鲕粒滩相灰岩特别的核形石灰岩帽——以山西繁峙茶坊子剖面寒武系张夏组为例
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摘要
作为一种较为特别的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,核形石以双重属性而著称:①以不平滑的皮层和较大的大小而常常被解释为微生物成因,从而区别于而成因存在着较大争议的鲕粒,所以,核形石也可以作为一种包覆颗粒类型;②作为微生物碳酸盐岩的一种类型而被归为相互不连接的球状叠层石,因为核形石形成在围绕着核心的序列式纹层化作用过程之中,并且表现为球形或椭球型的生物沉积构造。在山西繁峙茶坊子剖面寒武系苗岭统张夏组块状鲕粒滩相灰岩的顶部,密集发育着厘米级别大小的高能泥晶核形石,核形石灰岩的厚度接近1 m,从而组成一个块状鲕粒滩相灰岩之上特征性的核形石灰岩帽。该层厚度较小的(小于1 m)核形石灰岩中的核形石,具有以下特征:①厘米级别的大小(1至3 cm);②球形或椭球形的形态学特征;③核形石皮层主导性的泥晶和少量的微亮晶构成;④核形石皮层中较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石;⑤核形石间特别的凝块基质,以及明显的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石构成的凝块。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些核形石复杂的生物膜钙化作用机理还没有得到完全而且准确的了解,但是,山西省繁峙县茶坊子剖面张夏组顶部的核形石,壮观的宏观特征,核形石皮层中直接的微生物化石证据,尤其是在核形石内较为丰富的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例,而且成为了解发育在高能鲕粒滩相灰岩之上最为特别的"藻坪"沉积的一个较为典型实例。
As a particular variety of microbial carbonates, the oncoid is characteristic of double natures as following: ① the nature of the coated grain demonstrated by both the relative size and the non-smooth cortex, which common means its microbial origin and is distinct from the ooid whose origin remains uncertain; ② the nature of the stromatolite expressing as a type spherical or ellipsoid biosedimentary structure resulted from successive lamination process around the nuclei, which is a fundamental feature that is used as a basis to group the oncoid as a spherical stromatolite. One set of particular cap oncolitic grainstones of bank oolitic grainstones with the thickness of about 1 m was developed in the top part of oolitic grainstones of the carbonate bank belonging to the upper part of the Zhangxia Formation of the Cambrian Miaolingian at the Chafangzi section in Fanshi county of Shanxi procince, which represent a spectacularly sedimentological phenomenon. Many features characterize these oncoids within the cap of oncoidal limestones with the relative small thickness(about 1 m): ① the centimeter-level size(1 to 3 cm); ② the morphological feature of sphericity or ellipsoid; ③ both the dominated micritic and the secondary microspar composition of the oncoidal cortex; ④ the highly dense preservation of filamental sheath fossils of the cyanobecteria within oncoidal cortex; ⑤ a special matrix of clotted micrites with clots that are composed by filamental sheath fossils of the cyanobecteria. Although the greatest challenge that remains is the interpretation of ancient oncoids and their detail forming processes through the filter of the diagenesis, also the detail of the calcification of biofilms dominated by the cyanobacteria has still not get better understanding, the richness of direct evidence represented by microbial fossils especially for sheath fossils of the cyanobacteria within oncoids of a particular oncoidal cap in the top part of the Zhangxia Formations of the Cambrian Miaolingian in Fanshi county of Shanxi province make them become a good example of oncoids built by non-layer photosynthetic biofilms, which is an example for the further understanding of "algale flat" deposits developed on the oolitic-grained bank.
As a particular variety of microbial carbonates, the oncoid is characteristic of double natures as following: ① the nature of the coated grain demonstrated by both the relative size and the non-smooth cortex, which common means its microbial origin and is distinct from the ooid whose origin remains uncertain; ② the nature of the stromatolite expressing as a type spherical or ellipsoid biosedimentary structure resulted from successive lamination process around the nuclei, which is a fundamental feature that is used as a basis to group the oncoid as a spherical stromatolite. One set of particular cap oncolitic grainstones of bank oolitic grainstones with the thickness of about 1 m was developed in the top part of oolitic grainstones of the carbonate bank belonging to the upper part of the Zhangxia Formation of the Cambrian Miaolingian at the Chafangzi section in Fanshi county of Shanxi procince, which represent a spectacularly sedimentological phenomenon. Many features characterize these oncoids within the cap of oncoidal limestones with the relative small thickness(about 1 m): ① the centimeter-level size(1 to 3 cm); ② the morphological feature of sphericity or ellipsoid; ③ both the dominated micritic and the secondary microspar composition of the oncoidal cortex; ④ the highly dense preservation of filamental sheath fossils of the cyanobecteria within oncoidal cortex; ⑤ a special matrix of clotted micrites with clots that are composed by filamental sheath fossils of the cyanobecteria. Although the greatest challenge that remains is the interpretation of ancient oncoids and their detail forming processes through the filter of the diagenesis, also the detail of the calcification of biofilms dominated by the cyanobacteria has still not get better understanding, the richness of direct evidence represented by microbial fossils especially for sheath fossils of the cyanobacteria within oncoids of a particular oncoidal cap in the top part of the Zhangxia Formations of the Cambrian Miaolingian in Fanshi county of Shanxi province make them become a good example of oncoids built by non-layer photosynthetic biofilms, which is an example for the further understanding of "algale flat" deposits developed on the oolitic-grained bank.
引文
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