广东中山传统民居营造技艺初探
|
摘要
文章综合中山市的地理、方言、民系和行政区划等因素,推测其可能存在不同的文化分区及其对应的建筑营造方式;通过选择样本进行实地测绘和调研,并与工匠口述的营造方法进行比较,得出该地区传统民居可归纳为3种原型:两墙一房、三墙两房和四墙三房,以及8种衍生型。文章对当地工匠口头使用的营造术语进行了分类梳理;在营造技术方面对营造尺、尺度控制、砖作、瓦作、小木作等内容进行了初步分析;并对后高和后长、破中禁忌、祭祖空间、数字禁忌等营造习俗做了整理。通过上述调研,初步明确了中山地区传统民居的典型类型及其分布状况,尝试搭建其营造技术和营造习俗体系的基本框架。研究结果可供中山传统民居的保护和修缮项目参考,也为后续对当地宗祠和碉楼的研究积累了材料。
This article synthesises factors in geography,dialects,sub-ethnic groups,and administrative divisions in Zhongshan City and infers the likely existence of divisions of different cultures and their respective methods of construction.Through on-site surveys and investigations of selected samples and comparisons with construction methods described by craftsmen,it identifies three prototypes of traditional houses in the city—two-walls-oneroom,three-walls-two-rooms,and four-wallsthree-rooms—as well as eight derivatives of these three prototypes.In addition,construction terms described by craftsmen are classified,and construction techniques,such as standard rulers,scale control,masonry,tiling,and joinery work,are analysed.Moreover,construction customs,such as the heights of buildings,taboos on the axis of buildings,the space for ancestral worship,and taboos on numbers,are reorganised and summarised.As a result of these investigations and analyses,typical types of vernacular dwellings and their distribution in Zhongshan are clarified,and an attempt is made to form a basic framework of constructional technologies,customs and taboos in the area.The findings from this research offer a reference for the protection and restoration of traditional architecture as well as for future studies of ancestral halls and diaolous(blockhouses) of Zhongshan.
This article synthesises factors in geography,dialects,sub-ethnic groups,and administrative divisions in Zhongshan City and infers the likely existence of divisions of different cultures and their respective methods of construction.Through on-site surveys and investigations of selected samples and comparisons with construction methods described by craftsmen,it identifies three prototypes of traditional houses in the city—two-walls-oneroom,three-walls-two-rooms,and four-wallsthree-rooms—as well as eight derivatives of these three prototypes.In addition,construction terms described by craftsmen are classified,and construction techniques,such as standard rulers,scale control,masonry,tiling,and joinery work,are analysed.Moreover,construction customs,such as the heights of buildings,taboos on the axis of buildings,the space for ancestral worship,and taboos on numbers,are reorganised and summarised.As a result of these investigations and analyses,typical types of vernacular dwellings and their distribution in Zhongshan are clarified,and an attempt is made to form a basic framework of constructional technologies,customs and taboos in the area.The findings from this research offer a reference for the protection and restoration of traditional architecture as well as for future studies of ancestral halls and diaolous(blockhouses) of Zhongshan.
引文
[1]梁嘉文.中山(香山)汉民系乡村聚落形态研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2016.
[2]朱光亚.中国古代木结构谱系再研究[C]//全球视野下的中国建筑遗产——第四届中国建筑史学国际研讨会论文集(《营造》第四辑),2007:385-390.
[3]傅熹年.中国古代城市规划、建筑群布局及建筑设计方法研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[4]常青.我国风土建筑的谱系构成及传承前景概观——基于体系化的标本保存与整体再生目标[J].建筑学报,2016(10):1-9.
[5]李浈.营造意为贵,匠艺能者师——泛江南地域民居营造技艺整体性研究的意义、思路与方法[J].建筑学报,2016(2):78-83.
[6]吴庆洲.建筑哲理、意匠与文化[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[7]王斌.匠心绳墨——南方部分地区民居营造用尺及其地盘、侧样研究[D].上海:同济大学,2011.
[8]陆琦.广东民居[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[9]冯江.明清广州府的开垦、聚族而居与宗族祠堂的衍变研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2010.
[10]肖旻.岭南民间工匠传统建筑设计法则研究初步[J].城市建筑,2005(2):8-10.
[11]中山市城乡规划局,中山市建设档案馆.中山市建筑文化遗产(上册,下册)[M].广州:岭南美术出版社,2015.
[12]司徒尚纪.广东文化地理[M].修订本.广州:广东人民出版社,2013.
[13]张亚红.明清香山县城镇地理初步研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2010.
[14]黄如琅.明清广府地区屋面瓦作初探[D].广州:华南理工大学,2011.
[15]李海波.广府地区民居三间两廊形制研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2013.
(1)参考谭其骧著《我国行政区划改革设想》,收录于《长水集续编》,人民出版社1994年版,第51-55页。
(1)7位匠师均为中山人,分别是沙溪镇豪吐村高仲伟,三乡镇西山社区黄华清,黄圃镇镇一村何泽纯,古镇镇海洲村欧阳伦,北台新中街七巷3号梁师傅,火炬开发区西桠村朱泳浦,火炬开发区大环村黎美结。
(2)该类型与《中国民居类型全集》中被称为“厨房在前的简单竹筒屋”的形制接近,但课题组在访谈当地居民和工匠时,受访者均不知晓“竹筒屋”一词。
(1)如同济大学李浈教授主持完成的《不同地域特色传统村镇住宅图集(上)》中涉及的长江以南地区。
(2)课题组成员在山东省济南市长清区岚峪村调研时问及营造尺,当地工匠顺手从路边树上折下一根树枝,以从中指指尖到手腕处最上方一条纹线的长度乘以3倍为值,即可做出一根营造尺,俗称“土山尺”,尺长500~530 mm。
(3)参见杨扬著《广府祠堂建筑形制演变研究》,华南理工大学2013年硕士论文,第129页。
(1)煎堆是当地的一种油炸食物,上梁仪式时会将之抛过正梁。
[2]朱光亚.中国古代木结构谱系再研究[C]//全球视野下的中国建筑遗产——第四届中国建筑史学国际研讨会论文集(《营造》第四辑),2007:385-390.
[3]傅熹年.中国古代城市规划、建筑群布局及建筑设计方法研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[4]常青.我国风土建筑的谱系构成及传承前景概观——基于体系化的标本保存与整体再生目标[J].建筑学报,2016(10):1-9.
[5]李浈.营造意为贵,匠艺能者师——泛江南地域民居营造技艺整体性研究的意义、思路与方法[J].建筑学报,2016(2):78-83.
[6]吴庆洲.建筑哲理、意匠与文化[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[7]王斌.匠心绳墨——南方部分地区民居营造用尺及其地盘、侧样研究[D].上海:同济大学,2011.
[8]陆琦.广东民居[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[9]冯江.明清广州府的开垦、聚族而居与宗族祠堂的衍变研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2010.
[10]肖旻.岭南民间工匠传统建筑设计法则研究初步[J].城市建筑,2005(2):8-10.
[11]中山市城乡规划局,中山市建设档案馆.中山市建筑文化遗产(上册,下册)[M].广州:岭南美术出版社,2015.
[12]司徒尚纪.广东文化地理[M].修订本.广州:广东人民出版社,2013.
[13]张亚红.明清香山县城镇地理初步研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2010.
[14]黄如琅.明清广府地区屋面瓦作初探[D].广州:华南理工大学,2011.
[15]李海波.广府地区民居三间两廊形制研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2013.
(1)参考谭其骧著《我国行政区划改革设想》,收录于《长水集续编》,人民出版社1994年版,第51-55页。
(1)7位匠师均为中山人,分别是沙溪镇豪吐村高仲伟,三乡镇西山社区黄华清,黄圃镇镇一村何泽纯,古镇镇海洲村欧阳伦,北台新中街七巷3号梁师傅,火炬开发区西桠村朱泳浦,火炬开发区大环村黎美结。
(2)该类型与《中国民居类型全集》中被称为“厨房在前的简单竹筒屋”的形制接近,但课题组在访谈当地居民和工匠时,受访者均不知晓“竹筒屋”一词。
(1)如同济大学李浈教授主持完成的《不同地域特色传统村镇住宅图集(上)》中涉及的长江以南地区。
(2)课题组成员在山东省济南市长清区岚峪村调研时问及营造尺,当地工匠顺手从路边树上折下一根树枝,以从中指指尖到手腕处最上方一条纹线的长度乘以3倍为值,即可做出一根营造尺,俗称“土山尺”,尺长500~530 mm。
(3)参见杨扬著《广府祠堂建筑形制演变研究》,华南理工大学2013年硕士论文,第129页。
(1)煎堆是当地的一种油炸食物,上梁仪式时会将之抛过正梁。