污水处理厂中化学品暴露预测模型研究进展
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摘要
污水处理厂(sewage treatment plant,STP)是化学品分配转移的重要中转站,STP暴露预测是化学品环境暴露评估的重要手段。目前国际上主要使用STP模型预测化学品在STP中的归趋和暴露。该文概述了经典STP暴露预测模型及其建模方法,包括STP模型中使用的基本工艺,以及一些关键工艺参数,如污泥停留时间、水力停留时间、污泥负荷等对化学品归趋的影响。重点讨论了化学品在STP中的挥发、气提、吸附和降解4个主要过程的归趋机理及预测模型。对建立符合中国特点的STP模型提出了建议。
Sewage treatment plant(STP) is an important transit point for the distribution and transfer of chemicals. STP for chemicals exposure prediction is the main part in environmental exposure assessment field. Currently the international mainly use the STP model to predict the fate and exposure of chemicals. First the international classical models and modeling methods for STP exposure prediction were reviewed, including the basic processes and some key process parameters such as the sludge retention time, hydraulic retention time, sludge load, etc. which impact the fate of chemicals, were described.Meanwhile, the mechanisms of four major fate(volatilize, gas stripping, adsorption, degradation) and prediction model were also detail discussed. Finally, the development of STP model according with Chinese characteristics was proposed.
Sewage treatment plant(STP) is an important transit point for the distribution and transfer of chemicals. STP for chemicals exposure prediction is the main part in environmental exposure assessment field. Currently the international mainly use the STP model to predict the fate and exposure of chemicals. First the international classical models and modeling methods for STP exposure prediction were reviewed, including the basic processes and some key process parameters such as the sludge retention time, hydraulic retention time, sludge load, etc. which impact the fate of chemicals, were described.Meanwhile, the mechanisms of four major fate(volatilize, gas stripping, adsorption, degradation) and prediction model were also detail discussed. Finally, the development of STP model according with Chinese characteristics was proposed.
引文
[1]Carballa M,Omil F,Lema J M,et al.Behavior of pharmaceuticals,cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant[J].Water Research,2004,38(12):2918-2926.
[2]严清,张怡昕,高旭,等.典型医药活性物质在污水处理厂中的归趋及其风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):672-680.Yan Qing,Zhang Yixin,Gao Xu,et al.Fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and risk assessment[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):672-680.(in Chinese)
[3]吕小明.典型新兴环境污染物的研究进展[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(4):118-123.Lyu Xiaoming.Research progress of endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs)and pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(4):118-123.(in Chinese)
[4]韦朝海,张小璇,任源,等.持久性有机污染物的水污染控制:吸附富集、生物降解与过程分析[J].环境化学,2011,30(1):300-309.Wei Chaohai,Zhang Xiaoxuan,Ren Yuan,et al.Pollution control of persistent organic pollutants in water system:adsorption/enrichment,biodegradation and process analysis[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(1):300-309.(in Chinese)
[5]Choubert J M,Ruel S M,Esperanza M,et al.Limiting the emissions of micro-pollutants:what efficiency can we expect from wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science&Technology,2011,63(1):57-65.
[6]Halling-srensen B,Nors Nielsen S,Lanzky P F,et al.Occurrence,fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-a review[J].Chemosphere,1998,36(2):357-393.
[7]Ternes T A,Herrmann N,Bonerz M,et al.A rapid method to measure the solid-water distribution coefficient(Kd)for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge[J].Water Research,2004,38(19):4075-4084.
[8]姚重华,刘勇弟.活性污泥过程数学模型进展[J].环境化学,2002,21(6):521-527.Yao Chonghua,Liu Yongdi.Study progress on mathematical model of activated sludge[J].Environmental Chemistry,2002,21(6):521-527.(in Chinese)
[9]李峰,吴敏,杨哲.活性污泥数学模型在我国的研究进展[J].中国资源综合利用,2008,25(11):21-23.Li Feng,Wu Min,Yang Zhe.Study progress on mathematical model of activated sludge in China[J].China Resource Comprehensive Utilization,2008,25(11):21-23.(in Chinese)
[10]杨双春,邓丹,梁丹丹,等.国内外厌氧消化模型研究进展[J].科技导报,2012,30(25):74-79.Yang Shuangchun,Deng Dan,Liang Dandan,et al.Progress in anaerobic digestion models[J].Science&Technology Review,2012,30(25):74-79.(in Chinese)
[11]Plósz B G,Langford K H,Thomas K V.An activated sludge modeling framework for xenobiotic trace chemicals(ASM‐X):assessment of diclofenac and carbamazepine[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2012,109(11):2757-2769.
[12]Struijs J,Stoltenkamp J,Van de Meent D.A spreadsheetbased box model to predict the fate of xenobiotics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Research,1991,25(7):891-900.
[13]Clark B,Henry G L H,Mackay D.Fugacity analysis and model of organic chemical fate in a sewage treatment plant[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1995,29(6):1488-1494.
[14]Govind R,Lai L,Dobbs R.Integrated model for predicting the fate of organics in wastewater treatment plants[J].Environmental Progress,1991,10(1):13-23.
[15]Parker W J,Monteith H D,Bell J P,et al.Comprehensive fate model for metals in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1994,120(5):1266-1283.
[16]Lee K C,Rittmann B E,Shi J,et al.Advanced steady-state model for the fate of hydrophobic and volatile compounds in activated sludge[J].Water Environment Research,1998,70(6):1118-1131.
[17]Wang J,Huang C P,Allen H E,et al.Effects of dissolved organic matter and p H on heavy metal uptake by sludge particulates exemplified by copper(Ⅱ)and nickel(Ⅱ):three-variable model[J].Water Environment Research,1999,71(2)139-147.
[18]Byrns G.The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Research,2001,35(10):2523-2533.
[19]Monteith H D,Parker W J,Bell J P,et al.Modeling the fate of pesticides in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Water Environment Research,1995,67(6):964-970.
[20]Rittmann B E,Lee K C,Shi J,et al.Modeling nonsteadystate conditions and kinetics of mass transport for hydrophobic compounds in activated-sludge treatment[J].Water Environment Research,2003,75(3):273-280.
[21]Urase T,Kikuta T.Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process[J].Water Research,2005,39(7):1289-1300.
[22]Dionisi D,Bornoroni L,Mainelli S,et al.Theoretical and experimental analysis of the role of sludge age on the removal of adsorbed micropollutants in activated sludge processes[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(17):6775-6782.
[23]Cloutier F,Jalby G,Lessard P,et al.Dynamic modelling of heavy metals behavior in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science,2008,22(4):461-471.
[24]Lindblom E,Press Kristensen K,Vanrolleghem P A,et al.Dynamic experiments with high bisphenol-a concentrations modelled with an ASM model extended to include a separate XOC degrading microorganism[J].Water Research,2009,43(13):3169-3176.
[25]Plósz B G,Leknes H,Thomas K V.Impacts of competitive inhibition,parent compound formation and partitioning behavior on the removal of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,44(2):734-742.
[26]OECD.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals,104 Vapour Pressure[S].
[27]OECD.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals,102 Melting Point/Melting Range[S].
[28]Strenn B,Clara M,Gans O,et al.Carbamazepine,diclofenac,ibuprofen and bezafibrate-investigations on the behaviour of selected pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment[J].Water Science&Technology,2004,50(5):269-276.
[29]Clara M,Kreuzonger N,Strenn B,et al.The solids retention time-a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants[J].Water Research,2005,39(1):97-106.
[30]Carucci A,Cappai G,Piredda M.Biodegradability and toxicity of pharmaceuticals in biological wastewater treatment plants[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,2006,41(9):1831-1842.
[31]Kreuzinger N,Clara M,Strenn B,et al.Relevance of the sludge retention time(SRT)as design criteria for wastewater treatment plants for the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals from wastewater[J].Water Science&Technology,2004,50(5):149-156.
[32]Suarez S,Lema J M,Omil F.Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions[J].Water Research,2010,44(10):3214-3224.
[33]Maurer M,Escher B I,Richle P,et al.Elimination ofβ-blockers in sewage treatment plants[J].Water Research,2007,41(7):1614-1622.
[34]Mikkelsen J,Nyholm N,Jacobsen B N,et al.Evaluation and modification of the simpletreat chemical fate model for activated sludge sewage treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,33(6):279-287.
[35]Mackay D,Shiu W Y.A critical review of Henry's law constants for chemicals of environmental interest[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,1981,10(4):1175-1199.
[36]Mackay D.Multimedia Environmental Models:the Fugacity Approach[M].Beijing,CRC Press,2001:58-59.
[37]Lee K C,Rittmann B E,Shi J,et al.Advanced steady-state model for the fate of hydrophobic and volatile compounds in activated sludge[J].Water Environ Res,1998,70(6):18-31.
[38]Assessing Methods of Removing Metals from Wastewater:a Review of Data and Methodologies[R].Water Environment Research Foundation,2000,101-113.
[39]Parker W J,Monteith H D,Bell J P,et al.Comprehensive fate model for metals in municipal waste water treatment[J].J Environ Eng ASCE,1994,120(5):1266-83.
[40]Barret M,Carrere H,Delgadillo L,et al.PAH fate during the anaerobic digestion of contaminated sludge:do bioavailability and/or cometabolism limit their biodegradation[J].Water Research,2010,44(13):3797-3806.
[41]Karickhoff S W.On the sorption of neutral organic solutes in soils[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1981,29(2):424-425.
[42]OECD.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemical,121 Estimdation of the Adsorption Coefficient(Koc)on Soil and on Sewage Sludge Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)[S].
[43]Limousin G,Gaudet J P,Charlet L,et al.Sorption isotherms:a review on physical bases,modeling and measurement[J].Applied Geochemistry,2007,22(2):249-275.
[44]Mattermuller C,Gujer W,Giger W,et al.Non-biolo-gical elimination mechanisms in a biological sewage treat-ment plant[J].Prog Water Technol,1980,12(6):299-314.
[45]Jacobsen B N,Nyholm N,Pedersen B M,et al.Removal of organic micropollutants in laboratory activated sludge reactors under various operating conditions:sorption[J].Water Research,1993,27(10):1505-1510.
[46]Fetter C W.Contaminant Hydrogeology[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1999,75-86.
[47]Jones O A H,Voulyoulis N,Lester J N.Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals[J].Water Research,2002,36(20):5013-5022.
[48]Henze M,Grady CPL,Gujer W,et al.A general model for single-sludge wastewater treatment systems[J].Water Research,1987,21(5):505-515.
[49]Simkins S,Alexander M.Models for mineralization kinetics with the variables of substrate concentration and population density[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1984,47(6):1299-1306.
[50]Boeije G,Schowanek D,Vanrolleghem P.Adaptation of the Simple Treat chemical fate model to single-sludge biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,38(1):211-218.
[51]刘纯新.化学品测试方法-降解与蓄积卷[M].第2版.北京:中国环境出版社,2013:1-81.Liu Chunxin.The Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Degradation and Accumulation[M].2th ed.Beijing:Environmental Science Press of China,2013:1-81.(in Chinese)
[52]Struijs J,Van Den Berg R.Standardized biodegradability tests:extrapolation to aerobic environments[J].Water Research,1995,29(1):255-262.
[53]刘纯新,沈英娃,黄星,等.化学品快速生物降解性六种经典测试方法的技术要点比对[J].环境工程技术学报,2012,2(1):1-6.Liu Chunxin,Shen Yingwa,Huang Xing,et al.Comparisons of classical test methods of ready biodegradability for chemicals[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2012,2(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
[54]中国环境保护部.关于公布2012年全国投运城镇污水处理设施名单的公告[EB/OL].2013[2013-04-24]http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201305/t20130508_25 1788.htm
[2]严清,张怡昕,高旭,等.典型医药活性物质在污水处理厂中的归趋及其风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):672-680.Yan Qing,Zhang Yixin,Gao Xu,et al.Fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and risk assessment[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):672-680.(in Chinese)
[3]吕小明.典型新兴环境污染物的研究进展[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(4):118-123.Lyu Xiaoming.Research progress of endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs)and pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(4):118-123.(in Chinese)
[4]韦朝海,张小璇,任源,等.持久性有机污染物的水污染控制:吸附富集、生物降解与过程分析[J].环境化学,2011,30(1):300-309.Wei Chaohai,Zhang Xiaoxuan,Ren Yuan,et al.Pollution control of persistent organic pollutants in water system:adsorption/enrichment,biodegradation and process analysis[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(1):300-309.(in Chinese)
[5]Choubert J M,Ruel S M,Esperanza M,et al.Limiting the emissions of micro-pollutants:what efficiency can we expect from wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science&Technology,2011,63(1):57-65.
[6]Halling-srensen B,Nors Nielsen S,Lanzky P F,et al.Occurrence,fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-a review[J].Chemosphere,1998,36(2):357-393.
[7]Ternes T A,Herrmann N,Bonerz M,et al.A rapid method to measure the solid-water distribution coefficient(Kd)for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge[J].Water Research,2004,38(19):4075-4084.
[8]姚重华,刘勇弟.活性污泥过程数学模型进展[J].环境化学,2002,21(6):521-527.Yao Chonghua,Liu Yongdi.Study progress on mathematical model of activated sludge[J].Environmental Chemistry,2002,21(6):521-527.(in Chinese)
[9]李峰,吴敏,杨哲.活性污泥数学模型在我国的研究进展[J].中国资源综合利用,2008,25(11):21-23.Li Feng,Wu Min,Yang Zhe.Study progress on mathematical model of activated sludge in China[J].China Resource Comprehensive Utilization,2008,25(11):21-23.(in Chinese)
[10]杨双春,邓丹,梁丹丹,等.国内外厌氧消化模型研究进展[J].科技导报,2012,30(25):74-79.Yang Shuangchun,Deng Dan,Liang Dandan,et al.Progress in anaerobic digestion models[J].Science&Technology Review,2012,30(25):74-79.(in Chinese)
[11]Plósz B G,Langford K H,Thomas K V.An activated sludge modeling framework for xenobiotic trace chemicals(ASM‐X):assessment of diclofenac and carbamazepine[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2012,109(11):2757-2769.
[12]Struijs J,Stoltenkamp J,Van de Meent D.A spreadsheetbased box model to predict the fate of xenobiotics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Research,1991,25(7):891-900.
[13]Clark B,Henry G L H,Mackay D.Fugacity analysis and model of organic chemical fate in a sewage treatment plant[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1995,29(6):1488-1494.
[14]Govind R,Lai L,Dobbs R.Integrated model for predicting the fate of organics in wastewater treatment plants[J].Environmental Progress,1991,10(1):13-23.
[15]Parker W J,Monteith H D,Bell J P,et al.Comprehensive fate model for metals in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1994,120(5):1266-1283.
[16]Lee K C,Rittmann B E,Shi J,et al.Advanced steady-state model for the fate of hydrophobic and volatile compounds in activated sludge[J].Water Environment Research,1998,70(6):1118-1131.
[17]Wang J,Huang C P,Allen H E,et al.Effects of dissolved organic matter and p H on heavy metal uptake by sludge particulates exemplified by copper(Ⅱ)and nickel(Ⅱ):three-variable model[J].Water Environment Research,1999,71(2)139-147.
[18]Byrns G.The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Research,2001,35(10):2523-2533.
[19]Monteith H D,Parker W J,Bell J P,et al.Modeling the fate of pesticides in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Water Environment Research,1995,67(6):964-970.
[20]Rittmann B E,Lee K C,Shi J,et al.Modeling nonsteadystate conditions and kinetics of mass transport for hydrophobic compounds in activated-sludge treatment[J].Water Environment Research,2003,75(3):273-280.
[21]Urase T,Kikuta T.Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process[J].Water Research,2005,39(7):1289-1300.
[22]Dionisi D,Bornoroni L,Mainelli S,et al.Theoretical and experimental analysis of the role of sludge age on the removal of adsorbed micropollutants in activated sludge processes[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(17):6775-6782.
[23]Cloutier F,Jalby G,Lessard P,et al.Dynamic modelling of heavy metals behavior in wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science,2008,22(4):461-471.
[24]Lindblom E,Press Kristensen K,Vanrolleghem P A,et al.Dynamic experiments with high bisphenol-a concentrations modelled with an ASM model extended to include a separate XOC degrading microorganism[J].Water Research,2009,43(13):3169-3176.
[25]Plósz B G,Leknes H,Thomas K V.Impacts of competitive inhibition,parent compound formation and partitioning behavior on the removal of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,44(2):734-742.
[26]OECD.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals,104 Vapour Pressure[S].
[27]OECD.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals,102 Melting Point/Melting Range[S].
[28]Strenn B,Clara M,Gans O,et al.Carbamazepine,diclofenac,ibuprofen and bezafibrate-investigations on the behaviour of selected pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment[J].Water Science&Technology,2004,50(5):269-276.
[29]Clara M,Kreuzonger N,Strenn B,et al.The solids retention time-a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants[J].Water Research,2005,39(1):97-106.
[30]Carucci A,Cappai G,Piredda M.Biodegradability and toxicity of pharmaceuticals in biological wastewater treatment plants[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,2006,41(9):1831-1842.
[31]Kreuzinger N,Clara M,Strenn B,et al.Relevance of the sludge retention time(SRT)as design criteria for wastewater treatment plants for the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals from wastewater[J].Water Science&Technology,2004,50(5):149-156.
[32]Suarez S,Lema J M,Omil F.Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions[J].Water Research,2010,44(10):3214-3224.
[33]Maurer M,Escher B I,Richle P,et al.Elimination ofβ-blockers in sewage treatment plants[J].Water Research,2007,41(7):1614-1622.
[34]Mikkelsen J,Nyholm N,Jacobsen B N,et al.Evaluation and modification of the simpletreat chemical fate model for activated sludge sewage treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,33(6):279-287.
[35]Mackay D,Shiu W Y.A critical review of Henry's law constants for chemicals of environmental interest[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,1981,10(4):1175-1199.
[36]Mackay D.Multimedia Environmental Models:the Fugacity Approach[M].Beijing,CRC Press,2001:58-59.
[37]Lee K C,Rittmann B E,Shi J,et al.Advanced steady-state model for the fate of hydrophobic and volatile compounds in activated sludge[J].Water Environ Res,1998,70(6):18-31.
[38]Assessing Methods of Removing Metals from Wastewater:a Review of Data and Methodologies[R].Water Environment Research Foundation,2000,101-113.
[39]Parker W J,Monteith H D,Bell J P,et al.Comprehensive fate model for metals in municipal waste water treatment[J].J Environ Eng ASCE,1994,120(5):1266-83.
[40]Barret M,Carrere H,Delgadillo L,et al.PAH fate during the anaerobic digestion of contaminated sludge:do bioavailability and/or cometabolism limit their biodegradation[J].Water Research,2010,44(13):3797-3806.
[41]Karickhoff S W.On the sorption of neutral organic solutes in soils[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1981,29(2):424-425.
[42]OECD.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemical,121 Estimdation of the Adsorption Coefficient(Koc)on Soil and on Sewage Sludge Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)[S].
[43]Limousin G,Gaudet J P,Charlet L,et al.Sorption isotherms:a review on physical bases,modeling and measurement[J].Applied Geochemistry,2007,22(2):249-275.
[44]Mattermuller C,Gujer W,Giger W,et al.Non-biolo-gical elimination mechanisms in a biological sewage treat-ment plant[J].Prog Water Technol,1980,12(6):299-314.
[45]Jacobsen B N,Nyholm N,Pedersen B M,et al.Removal of organic micropollutants in laboratory activated sludge reactors under various operating conditions:sorption[J].Water Research,1993,27(10):1505-1510.
[46]Fetter C W.Contaminant Hydrogeology[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1999,75-86.
[47]Jones O A H,Voulyoulis N,Lester J N.Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals[J].Water Research,2002,36(20):5013-5022.
[48]Henze M,Grady CPL,Gujer W,et al.A general model for single-sludge wastewater treatment systems[J].Water Research,1987,21(5):505-515.
[49]Simkins S,Alexander M.Models for mineralization kinetics with the variables of substrate concentration and population density[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1984,47(6):1299-1306.
[50]Boeije G,Schowanek D,Vanrolleghem P.Adaptation of the Simple Treat chemical fate model to single-sludge biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,38(1):211-218.
[51]刘纯新.化学品测试方法-降解与蓄积卷[M].第2版.北京:中国环境出版社,2013:1-81.Liu Chunxin.The Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Degradation and Accumulation[M].2th ed.Beijing:Environmental Science Press of China,2013:1-81.(in Chinese)
[52]Struijs J,Van Den Berg R.Standardized biodegradability tests:extrapolation to aerobic environments[J].Water Research,1995,29(1):255-262.
[53]刘纯新,沈英娃,黄星,等.化学品快速生物降解性六种经典测试方法的技术要点比对[J].环境工程技术学报,2012,2(1):1-6.Liu Chunxin,Shen Yingwa,Huang Xing,et al.Comparisons of classical test methods of ready biodegradability for chemicals[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2012,2(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
[54]中国环境保护部.关于公布2012年全国投运城镇污水处理设施名单的公告[EB/OL].2013[2013-04-24]http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201305/t20130508_25 1788.htm