南沙群岛地名分析
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摘要
依据多种历史资料,介绍南沙群岛地名的变迁过程,对中国"更路薄"中的渔民俗称以及中国政府于1935年、1947年和1983年三次公布的南沙岛礁地名进行统计,分析渔民俗称和标准地名对维护中国领土和主权完整的重要意义,梳理了各套地名系统中的专名体系和通名体系,对地名语源进行探讨,研究各地名系统之间的演进过程,总结了各自的优点与缺憾。针对现用标准地名提出以下建议:①有计划地公布部分资料中已有记载岛礁的标准地名;②对大型环礁细部、新生沙洲和新建大型人工岛进行命名以利于维护主权和保障航行安全;③对于现用标准地名中的部分外来语源地名可恢复其渔民俗称;④对于存疑岛礁应尽快核实确认以去疑存真。
Using historical materials, this study introduces the changing geographical names in the Nansha Islands. Four toponym systems are described in this study, including the folk place name toponym system, from the Gen Lu Bu, and three official toponym systems published by the Chinese Government in 1935, 1947, and 1983. Gen Lu Bu is a type of navigation book created by ancient fishermen from Hainan Island. Since the Ming Dynasty, the folk place names of the Nansha Islands have been recorded in the Gen Lu Bu, including more than 100 individual island, reef, bank, and shoal names in the islands. However, for European mariners in the late 18th and early 19th century, the South China Sea was an unknown area with hazards.Following the early 19th century, foreign hydrographic survey vessels circumnavigated the Nansha Islands, surveying and mapping. Lacking a careful consideration of existing Chinese names of the Nansha Islands, most islands were renamed by these newcomers. Without a geographical survey and native place name census, the first batch of official names of the Nansha Islands reviewed and approved by China's Committee for the Examination for the Land and Sea Maps in 1935 primarily adopted these foreign-source names. Japan illegally occupied and renamed the Nansha Islands during its war of aggression against China. With the return of the South China Sea Islands after the end of the Second World War, the majority of the first official names were modified and refined by the Chinese Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1947,and a dozen new island names were added. Based on research on the Gen Lu Bu, many folk place names were adopted in the third round of standardization of the Nansha Islands names,and 189 Nansha Islands standardized geographical names were officially published by the China Committee on Geographical Names in 1983. These toponym systems are extremely important to China's sovereignty over the Nansha Islands. Based on a statistical analysis of toponym systems, the characteristics of generic and specific names are presented in this study,and etymological interpretations are described. The development, advantages, and disadvantages of toponym systems are analyzed. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the toponym system currently in use and proposes some suggestions accordingly. First, some existing geographical names of islands should be published officially and systematically.Second, for state sovereignty and navigation safety, parts of the large atoll, new sand cays, and large artificial islands should be named. Third, the island names sourced from exotic words should be replaced with the folk place names from the Gen Lu Bu. Finally, modern hydrographic surveying should be used to verify ambiguous reefs and banks.
Using historical materials, this study introduces the changing geographical names in the Nansha Islands. Four toponym systems are described in this study, including the folk place name toponym system, from the Gen Lu Bu, and three official toponym systems published by the Chinese Government in 1935, 1947, and 1983. Gen Lu Bu is a type of navigation book created by ancient fishermen from Hainan Island. Since the Ming Dynasty, the folk place names of the Nansha Islands have been recorded in the Gen Lu Bu, including more than 100 individual island, reef, bank, and shoal names in the islands. However, for European mariners in the late 18th and early 19th century, the South China Sea was an unknown area with hazards.Following the early 19th century, foreign hydrographic survey vessels circumnavigated the Nansha Islands, surveying and mapping. Lacking a careful consideration of existing Chinese names of the Nansha Islands, most islands were renamed by these newcomers. Without a geographical survey and native place name census, the first batch of official names of the Nansha Islands reviewed and approved by China's Committee for the Examination for the Land and Sea Maps in 1935 primarily adopted these foreign-source names. Japan illegally occupied and renamed the Nansha Islands during its war of aggression against China. With the return of the South China Sea Islands after the end of the Second World War, the majority of the first official names were modified and refined by the Chinese Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1947,and a dozen new island names were added. Based on research on the Gen Lu Bu, many folk place names were adopted in the third round of standardization of the Nansha Islands names,and 189 Nansha Islands standardized geographical names were officially published by the China Committee on Geographical Names in 1983. These toponym systems are extremely important to China's sovereignty over the Nansha Islands. Based on a statistical analysis of toponym systems, the characteristics of generic and specific names are presented in this study,and etymological interpretations are described. The development, advantages, and disadvantages of toponym systems are analyzed. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the toponym system currently in use and proposes some suggestions accordingly. First, some existing geographical names of islands should be published officially and systematically.Second, for state sovereignty and navigation safety, parts of the large atoll, new sand cays, and large artificial islands should be named. Third, the island names sourced from exotic words should be replaced with the folk place names from the Gen Lu Bu. Finally, modern hydrographic surveying should be used to verify ambiguous reefs and banks.
引文
[1]刘南威.中国南海诸岛地名论稿.北京:科学出版社,1996:13-49.[Liu Nanwei.The Discussion about the Geographical Names of the South China Sea Islands.Beijing:Science Press,1996:13-49.]
[2]周伟民,唐玲玲.南海天书:海南渔民“更路簿”文化诠释.北京:昆仑出版社,2015:25-153.[Zhou Weimin,Tang Lingling.An Arcane Book about the South China Sea:Cultural Interpretations of the South China Sea Voyage Books Formed by Fishermen in Hainan Province.Beijing:Kunlun Press,2015:25-153.]
[3]张磊.历代地名演变与中国对南海的管辖.海南师范大学学报:社会科学版,2014,27(4):87-95.[Zhang Lei.The evolution of place names over past dynasties and China's jurisdiction of South China Sea.Journal of Hainan Normal University:Social Sciences,2014,27(4):87-95.]
[4]夏代云,牟琦,何宇阳.海南渔民《更路簿》的时代考证和文化特征.中南民族大学学报:人文社会科学版,2016,36(5):54-59.[Xia Daiyun,Mu Qi,He Yuyang.The historical study and cultural traits of the South China Sea Voyage Books.Journal of South-Central University of Nationalities:Humanities and Social Sciences,2016,36(5):54-59.]
[5]房建昌.近代南海诸岛海图史略:以英国海军海图官局及日本、美国、法国和德国近代测绘南沙群岛为中心(1685-1949年).海南大学学报:人文社会科学版,2013,31(4):21-37.[Fang Jianchang.A brief history of the chart of South China Sea Islands in modern times:With the modem mapping of South China Sea Islands by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office as well as Japan,America,France and Germany as the center(1685-1949).Humanities&Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University,2013,31(4):21-37.]
[6]郑资约,傅角今.南海诸岛地理志略.上海:商务印书馆,1947:83-94.[Zheng Ziyue,Fu Jiaojin.A Brief Account of the Geography of the South China Sea Islands.Shanghai:The Commercial Press,1947:83-94.]
[7]孙冬虎.南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其历史影响.地理研究,2000,19(2):217-224.[Sun Donghu.The background and influence of the exotic toponyms in the South China Sea Islands.Geographical Research,2000,19(2):217-224.]
[8]海南省地方志办公室.海南省志·西南中沙群岛志.海口:南海出版公司,2008:283-288.[Hainan Chorography Office.Chorography of Hainan·Chorography of the Xisha,Nansha and Zhongsha Islands.Haikou:Nan Hai Publishing Co.,2008:283-288.]
[9]陈冠琦,张争胜,赵静,等.南海诸岛地名的权力关系及地方反馈.华南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2016,48(2):88-95.[Chen Guanqi,Zhang Zhengsheng,Zhao Jing,et al.Relationship of power and local feedback of place names in the South China Sea Islands.Journal of South China Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2016,48(2):88-95.]
[10]刘南威.现行南海诸岛地名中的渔民习用地名.热带地理,2005,25(2):189-194.[Liu Nanwei.The current toponyms habitually used by fisherfolk in the Nanhai Islands.Tropical Geography,2005,25(2):189-194.]
[11]赵静,张争胜,陈冠琦,等.文化生态学视角下的南海诸岛地名文化.热带地理,2016,36(6):1045-1056.[Zhao Jing,Zhang Zhengsheng,Chen Guanqi,et al.The culture of place names of South China Sea Islands from the cultural ecology perspective.Tropical Geography,2016,36(6):1045-1056.]
[12]刘南威,张争胜.西沙群岛和南沙群岛土地名源流及其历史文化价值.热带地理,2015,35(2):162-169.[Liu Nanwei,Zhang Zhengsheng.The origin and spread of folk place names of the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands and their historical and cultural value.Tropical Geography,2015,35(2):162-169.]
[13]赵焕庭.接收南沙群岛:卓振雄和麦蕴瑜论著集.北京:海洋出版社,2012:47-57.[Zhao Huanting.The Return of the South China Sea Islands:Academic Works of Zhuo Zhenxiong and Mai Yunyu.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2012:47-57.]
[14]钟晋樑,陈欣树,张乔民,等.南沙群岛珊瑚礁地貌研究.北京:科学出版社,1996:37-69.[Zhong Jinliang,Chen Xinshu,Zhang Qiaomin,et al.Geomorphology Reasearch of Coral Reef of Nansha Islands.Beijing:Science Press,1996:37-69.]
[15]Hancox D,Prescott V.Secret Hydrographic Surveys in the Spratly Islands.London:Asean Academic Press,1997:14-120.
[16]朱海天,蒋兴伟,孟雪莲,等.南沙群岛新生沙洲变迁模式定量监测方法研究.海洋学报:英文版,2016,35(3):102-107.[Zhu Haitian,Jiang Xingwei,Meng Xuelian,et al.A quantitative approach to monitoring new sand cay migration in Nansha Islands.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2016,35(3):102-107.]
[2]周伟民,唐玲玲.南海天书:海南渔民“更路簿”文化诠释.北京:昆仑出版社,2015:25-153.[Zhou Weimin,Tang Lingling.An Arcane Book about the South China Sea:Cultural Interpretations of the South China Sea Voyage Books Formed by Fishermen in Hainan Province.Beijing:Kunlun Press,2015:25-153.]
[3]张磊.历代地名演变与中国对南海的管辖.海南师范大学学报:社会科学版,2014,27(4):87-95.[Zhang Lei.The evolution of place names over past dynasties and China's jurisdiction of South China Sea.Journal of Hainan Normal University:Social Sciences,2014,27(4):87-95.]
[4]夏代云,牟琦,何宇阳.海南渔民《更路簿》的时代考证和文化特征.中南民族大学学报:人文社会科学版,2016,36(5):54-59.[Xia Daiyun,Mu Qi,He Yuyang.The historical study and cultural traits of the South China Sea Voyage Books.Journal of South-Central University of Nationalities:Humanities and Social Sciences,2016,36(5):54-59.]
[5]房建昌.近代南海诸岛海图史略:以英国海军海图官局及日本、美国、法国和德国近代测绘南沙群岛为中心(1685-1949年).海南大学学报:人文社会科学版,2013,31(4):21-37.[Fang Jianchang.A brief history of the chart of South China Sea Islands in modern times:With the modem mapping of South China Sea Islands by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office as well as Japan,America,France and Germany as the center(1685-1949).Humanities&Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University,2013,31(4):21-37.]
[6]郑资约,傅角今.南海诸岛地理志略.上海:商务印书馆,1947:83-94.[Zheng Ziyue,Fu Jiaojin.A Brief Account of the Geography of the South China Sea Islands.Shanghai:The Commercial Press,1947:83-94.]
[7]孙冬虎.南海诸岛外来地名的命名背景及其历史影响.地理研究,2000,19(2):217-224.[Sun Donghu.The background and influence of the exotic toponyms in the South China Sea Islands.Geographical Research,2000,19(2):217-224.]
[8]海南省地方志办公室.海南省志·西南中沙群岛志.海口:南海出版公司,2008:283-288.[Hainan Chorography Office.Chorography of Hainan·Chorography of the Xisha,Nansha and Zhongsha Islands.Haikou:Nan Hai Publishing Co.,2008:283-288.]
[9]陈冠琦,张争胜,赵静,等.南海诸岛地名的权力关系及地方反馈.华南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2016,48(2):88-95.[Chen Guanqi,Zhang Zhengsheng,Zhao Jing,et al.Relationship of power and local feedback of place names in the South China Sea Islands.Journal of South China Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2016,48(2):88-95.]
[10]刘南威.现行南海诸岛地名中的渔民习用地名.热带地理,2005,25(2):189-194.[Liu Nanwei.The current toponyms habitually used by fisherfolk in the Nanhai Islands.Tropical Geography,2005,25(2):189-194.]
[11]赵静,张争胜,陈冠琦,等.文化生态学视角下的南海诸岛地名文化.热带地理,2016,36(6):1045-1056.[Zhao Jing,Zhang Zhengsheng,Chen Guanqi,et al.The culture of place names of South China Sea Islands from the cultural ecology perspective.Tropical Geography,2016,36(6):1045-1056.]
[12]刘南威,张争胜.西沙群岛和南沙群岛土地名源流及其历史文化价值.热带地理,2015,35(2):162-169.[Liu Nanwei,Zhang Zhengsheng.The origin and spread of folk place names of the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands and their historical and cultural value.Tropical Geography,2015,35(2):162-169.]
[13]赵焕庭.接收南沙群岛:卓振雄和麦蕴瑜论著集.北京:海洋出版社,2012:47-57.[Zhao Huanting.The Return of the South China Sea Islands:Academic Works of Zhuo Zhenxiong and Mai Yunyu.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2012:47-57.]
[14]钟晋樑,陈欣树,张乔民,等.南沙群岛珊瑚礁地貌研究.北京:科学出版社,1996:37-69.[Zhong Jinliang,Chen Xinshu,Zhang Qiaomin,et al.Geomorphology Reasearch of Coral Reef of Nansha Islands.Beijing:Science Press,1996:37-69.]
[15]Hancox D,Prescott V.Secret Hydrographic Surveys in the Spratly Islands.London:Asean Academic Press,1997:14-120.
[16]朱海天,蒋兴伟,孟雪莲,等.南沙群岛新生沙洲变迁模式定量监测方法研究.海洋学报:英文版,2016,35(3):102-107.[Zhu Haitian,Jiang Xingwei,Meng Xuelian,et al.A quantitative approach to monitoring new sand cay migration in Nansha Islands.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2016,35(3):102-107.]