太赫兹临边探测O_3与HCl敏感性分析
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摘要
臭氧(O_3)是平流层大气最重要的成分之一,而随着人类活动增加的影响,平流层O_3不断减少。在O_3的衰减循环中,Cl化合物是最主要的介质,而氯化氢(HCl)是活性氯的储存库,因此同时探测O_3与HCl对进一步认清平流层O_3的源与汇具有重要意义。本文基于太赫兹临边探测辐射传输软件包ARTS(Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator),模拟研究太赫兹临边探测O_3与HCl的敏感因子量化大气辐射传输及其他大气成分对O_3和HCl的影响。结果表明:(1)在太赫兹波段,O_3与HCl分别在切高大于8 km与大于10 km处,具有很高的敏感性,可以探测O_3与HCl垂直廓线;(2)太赫兹临边探测对于探测目标O_3和HCl,在10 km及以下高度,对目标的浓度变化不敏感,而在中高空则很敏感;温度与水汽的变化对O_3与HCl的探测影响不大,而传感器的天线半带宽及光谱分辨率对于O_3与HCl的探测有一定的影响。
O_3 is the key composition of stratosphere.The problem on ozone and the effect on ozone by anthropogenic actions have always been the hot issue in the world.During attenuation circle of ozone,Chlorine composition is the most important medium.HCl is the storage of active chlorine.Therefore,monitoring HCl is significant.The development of limb sounding can supply three-dimensional information of O_3 and HCl.Simulation interface of THz limb sounding is developed based on the THz limb sounding radiative transfer software ARTS.This study analyzes the low-limit height within the limb sounding in THz bands between 100 GHz and 1000 GHz.The frequencies,235.7098 GHz and 625.9188 GHz,were selected as the central frequencies for O_3 and HCl,respectively,based on the frequency of international available THz sensor radiometer.Then,the brightness temperature of limb sounding was simulated under different atmospheric backgrounds(standard atmospheric background and enhanced concentration of O_3 and HCl at 5%,10%,and 15%,respectively),different temperatures and moistures(standard background temperature at 0.5 K,1 K,and 1.5 K increase,standard water vapor concentration increased by 5%,10%,and 15%),and different bands and different sensor characteristics(different HPBW and different spectral resolution).The sensitivity analysis module of the simulation interface shows that O_3 and HCl sensitive factors are further studied by limb sounding.The results are as follows:(1) Measuring O_3 above the tangent height of 8 km at frequency of 235.7098 GHz is highly possible,whereas to measure O_3 below 8 km is difficult.For the measurement of HCl,the threshold height is 10 km,above which profiles of HCl can be available and below which profiles is difficult to measure.(2) At THz bands,the variety of temperature and moisture has little effect on the measurements of O_3 and HCl.Therefore,THz bands are superior to infrared bands,which are influenced greatly by temperature.(3) Half power beam width and spectral resolution have a certain effect on the measurements of O_3 and HCl.
O_3 is the key composition of stratosphere.The problem on ozone and the effect on ozone by anthropogenic actions have always been the hot issue in the world.During attenuation circle of ozone,Chlorine composition is the most important medium.HCl is the storage of active chlorine.Therefore,monitoring HCl is significant.The development of limb sounding can supply three-dimensional information of O_3 and HCl.Simulation interface of THz limb sounding is developed based on the THz limb sounding radiative transfer software ARTS.This study analyzes the low-limit height within the limb sounding in THz bands between 100 GHz and 1000 GHz.The frequencies,235.7098 GHz and 625.9188 GHz,were selected as the central frequencies for O_3 and HCl,respectively,based on the frequency of international available THz sensor radiometer.Then,the brightness temperature of limb sounding was simulated under different atmospheric backgrounds(standard atmospheric background and enhanced concentration of O_3 and HCl at 5%,10%,and 15%,respectively),different temperatures and moistures(standard background temperature at 0.5 K,1 K,and 1.5 K increase,standard water vapor concentration increased by 5%,10%,and 15%),and different bands and different sensor characteristics(different HPBW and different spectral resolution).The sensitivity analysis module of the simulation interface shows that O_3 and HCl sensitive factors are further studied by limb sounding.The results are as follows:(1) Measuring O_3 above the tangent height of 8 km at frequency of 235.7098 GHz is highly possible,whereas to measure O_3 below 8 km is difficult.For the measurement of HCl,the threshold height is 10 km,above which profiles of HCl can be available and below which profiles is difficult to measure.(2) At THz bands,the variety of temperature and moisture has little effect on the measurements of O_3 and HCl.Therefore,THz bands are superior to infrared bands,which are influenced greatly by temperature.(3) Half power beam width and spectral resolution have a certain effect on the measurements of O_3 and HCl.
引文
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Gambacorta A and Barnet C D.2013.Methodology and information content of the NOAA NESDIS operational channel selection for the cross-track infrared sounder(Cr IS).IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,51(6):3207-3216[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2220369]
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Li X Y,Chen L F,Guo A Y,Su L,Jia S L,Tao J H and Zhang Y.2015.Sub-millimeter wave limb sounding simulation of the plume flow of a high-flying vehicle.Journal of Remote Sensing,19(1):54-61(李小英,陈良富,国爱燕,苏林,贾松林,陶金花,张莹.2015.高空飞行器尾焰亚毫米波临边探测模拟与分析.遥感学报,19(1):54-61)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20153314]
Li X Y,Chen L F,Su L,Zhang Y and Tao J H.2013.Overview of submillimeter limb sounding.Journal of Remote Sensing,17(6):1325-1344(李小英,陈良富,苏林,张莹,陶金花.2013.亚毫米波临边探测发展现状.遥感学报,17(6):1325-1344)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20132279]
Qi J,Zhang P,Zhang W J,Dong C H,Qiu H and Li X J.2008.Sensitivity experiment of the DOAS retrieval of nitrogen dioxide based on SCIATRAN mode.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,66(3):396-404(齐瑾,张鹏,张文建,董超华,邱红,李晓静.2008.基于SCIAT-RAN模型的二氧化氮DOAS反演敏感性试验.气象学报,66(3):396-404)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2008.03.010]
Schwartz M J,Lambert A,Manney G L,Read W G,Livesey N J,Froidevaux L,Ao C O,Bernath P F,Boone C D,Cofield R E,Daffer W H,Drouin B J,Fetzer E J,Fuller R A,Jarnot R F,Jiang J H,Jiang Y B,Knosp B W,Krüger K,Li J L F,Mlynczak M G,Pawson S,Russell J M,Santee M L,Snyder W V,Stek P C,Thurstans R P,Tompkins A M,Wagner P A,Walker K A,Waters J W and Wu D L.2008.Validation of the aura microwave limb sounder temperature and geopotential height measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,113(D15):D15S11[DOI:10.1029/2007JD008783]
Shiotani M,Takayanagi M,Suzuki M and Sano T.2010.Recent results from the superconducting submillimeter-wave limb-emission sounder(SMILES)onboard ISS/JEM//Proceeding of SPIE 7826,Sensors,Systems,and Next-Generation Satellites XIV.Toulouse,France:SPIE,7826:78260D[DOI:10.1117/12.865806]
SMILES Science Team.2002.JEM/SMILES mission plan,Version2.1.1-120.[2012-08-25]http://darts.jaxa.jp/iss/smiles/docs/SMILFS_MP_rer2-1.pdf
Susskind J,Barnet C D and Blaisdell J M.2003.Retrieval of atmospheric and surface parameters from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,41(2):390-409[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808236]
Wang Z J.2011.Study on Retrieval of Atmospheric Trace Gas Concentration from Satellite Based Limb Radiance.Changchun:Jilin University.(汪自军.2011.基于卫星临边辐射的大气痕量气体含量反演研究.长春:吉林大学)
Waters J W,Froidevaux L,Jarnot R F,Read W G,Pickett H M,Harwood R S,Cofield R E,Filipiak M J,Flower D A,Livesey N J,Manney G L,Pumphrey H C,Santee M L,Siegel P H and Wu DL.2004.An overview of the EOS MLS experiment.version 2.0.Technical Report,Jet Propulsion Laboratory.D-15745.Pasadena,CA:Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Yang C Y.2010.Retrieval of Ozone Profile from Limb Scatter Measurements Using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(DOAS).Changchun:Jilin University(杨春燕.2010.大气临边散射DOAS反演臭氧廓线.长春:吉林大学)
Zhang G Z,Chen S B,Wang M C,Tao Y L,Pang C and Guo J H.2010.SCIATRAN based limb atmospheric radiative transfer simulation.Science Technology and Engineering,10(6):1506-1509,1513(张恭正,陈圣波,王明常,陶玉龙,逢超,郭金海.2010.基于SCIATRAN模型的Limb大气辐射传输模拟.科学技术与工程,10(6):1506-1509,1513)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2010.06.042]
Eriksson P,Buehler S A,Davis C P,Emde C and Lemke O.2011.ARTS,the atmospheric radiative transfer simulator,version 2.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,112(10):1551-1558[DOI:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.051]
Gambacorta A and Barnet C D.2013.Methodology and information content of the NOAA NESDIS operational channel selection for the cross-track infrared sounder(Cr IS).IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,51(6):3207-3216[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2220369]
Guo X,Wang P C and Lv D R.2007.Spectrum and vertical-distribution characteristics of limb-scan radiation in the 2~5μm mid-infrared band.Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics,2(6):479-485(郭霞,王普才,吕达仁.2007.2.0~5.0μm红外临边辐射光谱与垂直分布特征分析.大气与环境光学学报,2(6):479-485)
Kiefer M,Arnone E,Dudhia A,Carlotti M,Castelli E,von Clarmann T,Dinelli B M,Kleinert A,Linden A,Milz M,Papandrea E and Stilleret G.2010.Impact of temperature field inhomogeneities on the retrieval of atmospheric species from MIPAS IR limb emission spectra.Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,3(5):1487-1507[DOI:10.5194/amt-3-1487-2010]
Kikuchi K I,Nishibori T,Ochiai S,Ozeki H,Irimajiri Y,Kasai Y,Koike M,Manabe T,Mizukoshi K,Murayama Y,Nagahama T,Sano T,Sato R,Seta M,Takahashi C,Takayanagi M,Masuko H,Inatani J,Suzuki M and Shiotani M.2010.Overview and early results of the superconducting submillimeter-wave limb-emission sounder(SMILES).Journal of Geophysical Research,115(D23):D16S42[DOI:10.1029/2010JD014379]
Li X Y,Chen L F,Guo A Y,Su L,Jia S L,Tao J H and Zhang Y.2015.Sub-millimeter wave limb sounding simulation of the plume flow of a high-flying vehicle.Journal of Remote Sensing,19(1):54-61(李小英,陈良富,国爱燕,苏林,贾松林,陶金花,张莹.2015.高空飞行器尾焰亚毫米波临边探测模拟与分析.遥感学报,19(1):54-61)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20153314]
Li X Y,Chen L F,Su L,Zhang Y and Tao J H.2013.Overview of submillimeter limb sounding.Journal of Remote Sensing,17(6):1325-1344(李小英,陈良富,苏林,张莹,陶金花.2013.亚毫米波临边探测发展现状.遥感学报,17(6):1325-1344)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20132279]
Qi J,Zhang P,Zhang W J,Dong C H,Qiu H and Li X J.2008.Sensitivity experiment of the DOAS retrieval of nitrogen dioxide based on SCIATRAN mode.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,66(3):396-404(齐瑾,张鹏,张文建,董超华,邱红,李晓静.2008.基于SCIAT-RAN模型的二氧化氮DOAS反演敏感性试验.气象学报,66(3):396-404)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2008.03.010]
Schwartz M J,Lambert A,Manney G L,Read W G,Livesey N J,Froidevaux L,Ao C O,Bernath P F,Boone C D,Cofield R E,Daffer W H,Drouin B J,Fetzer E J,Fuller R A,Jarnot R F,Jiang J H,Jiang Y B,Knosp B W,Krüger K,Li J L F,Mlynczak M G,Pawson S,Russell J M,Santee M L,Snyder W V,Stek P C,Thurstans R P,Tompkins A M,Wagner P A,Walker K A,Waters J W and Wu D L.2008.Validation of the aura microwave limb sounder temperature and geopotential height measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,113(D15):D15S11[DOI:10.1029/2007JD008783]
Shiotani M,Takayanagi M,Suzuki M and Sano T.2010.Recent results from the superconducting submillimeter-wave limb-emission sounder(SMILES)onboard ISS/JEM//Proceeding of SPIE 7826,Sensors,Systems,and Next-Generation Satellites XIV.Toulouse,France:SPIE,7826:78260D[DOI:10.1117/12.865806]
SMILES Science Team.2002.JEM/SMILES mission plan,Version2.1.1-120.[2012-08-25]http://darts.jaxa.jp/iss/smiles/docs/SMILFS_MP_rer2-1.pdf
Susskind J,Barnet C D and Blaisdell J M.2003.Retrieval of atmospheric and surface parameters from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,41(2):390-409[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808236]
Wang Z J.2011.Study on Retrieval of Atmospheric Trace Gas Concentration from Satellite Based Limb Radiance.Changchun:Jilin University.(汪自军.2011.基于卫星临边辐射的大气痕量气体含量反演研究.长春:吉林大学)
Waters J W,Froidevaux L,Jarnot R F,Read W G,Pickett H M,Harwood R S,Cofield R E,Filipiak M J,Flower D A,Livesey N J,Manney G L,Pumphrey H C,Santee M L,Siegel P H and Wu DL.2004.An overview of the EOS MLS experiment.version 2.0.Technical Report,Jet Propulsion Laboratory.D-15745.Pasadena,CA:Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Yang C Y.2010.Retrieval of Ozone Profile from Limb Scatter Measurements Using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(DOAS).Changchun:Jilin University(杨春燕.2010.大气临边散射DOAS反演臭氧廓线.长春:吉林大学)
Zhang G Z,Chen S B,Wang M C,Tao Y L,Pang C and Guo J H.2010.SCIATRAN based limb atmospheric radiative transfer simulation.Science Technology and Engineering,10(6):1506-1509,1513(张恭正,陈圣波,王明常,陶玉龙,逢超,郭金海.2010.基于SCIATRAN模型的Limb大气辐射传输模拟.科学技术与工程,10(6):1506-1509,1513)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2010.06.042]