冷战视域下的英埃协定
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摘要
1952年埃及"自由军官组织"革命胜利后,以纳赛尔民族主义为意识形态的埃及民族独立运动掀起新的高潮。而英国政府关于埃及苏伊士运河驻军问题却龃龉不决,英国和埃及的谈判一度陷入停滞状态。这时期,以美苏为首的两大集团的冷战格局已经形成,在远东爆发的朝鲜战争令美国在中东地区的防御意识也得到了加强,在中东北层建立遏阻国际共产主义苏联进一步扩张的防御安全网便成为美国中东政策的当务之急,然而埃及民族主义的独立诉求和英国拒不放手苏伊士运河驻军问题是美国必须先行解决的首要问题。
After the revolutionary victory of Free Officers' Organization in 1952,the Egypt witnessed the emergence of Nasser's nationalism ideas and the climax of national independent movements.At that time,the British government still hesitated to withdraw the troops from the Suez Canal.Thus the negotiation between Britain and Egypt was fruitless.Due to the Korean War and the US-Soviet confrontation of the cold war,the US had to strengthen defense capabilities in the Middle East.Therefore,its top priority was to establish a new safety net of northern unions in the Middle East to stop the further expansion of the Soviet communism.However,the first of all the problems facing the US was the demand of Egypt's nationalism for independence and the refusal of British government to withdraw the troops from the Suez Canal.
After the revolutionary victory of Free Officers' Organization in 1952,the Egypt witnessed the emergence of Nasser's nationalism ideas and the climax of national independent movements.At that time,the British government still hesitated to withdraw the troops from the Suez Canal.Thus the negotiation between Britain and Egypt was fruitless.Due to the Korean War and the US-Soviet confrontation of the cold war,the US had to strengthen defense capabilities in the Middle East.Therefore,its top priority was to establish a new safety net of northern unions in the Middle East to stop the further expansion of the Soviet communism.However,the first of all the problems facing the US was the demand of Egypt's nationalism for independence and the refusal of British government to withdraw the troops from the Suez Canal.
引文
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[3]Letter from Eisenhower to Winston Churchill[A].March29,1956,quoted in Steven l.Spiegel,the Other ArabIsraeli Conflict:Making American’s Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan[C].Chicago and London:the University of Chicago Press,1985.
[4]Hurewitz,J.C.:Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East[M].Vol.2,A Documentary Record,1914-1956.
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[6]Royal Institute of International Affairs.Great Britain and Egypt[A].1914-1951:.87-88.Wilson Keith(ed.):Imperialism and Nationalism in the Middle East,the Anglo-Egyplian Experience[C].1882-1982:109-110.
[7]Royal Institute of International Affairs.Great Britain and Egypt[A].1914-1951:100-101.Departmant of Public Information:Yearbook of the United Nations(1947-1948)[C].(公共资料署:《联合国年鉴(1947-1948年)》)Lake Success,New York,1949:256.
[8]Calvocoressi,Peter.Survey of International Affairs[A].1951.(卡尔沃克雷西:《1951年国际事务概览》)Oxford University Press,London,1954:263-264.Royal Institute of International Affairs:Great Britain and Egypt[C].1914-1951:124-125.
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[13]Eisenhower to Churchill,9June 1953,quoted in Peter G.Boyle(ed.),The Churchill-Eisenhower,Correspondence[M].1953-1955.
[14]The Origins of the Eisenhower Doctrine[A].Memorandum of Conversation Between Eisenhower and Dulles[C].16 March 1953,quoted in Ray Takeyh.
[15]国际问题研究所.国际条约集(1953-1955)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1960.The Agreement Between Britain and Egypt During the Cold War(from the year 1952to1954)
[2]Churchill to Eisenhower,5April 1953,FRUS[M].1952-1954,Vol.9,Washington D.C.:GPO.
[3]Letter from Eisenhower to Winston Churchill[A].March29,1956,quoted in Steven l.Spiegel,the Other ArabIsraeli Conflict:Making American’s Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan[C].Chicago and London:the University of Chicago Press,1985.
[4]Hurewitz,J.C.:Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East[M].Vol.2,A Documentary Record,1914-1956.
[5]刘同舜,姚椿龄.战后世界历史长编(1952年)第七册[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1989.
[6]Royal Institute of International Affairs.Great Britain and Egypt[A].1914-1951:.87-88.Wilson Keith(ed.):Imperialism and Nationalism in the Middle East,the Anglo-Egyplian Experience[C].1882-1982:109-110.
[7]Royal Institute of International Affairs.Great Britain and Egypt[A].1914-1951:100-101.Departmant of Public Information:Yearbook of the United Nations(1947-1948)[C].(公共资料署:《联合国年鉴(1947-1948年)》)Lake Success,New York,1949:256.
[8]Calvocoressi,Peter.Survey of International Affairs[A].1951.(卡尔沃克雷西:《1951年国际事务概览》)Oxford University Press,London,1954:263-264.Royal Institute of International Affairs:Great Britain and Egypt[C].1914-1951:124-125.
[9]Calvocoressi,Peter.Survey of International Affairs[A].1951:273.Khalil,Muhammad:The Arab States and the Arab League,A Documentary Record[C].Vol.2:311.
[10]Foreign Relations of the United States[A].1950,Vol.5.,The Near East,South Asia,and Africa[C].(《美国对外关系,1950年,第5卷,近东、南亚和非洲》),G.P.O.,Washington,D.C.,1978.
[11]国际关系研究所编.中东问题文件汇编[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1958.
[12]Stewart,Desmond.Young Egypt[M].(斯图尔特:《年轻的埃及》)Allan Wingate,London,1958.
[13]Eisenhower to Churchill,9June 1953,quoted in Peter G.Boyle(ed.),The Churchill-Eisenhower,Correspondence[M].1953-1955.
[14]The Origins of the Eisenhower Doctrine[A].Memorandum of Conversation Between Eisenhower and Dulles[C].16 March 1953,quoted in Ray Takeyh.
[15]国际问题研究所.国际条约集(1953-1955)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1960.The Agreement Between Britain and Egypt During the Cold War(from the year 1952to1954)