“中医”名实源流考略
|
摘要
当今的"中医"历史悠久,一般认为"中医"一词是西医传入后出现的、专门用于指称我国原有的医学或医生。爬梳古今相关文献,发现"中医"一词存在古今词义演变,且有一词多义、一义多词等现象。"中医"一词最早见于《汉书·艺文志》,指中等水平的医生,而后世主要有动宾词组、名词两种用法。作为动宾词组的"中医",意为切中医理。而作为名词的"中医",古今皆有两种含义,古义指中等水平的医生或医术,并引申为普通医生或医术;今义指中国原有医学或从事中国原有医学的人,既知最早见于1857年《西医略论》。中医学曾有"岐黄""华医""旧医""国医""汉医"等异名,其中"国医"一词于1923年由章太炎最早提出。中医生古今曾用名颇多,如郎中、大夫、先生、明医、名医、儒医等。对"中医"名实源流进行认真梳理,可为中医、中医药名词规范提供坚实的学术支撑。
There is a long history for current traditional Chinese medicine. It is generally believed that the term of traditional Chinese medicine came into being after the introduction of western medicine. TCM is used exclusively to refer to the original medicine or medical practitioner in our country. Through the ancient and modern literature, we have found that there are phenomena of word meaning evolution, polysemy, words with synonyms for the word ‘Zhongyi'. ‘Zhongyi' first appeared in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. It refers to doctors with medium medical abilities. There are two kinds of usages-verb object phrases and nouns. When used as verb-object phrase, ‘Zhongyi' means according with the principles of Chinese medicine. As a noun, ‘Zhongyi' contains two kinds of meanings in ancientand modern.Ancient meaning refers to the middle level of doctors or medical techniques and extends to ordinary doctors or medical techniques. Modern meaningto the original Chinese medicine or people engaging in original Chinese medicine. TCM was earliest recorded in the 1857 Brief Introduction of Western Medicine. There are variant names of TCM, such as Qihuang, Hua medicine, Old medicine, Guoyi, Han medicine, etc. And Guoyi was first proposed by ZHANG Tai-yan in 1923. Chinese medical doctors have many names used before, such as Langzhong, Daifu, Xiansheng, excellent doctor, famous doctor, confucian physician, etc. Carefully combing on the origin and development of the nomenclature and substance of Zhongyi can provide a solid academic support for the standardization of TCM and TCM terminology.
There is a long history for current traditional Chinese medicine. It is generally believed that the term of traditional Chinese medicine came into being after the introduction of western medicine. TCM is used exclusively to refer to the original medicine or medical practitioner in our country. Through the ancient and modern literature, we have found that there are phenomena of word meaning evolution, polysemy, words with synonyms for the word ‘Zhongyi'. ‘Zhongyi' first appeared in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. It refers to doctors with medium medical abilities. There are two kinds of usages-verb object phrases and nouns. When used as verb-object phrase, ‘Zhongyi' means according with the principles of Chinese medicine. As a noun, ‘Zhongyi' contains two kinds of meanings in ancientand modern.Ancient meaning refers to the middle level of doctors or medical techniques and extends to ordinary doctors or medical techniques. Modern meaningto the original Chinese medicine or people engaging in original Chinese medicine. TCM was earliest recorded in the 1857 Brief Introduction of Western Medicine. There are variant names of TCM, such as Qihuang, Hua medicine, Old medicine, Guoyi, Han medicine, etc. And Guoyi was first proposed by ZHANG Tai-yan in 1923. Chinese medical doctors have many names used before, such as Langzhong, Daifu, Xiansheng, excellent doctor, famous doctor, confucian physician, etc. Carefully combing on the origin and development of the nomenclature and substance of Zhongyi can provide a solid academic support for the standardization of TCM and TCM terminology.
引文
[1]三国·张揖.广雅·释诂四.隋·曹宪注音.北京:中华书局,1985:47
[2]汉·许慎.说文解字.卷8.明万历26年(1598)刊本
[3]明·徐春甫.古今医统大全.崔仲平,王耀廷,主校.北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
[4]东汉·班固.汉书·食货志.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:307
[5]大唐六典.唐·李林甫,等注.明正德10年(1515)刻本
[6]后晋·刘昫等.旧唐书.太宗纪.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:29
[7]大唐六典.卷14“太医署”.唐·李林甫,等注.明正德10年(1515)刻本
[8]汉·郑玄.周礼注疏.卷五.天官冢宰下.贾公彦注.清乾隆四年(1739)武英殿刊本
[9]唐·魏征.隋书·百官志.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:200
[10]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典.6版.北京:商务印书馆,2013:1531
[11]东汉·班固.汉书·艺文志.卷30.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:456
[12]宋·朱肱.南阳活人书·张蒇序//田思胜.朱肱宠安时医学全书.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006:6
[13]清·徐大椿.医学源流论·治法·轻药愈病论//徐大椿.徐大椿医书全集.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:208
[14]清·徐大椿.医学源流论·病·病有不必服药论//徐大椿.徐大椿医书全集.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:179
[15]宋·许叔微.伤寒百证歌·论伤寒须早治.光绪七年(1881)陆氏十万卷楼据元刻重刊本.
[16]金·张从正.儒门事亲·卷一·过爱小儿反害小儿说九//张子和.子和医集.邓铁涛,等编校.北京:人民卫生出版社,1994:52
[17]清·陈复正.幼幼集成.卷一.乾隆十六年(1751)翰墨园藏板刻本.64
[18]唐·孙思邈.备急千金要方.卷一.诸论.日本江户医学影北宋本.北京:人民卫生出版社,1955:3
[19]唐·柳宗元.柳宗元集·愈膏肓疾赋.张玉霞,点校.长春:时代文艺出版社,2012:59
[20]苏轼,沈括.苏沈良方.拾遗卷上.杨俊国,王振国,点校.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003:116-117
[21]明·赵献可.医贯.薛三省序.郭君双整理.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:9
[22]清·唐甄.潜书(下)·除党.乌鲁木齐:新疆青少年出版社,2005:167
[23]朱建平.百年中医史.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2016:15
[24][英]合信.西医略论·例言.咸丰七年(1857)上海仁济医馆刊本
[25]清·唐容川.中西汇通医经精义//王咪咪,李林.唐容川医学全书.北京:中国中医药出版社,1999:3
[26]本报讯.扬名报恩.申报,1879-1-1(7)
[27]本报讯.中西医术不同说.申报,1881-10-9(1)
[28]本报讯.味道馆三才兵法序.申报,1889-3-2(1)
[29]韬奋.小言论:潘老太太与中医.生活(上海1925A),1929,4(18):183-184
[30]纪事.神州医药学报,1914,2(2):纪事之1-2
[31]宋·窦材.扁鹊心书.清乾隆三十年(1765)刊本.
[32]朱建平.“岐黄”考释.中华医史杂志,2002(4):200-204
[33]明·周慎斋.慎斋医案遗书.卷二.清道光巳酉(1849)重刊目耕堂藏本
[34]王韬.瀛壖杂志.上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:120
[35]本报讯.论人才之可惜.申报,1889-6-29(1)
[36]清·朱沛文.华洋脏象约纂.光绪二十三年(1897)宏文阁石印本
[37]王宇高.质问杭州市公安局何以公然侮辱我中医中药妄称为旧医旧药.中医新刊,1928,5:1-6
[38]明·李时珍.本草纲目.卷36.楮.刘衡如,刘山永,校注.北京:华夏出版社,1998:1392
[39]明·李时珍.本草纲目.卷5.夏冰.刘衡如,刘山永,校注.北京:华夏出版社,1998:282
[40]章太炎.国医之心得和观察.浙江中医专门学校校友会年刊,1923(2):1-9
[41]时逸人.国医御敌团刍议:中医一律改称国医.三三医报,1926,4(4):23-28
[42]宋·洪迈.夷坚志·支甲·杜郎中驴.清周棨耕烟草堂刻本
[43]金·董解元.西厢记诸宫调.卷五.侯岱麟校订.上海:商务印书馆,1955:144
[44]元·脱脱,阿鲁图先.宋史·职官志.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:1059
[45]清·曹雪芹,高鹗.红楼梦.第十回.潘渊点校.杭州:浙江文艺出版社,1999:57
[46]清·李渔.凰求凤传奇·假病.清大知堂刻本
[47]董琳.释“明医”.史学集刊,2014,5:118
[48]明·萧京.轩岐救正论.卷6.北京:中医古籍出版社,2015:510
[49]宋·李焘.续资治通鉴.卷191.北京:中华书局,1985:4622
[50]清·徐松.宋会要辑稿.北平:民国25年(1936)国立北平图书馆影印稿本
[51]中医药学名词审定委员会.中医药学名词.北京:科学出版社,2005:1
[2]汉·许慎.说文解字.卷8.明万历26年(1598)刊本
[3]明·徐春甫.古今医统大全.崔仲平,王耀廷,主校.北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
[4]东汉·班固.汉书·食货志.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:307
[5]大唐六典.唐·李林甫,等注.明正德10年(1515)刻本
[6]后晋·刘昫等.旧唐书.太宗纪.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:29
[7]大唐六典.卷14“太医署”.唐·李林甫,等注.明正德10年(1515)刻本
[8]汉·郑玄.周礼注疏.卷五.天官冢宰下.贾公彦注.清乾隆四年(1739)武英殿刊本
[9]唐·魏征.隋书·百官志.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:200
[10]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典.6版.北京:商务印书馆,2013:1531
[11]东汉·班固.汉书·艺文志.卷30.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:456
[12]宋·朱肱.南阳活人书·张蒇序//田思胜.朱肱宠安时医学全书.北京:中国中医药出版社,2006:6
[13]清·徐大椿.医学源流论·治法·轻药愈病论//徐大椿.徐大椿医书全集.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:208
[14]清·徐大椿.医学源流论·病·病有不必服药论//徐大椿.徐大椿医书全集.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:179
[15]宋·许叔微.伤寒百证歌·论伤寒须早治.光绪七年(1881)陆氏十万卷楼据元刻重刊本.
[16]金·张从正.儒门事亲·卷一·过爱小儿反害小儿说九//张子和.子和医集.邓铁涛,等编校.北京:人民卫生出版社,1994:52
[17]清·陈复正.幼幼集成.卷一.乾隆十六年(1751)翰墨园藏板刻本.64
[18]唐·孙思邈.备急千金要方.卷一.诸论.日本江户医学影北宋本.北京:人民卫生出版社,1955:3
[19]唐·柳宗元.柳宗元集·愈膏肓疾赋.张玉霞,点校.长春:时代文艺出版社,2012:59
[20]苏轼,沈括.苏沈良方.拾遗卷上.杨俊国,王振国,点校.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003:116-117
[21]明·赵献可.医贯.薛三省序.郭君双整理.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:9
[22]清·唐甄.潜书(下)·除党.乌鲁木齐:新疆青少年出版社,2005:167
[23]朱建平.百年中医史.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2016:15
[24][英]合信.西医略论·例言.咸丰七年(1857)上海仁济医馆刊本
[25]清·唐容川.中西汇通医经精义//王咪咪,李林.唐容川医学全书.北京:中国中医药出版社,1999:3
[26]本报讯.扬名报恩.申报,1879-1-1(7)
[27]本报讯.中西医术不同说.申报,1881-10-9(1)
[28]本报讯.味道馆三才兵法序.申报,1889-3-2(1)
[29]韬奋.小言论:潘老太太与中医.生活(上海1925A),1929,4(18):183-184
[30]纪事.神州医药学报,1914,2(2):纪事之1-2
[31]宋·窦材.扁鹊心书.清乾隆三十年(1765)刊本.
[32]朱建平.“岐黄”考释.中华医史杂志,2002(4):200-204
[33]明·周慎斋.慎斋医案遗书.卷二.清道光巳酉(1849)重刊目耕堂藏本
[34]王韬.瀛壖杂志.上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:120
[35]本报讯.论人才之可惜.申报,1889-6-29(1)
[36]清·朱沛文.华洋脏象约纂.光绪二十三年(1897)宏文阁石印本
[37]王宇高.质问杭州市公安局何以公然侮辱我中医中药妄称为旧医旧药.中医新刊,1928,5:1-6
[38]明·李时珍.本草纲目.卷36.楮.刘衡如,刘山永,校注.北京:华夏出版社,1998:1392
[39]明·李时珍.本草纲目.卷5.夏冰.刘衡如,刘山永,校注.北京:华夏出版社,1998:282
[40]章太炎.国医之心得和观察.浙江中医专门学校校友会年刊,1923(2):1-9
[41]时逸人.国医御敌团刍议:中医一律改称国医.三三医报,1926,4(4):23-28
[42]宋·洪迈.夷坚志·支甲·杜郎中驴.清周棨耕烟草堂刻本
[43]金·董解元.西厢记诸宫调.卷五.侯岱麟校订.上海:商务印书馆,1955:144
[44]元·脱脱,阿鲁图先.宋史·职官志.缩印本.北京:中华书局,1997:1059
[45]清·曹雪芹,高鹗.红楼梦.第十回.潘渊点校.杭州:浙江文艺出版社,1999:57
[46]清·李渔.凰求凤传奇·假病.清大知堂刻本
[47]董琳.释“明医”.史学集刊,2014,5:118
[48]明·萧京.轩岐救正论.卷6.北京:中医古籍出版社,2015:510
[49]宋·李焘.续资治通鉴.卷191.北京:中华书局,1985:4622
[50]清·徐松.宋会要辑稿.北平:民国25年(1936)国立北平图书馆影印稿本
[51]中医药学名词审定委员会.中医药学名词.北京:科学出版社,2005:1