Liaoning Province,China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,183(1-3):70-80.
[11]赵洪涛,尹澄清,陈梅雪.长江三角洲河网地区典型城镇街尘中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(1):123-130.Zhao H T,Yin C Q,Chen M X. The pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from a typical town in the Yangtze River Delta[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(1):123-130.
[12] Yu B B,Xie X J,Ma L Q,et al. Source,distribution,and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust from Tianjin, China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(4):2817-2825.
[13] Soltani N,Keshavarzi B,Moore F,et al. Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in road dust of Isfahan metropolis,Iran[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:712-723.
[14]陈卫锋,倪进治,杨红玉,等.福州市区街道灰尘中多环芳烃的质量分数及其来源[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(2):177-183.Chen W F,Ni J Z,Yang H Y,et al. Concentrations and sources of PAHs in the street dust of Fuzhou City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(2):177-183.
[15] Nisbet I C T,La Goy P K. Toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1992,16(3):290-300.
[16] USEPA. Exposure factors handbook[R]. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Washington,DC:USEPA,2011.
[17] USEPA. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R]. Washington, DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,2002.
[18]王震.辽宁地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及致癌风险[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.Wang Z. Regional study on soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Liaoning:patterns,sources and cancer risks[D]. Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2007.
[19] Knafla A,Phillipps K A,Brecher R W,et al. Development of a dermal cancer slope factor for benzo[a]pyrene[J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,2006,45(2):159-168.
[20]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.Environmental Protection Department. Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population(adults)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2013.
[21]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷0~5岁)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.Environmental Protection Department. Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population(0-5 years Children)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.
[22]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷6~17岁)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.Environmental Protection Department. Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population:children(6-17 years)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.
[23]孙焰,祁士华,李绘,等.福建闽江沿岸土壤中多环芳烃含量、来源及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1821-1829.Sun Y,Qi S H,Li H,et al. Concentrations,sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils collected along the banks of Minjiang River,Fujian,China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(6):1821-1829.
[24]冯精兰,刘书卉,申君慧,等.新乡市道路灰尘中PAHs的污染特征和来源解析[J].环境化学,2013,32(4):630-639.Feng J L,Liu S H,Shen J H,et al. Pollution characteristics and source appointment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in road dust from Xinxiang[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(4):630-639.
[25] Guo H,Lee S C,Ho K F,et al. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(38):5307-5317.
[26] Khairy M A, Lohmann R. Source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Alexandria,Egypt[J]. Chemosphere,2013,91(7):895-903.
[27] Hamid N,Syed J H,Junaid M,et al. Elucidating the urban levels, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Pakistan:implications for changing energy demand[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:165-175.
[28]王丽,王利军,史兴民,等.西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1279-1286.Wang L,Wang L J,Shi X M,et al. Distribution characteristics and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface dust of Xi'an City,China[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1279-1286.
[29] Wang W,Huang M J,Kang Y,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in urban surface dust of Guangzhou,China:status,sources and human health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(21):4519-4527.
[30]苑金鹏,王晓利,周家斌,等.济南市表层土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及风险分析[J].环境化学,2015,34(1):166-171.Yuan J P,Wang X L,Zhou J B,et al. Distribution,source and risk analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in top-soil from Jinan City[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(1):166-171.