美国家庭面面观
摘要
家庭是人性的基础,家庭幸福与社会组织相互影响、关联。在美国,家庭的形式和功能各不相同。美国家庭的动态特征与家庭幸福息息相关。该文首先介绍美国家庭的特点,并解释这些特点如何影响美国家庭幸福。其次,介绍了美国家庭中诸如离婚等一系列问题,以及相关政策和方案如何为家庭暴力、遗弃等家庭阴暗面提供解决路径。
引文
[1][2]Teachman,J.D.,Tedrow,L.M.,&Crowder,K.D.2000.The changing demography of America’s families.Journal of Marriage and Family,62,1234-1246.
[3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2014
[4][5]Pew Research Center.2015.“Parenting in America Outlook,worries,aspirations are strongly linked to financial situation.”http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/12/2015-12-17_parenting-in-america_FINAL.pdf.
[6]Bureau of Labor Statistics,2011
[7][8][10]U.S.Census Bureau.2016.Current Population Survey,Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
[9]Hirschl,T.A.,Altobelli,J.,&Rank,M.R.2003.Does marriage increase the odds of affluence?Exploring the life course probabilities.Journal of Marriage and Family,65,927-938.
[11]Kim,K.and P.Mckenry.2016.The Relationship Between Marriage and Psychological Well-being.Journal of Family Issues 23:8,885-911.
[12]Shapiro,A.and C.L.M Keyes.2008.Marital Status and Social Well-Being:Are the Married Always Better Off?Social Indicators Research.88:329.
[13]Mastekaasa,Arne.1993.Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being:A changing relationship.Social Indicators Research29:249--276,1993.
[14]Brown,S.2004.Family Structure and Child Well-Being:The Significance of Parental Cohabitation,Journal of Marriage and the Family,66:351-367.
[15]Bennett,T.1992.Marital Status and Infant Health Outcomes,Social Science and Medicine 35:1178-1187.
[16]U.S.Census Bureau.2012.Births,Deaths,Marriages,and Divorces.
[17]Wolfinger,N.H.2005.Understanding the Divorce Cycle:The Children of Divorce in Their Own Marriages.New York:Cambridge University Press.
[18]Simons,R.L.,L.Kuei-Hsiu Lin,C.Gordon,R.D.Conger,and F.O.Lorenz.1999.Explaining the Higher Incidence of Adjustment Problems among Children of Divorce Compared with those in Two-Parent Families.Journal of Marriage and the Family61(4):1020.
[19]Furstenberg,F.F.,and G.B.Spanier.1984.The Risk of Dissolution in Remarriage:An Examination of Cherlin’s Hypothesis of Incomplete Institutionalization.Family Relations 33(3):433-41.doi:10.2307/584714.
[20]Holland,D.2008.Family,Dysfunctional.In Encyclopedia of Social Problems,edited by Vincent N.Parrillo,356-357.Thousand Oaks,California:Sage.-----2009.Families of Origin,Foster Care Experience,and the Transition to Adulthood.Juvenile and Family Court Journal 60(2):69-87.doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2009.01027.x.
[21]Hanson and Slatter 1988;Knopp 1984Glasser,M.,I.Kolvin,D.Campbell,A.Glasser,I.Leitch,and S.Farrelly.2001.Cycle of Child Sexual Abuse:Links Between Being a Victim and Becoming a Perpetrator.The British Journal of Psychiatry 179(6):482-494.doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.482.Hanson,R.K.,and S.Slater.1988.Sexual Victimization in the History of Child Sexual Abusers:A Review.Annals of Sex Research 1:485-499.Knopp,F.H.1984.Retraining Adult Sexual Offenders:Methods and Muddles.Syracuse,NY:Safer Society Press.
[22]Ellonen,N.,M.Piispa,K.Peltonen,and M.Oranen.2013.Exposure to Parental Violence and Outcomes of Child Psychosocial Adjustment.Violence and Victims 28(1):3-15.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1314739041?accountid=11649
[23]Fergusson,D.M.,and M.T.Lynskey.1997.Physical Punishment/Maltreatment During Childhood and Adjustment in Young Adulthood.Child Abuse&Neglect 21(7):617-630.
[24]Cherlin,A.1996.Public and Private Families.New York,NY:McGraw-Hill.
[25]Tjaden,P.,and N.Thoennes.2000.Full Report of the Prevalence,Incidence,and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence against Women:Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey.Washington D.C.:U.S.Department of Justice,NCJ 183781,National Institute of Justice.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf.
[26][27]Johnson,M.P.1995.Patriarchal Terrorism and Common Couple Violence:Two Forms of Violence against Women.Journal of Marriage and Family 57(2):283-294.--2008.ATypology of Domestic Violence:Intimate Terrorism,Violent Resistance,and Situational Couple Violence.Boston:Northeastern University Press.
[28]Black et al.2011;Sillito 2012 Black,M.C.,K.C.Basile,M.J.Breiding,S.G.Smith,M.L.Walters,M.L.,Merrick,J.Chen,and M.R.Stevens.2011.The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey(NISVS):2010 Summary Report.Atlanta,GA:National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/summary_reports.html.Sillito,C.L.2012.Physical Health Effects of Intimate Partner Abuse.Journal of Family Issues 33(11):1520-1539.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12448742.
[29]Breiding,M.J.,S.G.Smith,K.C.Basile,M.L.Walters,J.Chen,and M.T.Merrick.2011.Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence,Stalking,and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization-National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey.United States,MMWR 63(SS-8):1-18.
[30]Desmarais,S.L.,K.A.Reeves,T.L.Nicholls,R.P.Telford,and M.S.Fiebert.2012.Prevalence of Physical Violence in Intimate Relationships,Part 2:Rates of Male and Female Perpetration.Partner Abuse 3(2):170.
[31]Archer,J.2000.Sex Differences in Aggression Between Heterosexual Partners:A Meta-Analytic Review.Psychological Bulletin 126:651-680.
[32]Hotaling,G.T.,and D.B.Sugarman.1986.An Analysis of Risk Markers in Husband to Wife Violence:The Current State of Knowledge.Violence and Victims 1:101-124.Wyatt,G.E.,J.Axelrod,D.Chin,J.V.Carmona,and T.B.Loeb.2000.“Examining Patterns of Vulnerability to Domestic Violence among African American Women.”Violence Against Women 6(5):495-514.
[33]Hotaling,G.T.,and D.B.Sugarman.1986.An Analysis of Risk Markers in Husband to Wife Violence:The Current State of Knowledge.Violence and Victims 1:101-124.
[34]Barnett,T.O.and F.Fagan.1993.Alcohol Use in Male Spouse Abusers and Their Female Partners.Journal of Family Violence 8(1):1-25.Wu,Elwin,Nabila El-Bassel,L.Donald McVinney,Leona Hess,Mark V.Fopeano,Hyesung G.Hwang,Mahnaz Charania,and Gordon Mansergh.2015.“The Association between Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence within Black Male Same-Sex Relationships.”Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30(5):762-781.
[35]Dobash and Dobash 1979;Yllo and Straus 1990 Dobash,R.and Russell Dobash.1979.Violence against Wives:A Case against the Patriarchy.New York:The Free Press.Yllo,K.,and M.A.Straus.1990.“Patriarchy and Violence against Wives:The Impact of Structural and Normative Factors.”In Physical Violence in American Families:Risk Factors for Adaptations to Violence in8145 Families,edited by M.A.Straus and R.J.Gelles,383-399,New Brunswick,NJ,Transaction.
[36]Wolf et al.2000Wolf,M.E.,V.L.Holt,M.A.Kernic,and F.P.Rivara.2000.Who Gets Protection Orders For Intimate Partner Violence?American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9(4):286-291.
[37]Anderson,J.F.,and K.Kras.2005.Revisiting Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory to Better Understand and Assist Victims of Intimate Personal Violence.Women&Criminal Justice 17:99-124.doi:10.1300/J012v17n0105.
[38][41]Band-Winterstein,Tova.2014.The Impact of Lifelong Exposure to IPV on Adult Children and Their Aging Parents.Journal of Family Issues 35(4):439-461.--2015.“Whose Suffering is This?Narratives of Adult Children and Parents in Long-Term Abusive Relationships.”Journal of Family Violence 30(2):123-133.
[39][40]Rennison,Callie Marie.2003.Crime Data Brief:Intimate Partner Violence,1993-2001.U.S.Department of Justice,NCJ 197838,Bureau of Justice Statistics.http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ipv01.pdf.
[42]McGee,S.,and D.Levenstein.1997.Myths and Facts about Domestic Violence.Ann Arbor,MI:Domestic Violence Project.
[43]Ehrensaft,M.K.,P.Cohen,J.Brown,E.Smailes,H.Chen,and J.G.Johnson.2003.Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence:A 20-Year Prospective Study.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 79(4):741-753.
[44]Gelles,S.,and R.J.Steinmetz.1980.Behind Closed Doors.Boulder,CO:Westview.Murrell,A.R.,K.A.Christoff,and K.R.Henning.2007.“Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders:Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence.”Journal of Family Violence 22:523-532.
[45]Gibson,S.C.,and S.Qualls.2012.A Family Systems Perspective of Elder Financial Abuse.Generations 36(3):26-29.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1316580609?accountid=11649.
[46]World Health Organization(WHO).2008.A Global Response to Elder Abuse and Neglect:Building Primary Health Care Capacity to Deal with the Problem Worldwide.Geneva,Switzerland:World Health Organization.
[47]Roepke-Buehler,S.K.,M.Simon,and X.Dong.2015.Association Between Depressive Symptoms,Multiple Dimensions of Depression,and Elder Abuse:A Cross-Sectional,PopulationBased Analysis of Older Adults in Urban Chicago.Journal of Aging Health 27(6):1003-1025.
[48][49]Macassa,G.,E.Viitasara,O.Sundin,H.Barros,T.Gonzales Francisco,E.Ioannidi-Kapolou,M.G.Melchiorre,J.Lindert,M.Stankunas,and J.J.F.Soares.2013.Psychological Abuse among Older Persons in Europe:A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of Aggression,Conflict and Peace Research 5(1):16-34.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17596591311290722.
[50]Burnes,D.P.R.2014.Risk Factors for Elder Abuse Incidence and Severity among Cognitively Intact Older Adults.PhD diss.Columbia University.
[51]Pillemer,K.,and D.Finkelhor.1988.The Prevalence of Elder Abuse:A Random Sample Survey.The Gerontologist 28(1):51-57.
[52]Coyne,A.C.,W.E.Reichman,and L.J.Berbig.1993.The Relationship between Dementia and Elder Abuse.American Journal of Psychiatry 150(4):643-646.
[53]Brandl,B.and J.A.Raymond.2012.Policy Implications of Recognizing that Caregiver Stress is not the Primary Cause of Elder Abuse.Generations 36(3):32-39.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1316580425?accountid=11649.
[54]Gibson,S.C.,and S.Qualls.2012.A Family Systems Perspective of Elder Financial Abuse.Generations 36(3):26-29.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1316580609?accountid=11649.
[55]National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse(NCPEA).2001.Financial Abuse.preventelderabuse.org/elderabuse/fin_abuse.html.
[56]National Center on Elder Abuse(NCEA).2015.Index:Types of Abuse.http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/FAQ/Type_Abuse/index.aspx.
[57]Lachs,M.S.,C.S.Williams,S.O’Brien,K.A.Pillemer,and M.E.Charlson.1998.The Mortality of Elder Mistreatment.Journal of American Medical Association 280:428-432.
[58]Fisher,B.S.,T.Zink,and S.Regan.2011.Abuses Against Older Women:Prevalence and Health Effects.Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26:254-268.
[59]Dyer,Carmel Bitondo,Christine Toronjo,Michelle Cunningham,Nicolo A.Festa,Valory N.Pavlik,David J.Hyman,E.Lee Poythress,and Nancy S.Searle.2006.The Key Elements of Elder Neglect:A Survey of Adult Protective Service Workers.Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect 17:1-10.Fisher,B.S.,T.Zink,and S.Regan.2011.“Abuses Against Older Women:Prevalence and Health Effects.”Journal of Interpersonal Violence26:254-268.Luo,Y.,and L.J.Waite.2011.“Mistreatment and Psychological Well-Being among Older Adults:Exploring the Role of Psychosocial Resources and Deficits.”The Journal of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences66(2):217-229.
[60]Wolchik,S.A.,A.Jenn-Yun Tein,I.N.Sandler,K.W.Doyle.2002.Fear of Abandonment as a Mediator of the Relations between Divorce Stressors and Mother-Child Relationship Quality and Children’s Adjustment Problems.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30(4):401-18.
[61]Kurdek,L.A.,and B.Berg.1987.Children’s Beliefs about Parental Divorce Scale:Psychometric Characteristics and Concurrent Validity.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology55:712-718.
[62]Trumbull,D.and M.Cretella.2014.Marriage and the Family.American College of Pediatricians.
[3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2014
[4][5]Pew Research Center.2015.“Parenting in America Outlook,worries,aspirations are strongly linked to financial situation.”http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/12/2015-12-17_parenting-in-america_FINAL.pdf.
[6]Bureau of Labor Statistics,2011
[7][8][10]U.S.Census Bureau.2016.Current Population Survey,Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
[9]Hirschl,T.A.,Altobelli,J.,&Rank,M.R.2003.Does marriage increase the odds of affluence?Exploring the life course probabilities.Journal of Marriage and Family,65,927-938.
[11]Kim,K.and P.Mckenry.2016.The Relationship Between Marriage and Psychological Well-being.Journal of Family Issues 23:8,885-911.
[12]Shapiro,A.and C.L.M Keyes.2008.Marital Status and Social Well-Being:Are the Married Always Better Off?Social Indicators Research.88:329.
[13]Mastekaasa,Arne.1993.Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being:A changing relationship.Social Indicators Research29:249--276,1993.
[14]Brown,S.2004.Family Structure and Child Well-Being:The Significance of Parental Cohabitation,Journal of Marriage and the Family,66:351-367.
[15]Bennett,T.1992.Marital Status and Infant Health Outcomes,Social Science and Medicine 35:1178-1187.
[16]U.S.Census Bureau.2012.Births,Deaths,Marriages,and Divorces.
[17]Wolfinger,N.H.2005.Understanding the Divorce Cycle:The Children of Divorce in Their Own Marriages.New York:Cambridge University Press.
[18]Simons,R.L.,L.Kuei-Hsiu Lin,C.Gordon,R.D.Conger,and F.O.Lorenz.1999.Explaining the Higher Incidence of Adjustment Problems among Children of Divorce Compared with those in Two-Parent Families.Journal of Marriage and the Family61(4):1020.
[19]Furstenberg,F.F.,and G.B.Spanier.1984.The Risk of Dissolution in Remarriage:An Examination of Cherlin’s Hypothesis of Incomplete Institutionalization.Family Relations 33(3):433-41.doi:10.2307/584714.
[20]Holland,D.2008.Family,Dysfunctional.In Encyclopedia of Social Problems,edited by Vincent N.Parrillo,356-357.Thousand Oaks,California:Sage.-----2009.Families of Origin,Foster Care Experience,and the Transition to Adulthood.Juvenile and Family Court Journal 60(2):69-87.doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2009.01027.x.
[21]Hanson and Slatter 1988;Knopp 1984Glasser,M.,I.Kolvin,D.Campbell,A.Glasser,I.Leitch,and S.Farrelly.2001.Cycle of Child Sexual Abuse:Links Between Being a Victim and Becoming a Perpetrator.The British Journal of Psychiatry 179(6):482-494.doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.482.Hanson,R.K.,and S.Slater.1988.Sexual Victimization in the History of Child Sexual Abusers:A Review.Annals of Sex Research 1:485-499.Knopp,F.H.1984.Retraining Adult Sexual Offenders:Methods and Muddles.Syracuse,NY:Safer Society Press.
[22]Ellonen,N.,M.Piispa,K.Peltonen,and M.Oranen.2013.Exposure to Parental Violence and Outcomes of Child Psychosocial Adjustment.Violence and Victims 28(1):3-15.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1314739041?accountid=11649
[23]Fergusson,D.M.,and M.T.Lynskey.1997.Physical Punishment/Maltreatment During Childhood and Adjustment in Young Adulthood.Child Abuse&Neglect 21(7):617-630.
[24]Cherlin,A.1996.Public and Private Families.New York,NY:McGraw-Hill.
[25]Tjaden,P.,and N.Thoennes.2000.Full Report of the Prevalence,Incidence,and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence against Women:Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey.Washington D.C.:U.S.Department of Justice,NCJ 183781,National Institute of Justice.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf.
[26][27]Johnson,M.P.1995.Patriarchal Terrorism and Common Couple Violence:Two Forms of Violence against Women.Journal of Marriage and Family 57(2):283-294.--2008.ATypology of Domestic Violence:Intimate Terrorism,Violent Resistance,and Situational Couple Violence.Boston:Northeastern University Press.
[28]Black et al.2011;Sillito 2012 Black,M.C.,K.C.Basile,M.J.Breiding,S.G.Smith,M.L.Walters,M.L.,Merrick,J.Chen,and M.R.Stevens.2011.The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey(NISVS):2010 Summary Report.Atlanta,GA:National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/summary_reports.html.Sillito,C.L.2012.Physical Health Effects of Intimate Partner Abuse.Journal of Family Issues 33(11):1520-1539.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12448742.
[29]Breiding,M.J.,S.G.Smith,K.C.Basile,M.L.Walters,J.Chen,and M.T.Merrick.2011.Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence,Stalking,and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization-National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey.United States,MMWR 63(SS-8):1-18.
[30]Desmarais,S.L.,K.A.Reeves,T.L.Nicholls,R.P.Telford,and M.S.Fiebert.2012.Prevalence of Physical Violence in Intimate Relationships,Part 2:Rates of Male and Female Perpetration.Partner Abuse 3(2):170.
[31]Archer,J.2000.Sex Differences in Aggression Between Heterosexual Partners:A Meta-Analytic Review.Psychological Bulletin 126:651-680.
[32]Hotaling,G.T.,and D.B.Sugarman.1986.An Analysis of Risk Markers in Husband to Wife Violence:The Current State of Knowledge.Violence and Victims 1:101-124.Wyatt,G.E.,J.Axelrod,D.Chin,J.V.Carmona,and T.B.Loeb.2000.“Examining Patterns of Vulnerability to Domestic Violence among African American Women.”Violence Against Women 6(5):495-514.
[33]Hotaling,G.T.,and D.B.Sugarman.1986.An Analysis of Risk Markers in Husband to Wife Violence:The Current State of Knowledge.Violence and Victims 1:101-124.
[34]Barnett,T.O.and F.Fagan.1993.Alcohol Use in Male Spouse Abusers and Their Female Partners.Journal of Family Violence 8(1):1-25.Wu,Elwin,Nabila El-Bassel,L.Donald McVinney,Leona Hess,Mark V.Fopeano,Hyesung G.Hwang,Mahnaz Charania,and Gordon Mansergh.2015.“The Association between Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence within Black Male Same-Sex Relationships.”Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30(5):762-781.
[35]Dobash and Dobash 1979;Yllo and Straus 1990 Dobash,R.and Russell Dobash.1979.Violence against Wives:A Case against the Patriarchy.New York:The Free Press.Yllo,K.,and M.A.Straus.1990.“Patriarchy and Violence against Wives:The Impact of Structural and Normative Factors.”In Physical Violence in American Families:Risk Factors for Adaptations to Violence in8145 Families,edited by M.A.Straus and R.J.Gelles,383-399,New Brunswick,NJ,Transaction.
[36]Wolf et al.2000Wolf,M.E.,V.L.Holt,M.A.Kernic,and F.P.Rivara.2000.Who Gets Protection Orders For Intimate Partner Violence?American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9(4):286-291.
[37]Anderson,J.F.,and K.Kras.2005.Revisiting Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory to Better Understand and Assist Victims of Intimate Personal Violence.Women&Criminal Justice 17:99-124.doi:10.1300/J012v17n0105.
[38][41]Band-Winterstein,Tova.2014.The Impact of Lifelong Exposure to IPV on Adult Children and Their Aging Parents.Journal of Family Issues 35(4):439-461.--2015.“Whose Suffering is This?Narratives of Adult Children and Parents in Long-Term Abusive Relationships.”Journal of Family Violence 30(2):123-133.
[39][40]Rennison,Callie Marie.2003.Crime Data Brief:Intimate Partner Violence,1993-2001.U.S.Department of Justice,NCJ 197838,Bureau of Justice Statistics.http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ipv01.pdf.
[42]McGee,S.,and D.Levenstein.1997.Myths and Facts about Domestic Violence.Ann Arbor,MI:Domestic Violence Project.
[43]Ehrensaft,M.K.,P.Cohen,J.Brown,E.Smailes,H.Chen,and J.G.Johnson.2003.Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence:A 20-Year Prospective Study.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 79(4):741-753.
[44]Gelles,S.,and R.J.Steinmetz.1980.Behind Closed Doors.Boulder,CO:Westview.Murrell,A.R.,K.A.Christoff,and K.R.Henning.2007.“Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders:Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence.”Journal of Family Violence 22:523-532.
[45]Gibson,S.C.,and S.Qualls.2012.A Family Systems Perspective of Elder Financial Abuse.Generations 36(3):26-29.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1316580609?accountid=11649.
[46]World Health Organization(WHO).2008.A Global Response to Elder Abuse and Neglect:Building Primary Health Care Capacity to Deal with the Problem Worldwide.Geneva,Switzerland:World Health Organization.
[47]Roepke-Buehler,S.K.,M.Simon,and X.Dong.2015.Association Between Depressive Symptoms,Multiple Dimensions of Depression,and Elder Abuse:A Cross-Sectional,PopulationBased Analysis of Older Adults in Urban Chicago.Journal of Aging Health 27(6):1003-1025.
[48][49]Macassa,G.,E.Viitasara,O.Sundin,H.Barros,T.Gonzales Francisco,E.Ioannidi-Kapolou,M.G.Melchiorre,J.Lindert,M.Stankunas,and J.J.F.Soares.2013.Psychological Abuse among Older Persons in Europe:A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of Aggression,Conflict and Peace Research 5(1):16-34.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17596591311290722.
[50]Burnes,D.P.R.2014.Risk Factors for Elder Abuse Incidence and Severity among Cognitively Intact Older Adults.PhD diss.Columbia University.
[51]Pillemer,K.,and D.Finkelhor.1988.The Prevalence of Elder Abuse:A Random Sample Survey.The Gerontologist 28(1):51-57.
[52]Coyne,A.C.,W.E.Reichman,and L.J.Berbig.1993.The Relationship between Dementia and Elder Abuse.American Journal of Psychiatry 150(4):643-646.
[53]Brandl,B.and J.A.Raymond.2012.Policy Implications of Recognizing that Caregiver Stress is not the Primary Cause of Elder Abuse.Generations 36(3):32-39.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1316580425?accountid=11649.
[54]Gibson,S.C.,and S.Qualls.2012.A Family Systems Perspective of Elder Financial Abuse.Generations 36(3):26-29.http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.ipfw.edu/docview/1316580609?accountid=11649.
[55]National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse(NCPEA).2001.Financial Abuse.preventelderabuse.org/elderabuse/fin_abuse.html.
[56]National Center on Elder Abuse(NCEA).2015.Index:Types of Abuse.http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/FAQ/Type_Abuse/index.aspx.
[57]Lachs,M.S.,C.S.Williams,S.O’Brien,K.A.Pillemer,and M.E.Charlson.1998.The Mortality of Elder Mistreatment.Journal of American Medical Association 280:428-432.
[58]Fisher,B.S.,T.Zink,and S.Regan.2011.Abuses Against Older Women:Prevalence and Health Effects.Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26:254-268.
[59]Dyer,Carmel Bitondo,Christine Toronjo,Michelle Cunningham,Nicolo A.Festa,Valory N.Pavlik,David J.Hyman,E.Lee Poythress,and Nancy S.Searle.2006.The Key Elements of Elder Neglect:A Survey of Adult Protective Service Workers.Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect 17:1-10.Fisher,B.S.,T.Zink,and S.Regan.2011.“Abuses Against Older Women:Prevalence and Health Effects.”Journal of Interpersonal Violence26:254-268.Luo,Y.,and L.J.Waite.2011.“Mistreatment and Psychological Well-Being among Older Adults:Exploring the Role of Psychosocial Resources and Deficits.”The Journal of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences66(2):217-229.
[60]Wolchik,S.A.,A.Jenn-Yun Tein,I.N.Sandler,K.W.Doyle.2002.Fear of Abandonment as a Mediator of the Relations between Divorce Stressors and Mother-Child Relationship Quality and Children’s Adjustment Problems.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30(4):401-18.
[61]Kurdek,L.A.,and B.Berg.1987.Children’s Beliefs about Parental Divorce Scale:Psychometric Characteristics and Concurrent Validity.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology55:712-718.
[62]Trumbull,D.and M.Cretella.2014.Marriage and the Family.American College of Pediatricians.