田间直播下化感水稻抑草作用及其根际土壤微生物生理特性动态
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摘要
在人工除草与不除草的田间种植模式下,研究化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont苗期对田间杂草的抑制作用、根际土壤的化感潜力以及根际土壤微生物生理特性动态.结果显示,PI312777的田间抑草率在7叶期达85.82%.土壤-琼脂三明治法实验表明,5叶期的PI312777根际土壤对稗草干重抑制率显著高于3叶期,不除草处理下5叶期比3叶期增加了20.16%.在相同叶期下,PI312777的根际土壤微生物生物量碳及呼吸强度、细菌数量和土壤酶(脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶)活性均远高于Lemont,且不除草处理下显著高于除草处理.PI312777根际土壤抑草率和土壤微生物生理指标均表现为3叶期到5叶期之间的增幅最大.不除草处理下,化感水稻PI312777根际土壤微生物生物量碳、呼吸强度、细菌数量、脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性和蔗糖酶活性,5叶期比3叶期分别增加了53.11%、51.56%、38.97%、44.83%、60.00%和41.92%.本研究结果表明水稻化感作用与根际土壤微生物活动关系紧密,水稻化感物质引起土壤微生物变化,水稻化感作用是一个植物-土壤之间的相互作用过程.
The weed inhibition of allelopathic rice PI312777 and nonallelopathic rice Lemont, allelopathic potential of rice rhizospheric soils, as well as the microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils, were studied by field tests after weedremoving and weed treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of PI312777 at the 7-leaf stage on paddy weeds was 85.82%. Results of the Soil-Agar Sandwich method revealed that the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the inhibitory rate of plant dry weight of barnyard grass was significantly higher at the 5-leaf stage than that at the 3-leaf stage, and increased by 20.16% from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage after weed treatment. When at the same leaf stage, the soil microbe biomass carbon and soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, and activity of soil enzymes(urease, protease, and sucrase) were significantly higher in PI312777 rhizospheric soils than in Lemont rhizospheric soils; they were also higher after the weed-removing treatment than after weed treatment. The largest increase of soil allelopathic potentials and soil microbial physiological indexes in PI312777 rhizospheric soils appeared from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. In case of weed treatment, the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the soil microbe biomass carbon, soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, activity of urease, activity of protease, and activity of sucrase increased by 53.11%, 51.56%, 38.97%, 44.83%, 60.00%, and 41.92%, respectively, from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. These results indicated that rice allelopathy had a close relationship with the activity of rhizospheric soils. Rice allelochemicals lead to the change of soil microbes; rice allelopathy is a process based on plant-soil interaction.
The weed inhibition of allelopathic rice PI312777 and nonallelopathic rice Lemont, allelopathic potential of rice rhizospheric soils, as well as the microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils, were studied by field tests after weedremoving and weed treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of PI312777 at the 7-leaf stage on paddy weeds was 85.82%. Results of the Soil-Agar Sandwich method revealed that the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the inhibitory rate of plant dry weight of barnyard grass was significantly higher at the 5-leaf stage than that at the 3-leaf stage, and increased by 20.16% from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage after weed treatment. When at the same leaf stage, the soil microbe biomass carbon and soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, and activity of soil enzymes(urease, protease, and sucrase) were significantly higher in PI312777 rhizospheric soils than in Lemont rhizospheric soils; they were also higher after the weed-removing treatment than after weed treatment. The largest increase of soil allelopathic potentials and soil microbial physiological indexes in PI312777 rhizospheric soils appeared from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. In case of weed treatment, the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the soil microbe biomass carbon, soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, activity of urease, activity of protease, and activity of sucrase increased by 53.11%, 51.56%, 38.97%, 44.83%, 60.00%, and 41.92%, respectively, from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. These results indicated that rice allelopathy had a close relationship with the activity of rhizospheric soils. Rice allelochemicals lead to the change of soil microbes; rice allelopathy is a process based on plant-soil interaction.
引文
1 Rao AN,Johnson DE,Sivaprasad B,Ladha JK,Mortimer AM.Weed management in direct-seeded rice[J].Adv Agron,2007,93:153-255
2 Maclean JL,Dawe DC,Hardy B,Hettel GP.Rice Almanac[M].3rd ed.Manila:International Rice Research Institute,2002:257
3 Olofsdotter M.Allelopathy in Rice[C]//Olofsdotter M.Allelopathy in Rice.Proceeding of the Workshop on Allelopathy in Rice,Manila,1998:1-5
4 Rice EL.Allelopathy[M].2nd ed.New York:Academic Press Inc.,1984
5 Gu Y,Wang P,Kong CH.Urease,inver t ase,dehyd rogenase and polyphenoloxidase activities in paddy soil inf luenced by allelopathic rice variety[J].Eur J Soil Biol,2009,45(5):436-441
6 Kong CH,Wang P,Zhao H,Wang P,Zhao H,Xu XH,Zhu YD.Impact of allelochemical exuded from allelopathic rice on soil microbial community[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2008,40(7):1862-1869
7 Li XG,Ding CF,Hua K,Zhang TL,Zhang YN,Zhao L,Yang YR,Liu JG,Wang XX.Soil sickness of peanuts is attributable to modifications in soil microbes induced by peanut root exudates rather than to direct allelopathy[J].Soil Boil Biochem,2014,78:149-159
8 Pendergast TH,Burke DJ,Carson WP.Belowground biotic complexity drives aboveground dynamics:a test of the soil community feedback model[J].New Phytol,2013,197(4):1300-1310
9 Wu L,Li Z,Li J,Khan MA,Huang W,Zhang Z,Lin W.Assessment of shifts in microbial community structure and catabolic diversity in response to Rehmannia glutinosa monoculture[J].Appl Soil Ecol,2013,67:1-9
10 Bever JD,Dickie IA,Facelli E,Facelli,JM,Klironomos J,Moora M,Rillig MC,Stock WD,Tibbett M,Zobel M.Rooting theories of plant community ecology in microbial interactions[J].Trends Ecol Evol,2010,25(8):468-478
11 Mandal A,Patra AK,Singh D,Swarup A,Masto RE.Effect of longterm application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages[J].Bioresour Technol,2007,98(18):3585-3592
12 Nayak DR,Babu YJ,Adhya TK.Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under f looded condition[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2007,39(8):1897-1906
13 Liu W,Lu HH,Wu W,Wei QK,Chen YX,Thies JE.Transgenic Bt rice does not affect enzyme activities and microbial composition in the rhizosphere during crop development[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2008,40(2):475-486
14 Lu Y,Watanabe A,Kimura M.Contribution of plant-derived carbon to soil microbial biomass dynamics in a paddy rice microcosm[J].Biol Fert Soils,2002,36(2):136-142
15 胡开辉,罗庆国,汪世华,林旋,林文雄.化感水稻根际微生物类群及酶活性变化[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(6):1060-1064[Hu KH,Luo QG,Wang SH,Lin X,Lin WX.Effects of allelopathic rice on rhizosphere microbial flora and enzyme activity[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2006,17(6):1060-1064]
16 林瑞余,于翠平,戎红,肖清铁,邱兴贵,叶陈英,林文雄.苗期不同化感潜力水稻根际土壤酶活性分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(2):302-306[Lin RY,Yu CP,Rong H,Xiao QT,Qiu XG,Ye CY,Lin WX.Rhizospheric soil enzyme activity of allelopathic rice at seedling stage[J].Chin J Eco-Agric,2008,16(2):302-306]
17 Fujii Y,Shibuya T,Nakatani K,Itani T,Hiradate S,Par vez MM.Assessment method for allelopathic effect from leaf litter leachates[J].Weed Biol Manage,2004,4(1):19-23
18 李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996[Li FD,Yu ZN,He SJ.Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory Manual[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1996]
19胡开辉.微生物学实验[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004[Hu KH.Microbiology Experiment[M].Beijing:China Forestry Press,2004]
20 关松荫.土壤酶及其方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986[Guan SY.Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods[M].Beijing:Agricultural Press,1986]
21 Hassan SM,Aidy IR,Bastawisi AO,Draz AE.Weed management using allelopathic rice varieties in Egypt[C]//Olofsdotter M.Allelopathy in Rice.Proceeding of the Workshop on Allelopathy in Rice,Manila,1998:27-37
22 Li JY,Guo XK,Zhang Q,Liu CH,Lin ZH,Yu ZM,Hu WW,He HB.A novel screening method for rice allelopathic potential:the inhibitorycircle method[J].Weed Res,2015,55(5):441-448
23 Shin DH,Kim KU,Sohn DS,Kang SG,Kim HY,Lee IJ,Kim MU.Regulation of gene expression related to allelopathy[C]//Kim KU,Shin DH.Rice Allelopathy.Proceedings of the Workshop in Rice Allelopathy,Taegu,2000:109-124
24 Wang HB,He HB,Ye CY,Lu JC.,Chen RS,Liu CH,Guo XK,Lin WX.Molecular physiological mechanism of increased weed suppression ability of allelopathic rice mediated by low phosphor us stress[J].Allelopathy J,2010,25(1):239-248
25 He HB,Wang HB,Fang CX,Lin ZH,Yu ZM,Lin WX.Separation of allelopathy from resource competition using rice/barnyardgrass mixedcultures[J].PLo S ONE,2012,7(5):e37201
26 王海斌,何海斌,曾聪明,吴良展,沈荔花,熊君,林瑞余,林文雄.低磷胁迫下不同品种水稻秧苗生长的分子生理特性[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(5):593-598[Wang H,He HB,Zeng CM,Wu LZ,Shen LH,Xiong J,Lin RY,Lin WX.Molecular physiological properties of different rice accessions mediated by different phosphorus supplies at seedling stage[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2008,14(5):593-598]
27 Ma qbool N,Wa h id A,Fa rooq M,Cheema Z A,Sidd ique K H M.Allelopathy and abiotic stress interaction in crop plants[M]//Zahid AC,Muhammad F,Abdul W.Allelopathy.Berlin:Springer,2013:451-468
28 Dick WA,Cheng L,Wang P.Soil acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as p H adjustment indicators[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2000,32(13):1915-1919
29 Nan nipier i P.The potential use of soil en z y mes as indicators of productivity,sustainability and pollution[M]//Pankhurst CE,Double BM,Gupta VVSR,Grace PR.Soil Biota:Management in Sustainable Farming Systems.Adelaide:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,1994:238-244
30 Khanh TD,Xuan TD,Chung IM.Rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management[J].Ann Appl Biol,2007,151(3):325-339
31 Tomasi N,Weisskopf L,Renella G,Landi L,Pinton R,Varanini Z,Nannipieri P,Torrent J,Martinoia E,Cesco S.Flavonoids of white lupin roots participate in phosphorus mobilization fromsoil[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2008,40:1971-1974
32 林瑞余,戎红,周军建,于翠平,叶陈英,陈良生,林文雄.苗期化感水稻对根际土壤微生物群落及其功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3644-3654[Li RY,Rong H,Zhou JJ,Yu CP,Ye CY,Lin WX.Impact of rice seedling allelopathy on rhizospheric microbial populations and their functional diversities[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2007,27(9):3644-3654]
33 Cipollini D,Rigsby CM,Barto EK.Microbes as targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants[J].J Chem Ecol,2012,38(6):714-727
34 Fang C,Li Y,Li C,Li B,Ren Y,Zheng H,Zeng X,Shen LH,Lin W.Identification and comparative analysis of micro RNAs in barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli)in response to rice allelopathy[J].Plant Cell Environ,2015,38(7):1368-1381
35 He HB,Wang HB,Fang CX,Wu HW,Guo XK,Liu CH.Barnyard grass stress up regulates the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in allelopathic rice[J].J Plant Physiol,2012,169:1747-1753
36 Huang LF,Song LX,Xia XJ,Mao WH,Shi K,Zhou YH,Yu JQ.Plantsoil feedbacks and soil sickness:from mechanisms to application in agriculture[J].J Chem Ecol,2013,39:232-242
37 Jia XL,Ye JH,Zhang Q,Li L,Hu YL,Zheng MZ,Hong YC,Wang FQ,Wu CZ.Soil toxicity and microbial community structure of Wuyi rock tea plantation[J].Allelopathy J,2017,41(1):113-127
38 Li JY,Zhang Q,Yang XY,Hu WW,Lin RL,He HB.A reappraisal of the content and the differences of phenolic acids between allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice accessions[J].Allelopathy J,2017,40(1):35-46
39 Wang HB,Zhang Q,Yang XY,Li JY,Wu H,He HB.Inf luence of allelopathic potential of rice accessions in low phosphate hydroponics on microbial diversity[J].Allelopathy J,2016,38(1):55-64
2 Maclean JL,Dawe DC,Hardy B,Hettel GP.Rice Almanac[M].3rd ed.Manila:International Rice Research Institute,2002:257
3 Olofsdotter M.Allelopathy in Rice[C]//Olofsdotter M.Allelopathy in Rice.Proceeding of the Workshop on Allelopathy in Rice,Manila,1998:1-5
4 Rice EL.Allelopathy[M].2nd ed.New York:Academic Press Inc.,1984
5 Gu Y,Wang P,Kong CH.Urease,inver t ase,dehyd rogenase and polyphenoloxidase activities in paddy soil inf luenced by allelopathic rice variety[J].Eur J Soil Biol,2009,45(5):436-441
6 Kong CH,Wang P,Zhao H,Wang P,Zhao H,Xu XH,Zhu YD.Impact of allelochemical exuded from allelopathic rice on soil microbial community[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2008,40(7):1862-1869
7 Li XG,Ding CF,Hua K,Zhang TL,Zhang YN,Zhao L,Yang YR,Liu JG,Wang XX.Soil sickness of peanuts is attributable to modifications in soil microbes induced by peanut root exudates rather than to direct allelopathy[J].Soil Boil Biochem,2014,78:149-159
8 Pendergast TH,Burke DJ,Carson WP.Belowground biotic complexity drives aboveground dynamics:a test of the soil community feedback model[J].New Phytol,2013,197(4):1300-1310
9 Wu L,Li Z,Li J,Khan MA,Huang W,Zhang Z,Lin W.Assessment of shifts in microbial community structure and catabolic diversity in response to Rehmannia glutinosa monoculture[J].Appl Soil Ecol,2013,67:1-9
10 Bever JD,Dickie IA,Facelli E,Facelli,JM,Klironomos J,Moora M,Rillig MC,Stock WD,Tibbett M,Zobel M.Rooting theories of plant community ecology in microbial interactions[J].Trends Ecol Evol,2010,25(8):468-478
11 Mandal A,Patra AK,Singh D,Swarup A,Masto RE.Effect of longterm application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages[J].Bioresour Technol,2007,98(18):3585-3592
12 Nayak DR,Babu YJ,Adhya TK.Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under f looded condition[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2007,39(8):1897-1906
13 Liu W,Lu HH,Wu W,Wei QK,Chen YX,Thies JE.Transgenic Bt rice does not affect enzyme activities and microbial composition in the rhizosphere during crop development[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2008,40(2):475-486
14 Lu Y,Watanabe A,Kimura M.Contribution of plant-derived carbon to soil microbial biomass dynamics in a paddy rice microcosm[J].Biol Fert Soils,2002,36(2):136-142
15 胡开辉,罗庆国,汪世华,林旋,林文雄.化感水稻根际微生物类群及酶活性变化[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(6):1060-1064[Hu KH,Luo QG,Wang SH,Lin X,Lin WX.Effects of allelopathic rice on rhizosphere microbial flora and enzyme activity[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2006,17(6):1060-1064]
16 林瑞余,于翠平,戎红,肖清铁,邱兴贵,叶陈英,林文雄.苗期不同化感潜力水稻根际土壤酶活性分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(2):302-306[Lin RY,Yu CP,Rong H,Xiao QT,Qiu XG,Ye CY,Lin WX.Rhizospheric soil enzyme activity of allelopathic rice at seedling stage[J].Chin J Eco-Agric,2008,16(2):302-306]
17 Fujii Y,Shibuya T,Nakatani K,Itani T,Hiradate S,Par vez MM.Assessment method for allelopathic effect from leaf litter leachates[J].Weed Biol Manage,2004,4(1):19-23
18 李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996[Li FD,Yu ZN,He SJ.Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory Manual[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1996]
19胡开辉.微生物学实验[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004[Hu KH.Microbiology Experiment[M].Beijing:China Forestry Press,2004]
20 关松荫.土壤酶及其方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986[Guan SY.Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods[M].Beijing:Agricultural Press,1986]
21 Hassan SM,Aidy IR,Bastawisi AO,Draz AE.Weed management using allelopathic rice varieties in Egypt[C]//Olofsdotter M.Allelopathy in Rice.Proceeding of the Workshop on Allelopathy in Rice,Manila,1998:27-37
22 Li JY,Guo XK,Zhang Q,Liu CH,Lin ZH,Yu ZM,Hu WW,He HB.A novel screening method for rice allelopathic potential:the inhibitorycircle method[J].Weed Res,2015,55(5):441-448
23 Shin DH,Kim KU,Sohn DS,Kang SG,Kim HY,Lee IJ,Kim MU.Regulation of gene expression related to allelopathy[C]//Kim KU,Shin DH.Rice Allelopathy.Proceedings of the Workshop in Rice Allelopathy,Taegu,2000:109-124
24 Wang HB,He HB,Ye CY,Lu JC.,Chen RS,Liu CH,Guo XK,Lin WX.Molecular physiological mechanism of increased weed suppression ability of allelopathic rice mediated by low phosphor us stress[J].Allelopathy J,2010,25(1):239-248
25 He HB,Wang HB,Fang CX,Lin ZH,Yu ZM,Lin WX.Separation of allelopathy from resource competition using rice/barnyardgrass mixedcultures[J].PLo S ONE,2012,7(5):e37201
26 王海斌,何海斌,曾聪明,吴良展,沈荔花,熊君,林瑞余,林文雄.低磷胁迫下不同品种水稻秧苗生长的分子生理特性[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(5):593-598[Wang H,He HB,Zeng CM,Wu LZ,Shen LH,Xiong J,Lin RY,Lin WX.Molecular physiological properties of different rice accessions mediated by different phosphorus supplies at seedling stage[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2008,14(5):593-598]
27 Ma qbool N,Wa h id A,Fa rooq M,Cheema Z A,Sidd ique K H M.Allelopathy and abiotic stress interaction in crop plants[M]//Zahid AC,Muhammad F,Abdul W.Allelopathy.Berlin:Springer,2013:451-468
28 Dick WA,Cheng L,Wang P.Soil acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as p H adjustment indicators[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2000,32(13):1915-1919
29 Nan nipier i P.The potential use of soil en z y mes as indicators of productivity,sustainability and pollution[M]//Pankhurst CE,Double BM,Gupta VVSR,Grace PR.Soil Biota:Management in Sustainable Farming Systems.Adelaide:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,1994:238-244
30 Khanh TD,Xuan TD,Chung IM.Rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management[J].Ann Appl Biol,2007,151(3):325-339
31 Tomasi N,Weisskopf L,Renella G,Landi L,Pinton R,Varanini Z,Nannipieri P,Torrent J,Martinoia E,Cesco S.Flavonoids of white lupin roots participate in phosphorus mobilization fromsoil[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2008,40:1971-1974
32 林瑞余,戎红,周军建,于翠平,叶陈英,陈良生,林文雄.苗期化感水稻对根际土壤微生物群落及其功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3644-3654[Li RY,Rong H,Zhou JJ,Yu CP,Ye CY,Lin WX.Impact of rice seedling allelopathy on rhizospheric microbial populations and their functional diversities[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2007,27(9):3644-3654]
33 Cipollini D,Rigsby CM,Barto EK.Microbes as targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants[J].J Chem Ecol,2012,38(6):714-727
34 Fang C,Li Y,Li C,Li B,Ren Y,Zheng H,Zeng X,Shen LH,Lin W.Identification and comparative analysis of micro RNAs in barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli)in response to rice allelopathy[J].Plant Cell Environ,2015,38(7):1368-1381
35 He HB,Wang HB,Fang CX,Wu HW,Guo XK,Liu CH.Barnyard grass stress up regulates the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in allelopathic rice[J].J Plant Physiol,2012,169:1747-1753
36 Huang LF,Song LX,Xia XJ,Mao WH,Shi K,Zhou YH,Yu JQ.Plantsoil feedbacks and soil sickness:from mechanisms to application in agriculture[J].J Chem Ecol,2013,39:232-242
37 Jia XL,Ye JH,Zhang Q,Li L,Hu YL,Zheng MZ,Hong YC,Wang FQ,Wu CZ.Soil toxicity and microbial community structure of Wuyi rock tea plantation[J].Allelopathy J,2017,41(1):113-127
38 Li JY,Zhang Q,Yang XY,Hu WW,Lin RL,He HB.A reappraisal of the content and the differences of phenolic acids between allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice accessions[J].Allelopathy J,2017,40(1):35-46
39 Wang HB,Zhang Q,Yang XY,Li JY,Wu H,He HB.Inf luence of allelopathic potential of rice accessions in low phosphate hydroponics on microbial diversity[J].Allelopathy J,2016,38(1):55-64