华北地壳上地幔结构及其大地震深部构造成因
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摘要
华北克拉通是中国大陆东部的一个重要的大地构造单元.20世纪60~70年代,华北地区发生了一系列强烈地震.近半个世纪以来,中国地震学家对华北地区地壳上地幔结构开展了大量的探测和研究,在地壳上地幔结构以及与强烈地震相关的深部构造环境等重大地球科学问题上取得了显著的进展.华北大震区的深地震剖面探测显示了地壳上部铲式正断层和低角度的滑脱构造与震源下方贯通下地壳直至莫霍面的高角度深断裂共存的复杂构造图像.地震层析成像揭示,华北大震大多都发生在高速与低速区的过渡带上,而唐山地震区中-下地壳存在明显的低速异常.震源区下方的低速异常带,地壳深浅构造不一致,高角度超壳深断裂,上地幔顶部速度偏低,以及莫霍界面局部隆起等,是华北伸展构造区深部孕震环境的共同特征,表明华北岩石圈结构具有高度不均匀性.华北克拉通现今的强烈地震活动性以及偏低的下地壳速度,显著区别于世界上其他稳定克拉通.所有这些都是华北克拉通破坏的重要证据.尽管深地震探测和地震层析成像研究大大丰富了深部构造和孕震环境的知识,一些深层次的问题需要进一步的研究.
引文
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