高放废物玻璃固化体的辐照效应研究进展
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摘要
本文概述了国内外针对玻璃辐照效应所开展的研究及其进展。介绍了α、β、γ射线在玻璃中产生的微观缺陷类型、相对应的表征手段、不同微观损伤与吸收剂量的关系及其在不同温度条件下的稳定性。介绍了玻璃宏观性质随辐照剂量的改变以及饱和现象,提出了宏观性质的改变和无序度的联系来解释实验结果。最后,介绍了玻璃固化体研究所面临的问题和挑战。
The studies on the radiation effects of the vitrification for high-level radioactive waste were introduced. Defects induced by irradiation of α,β and γ rays in the vitrification and the corresponding analyzing methods were illustrated. The dependence of the defects concentrations on absorbed dose and the stability of the defects on temperature were exhibited. The changes in macroproperties of the different vitrifications with irradiation dose and the changes saturated were illustrated. The relationship between disorder and macroproperties of different vitrifications was introduced to explain the experimental results. The challenge in study on vitrification was introduced.
The studies on the radiation effects of the vitrification for high-level radioactive waste were introduced. Defects induced by irradiation of α,β and γ rays in the vitrification and the corresponding analyzing methods were illustrated. The dependence of the defects concentrations on absorbed dose and the stability of the defects on temperature were exhibited. The changes in macroproperties of the different vitrifications with irradiation dose and the changes saturated were illustrated. The relationship between disorder and macroproperties of different vitrifications was introduced to explain the experimental results. The challenge in study on vitrification was introduced.
引文
[1]JANTZEN C,KAPLAN D,BIBLER N,et al.Performance of a buried radioactive high level waste(HLW)glass after 24 years[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2008,378:244-256.
[2]WEBER W J,EWING R C,ANGELL C A,et al.Radiation effects in glasses used for immobilization of high-level waste and plutonium disposition[J].Journal of Materail Research,1997,12:1 948-1978.
[3]COUSENS D R,MYHRA S.The effects of ionizing radiation on HLW glasses[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,1982,54:345-365.
[4]ZDANIEWSKI W A,EASLER T E,BRAD R C.Gamma radiation effects on the strength of a borosilicate glass[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1983,66:311-313.
[5]WEBER W J,MATZKE H,ROUTORT J L.Indentation testing of nuclear-waste glasses[J].Journal of Materials Sciece,1984,19:2 533-2 545.
[6]DAY D H,HUGHES A E,LEAKE J W,et al.The management of radioactive waste[J].Rep Prog Phys,1985,48:101-169.
[7]WEBER W J.Radiation effect in nuclear waste glasses[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,1988,32:471-479.
[8]PEUGET S,BROUDIC V J,GOU C,et al.Effect of alpha radiation on the leaching behaviour of nuclear glass[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2007,362:474-479.
[9]HUA Z,JIAN W Y,BAOJUN L,et al.The leaching behavior of simulated HLW glass under repository condition[J].Nuclear Science and Techniques,2006,17:158-163.
[10]SHENG J,LUO S,TANG B.The leaching behavior of borate waste glass SL-1[J].Waste Management,1999,19:401-407.
[11]SHENG J,LUO S.90-19U HLW glass leaching mechanism in underground water[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2001,297:57-61.
[12]YANG K J,WANG T S,ZHANG G F,et al.Study of irradiation damage in borosilicate glass induced by He ions and electrons[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2013,307:541-544.
[13]CHEN L,WANG T S,YANG K J,et al.Raman study of Kr ion irradiated sodium aluminoborosilicate glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2013,307:566-569.
[14]ZHANG G F,WANG T S,YANG K J,et al.Raman spectra and nano-indentation of Ar-irradiated borosilicate glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2013,316(12):218-221.
[15]段丙皇,陈亮,王铁山,等.硼硅酸盐玻璃的电子辐照效应[J].原子核物理评论,2014,31(2):189-194.DUAN Binghuang,CHEN Liang,WANG Tie-shan,et al.Electron irradiation effects of sodium borosilicate glass[J].Nuclear Physics Review,2014,31(2):189-194(in Chinese).
[16]YANG T,GAO Y,HUANG X,et al.The transformation balance between two types of structural defects in silica glass in ion-irradiation processes[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2011,357:3245-3 250.
[17]姜耀中,汤宝龙,张宝善,等.821厂高放废液固化用基础玻璃配方的研制[J].原子能科学技术,1995,29(3):253-261.JIANG Yaozhong,TANG Baolong,ZHANG Baoshan,et al.The development of basic glass formulations for solidifying HLW nuclear fuel reprocessing plant[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,1995,29(3):253-261(in Chinese).
[18]杨永刚,张振涛,华小辉,等.模拟高放玻璃固化体的析晶行为[J].核化学与放射化学,2014,36(5):317-320.YANG Yonggang,ZHANG Zhentao,HUA Xiao-hui,et al.Crystallization of the simulated HLW glass[J].Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemistry,2014,36(5):317-320(in Chinese).
[19]BOIZOT B,AGNELLO S,REYNARD B,et al.Raman spectroscopy study of beta-irradiated silica glass[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2003,325:22-28.
[20]WANG T S,DUAN B H,TIAN F,et al.Visible to deep ultraviolet range optical absorption of electron irradiated borosilicate glass[J].Chinese Physics B,2015,24:076102.
[21]IMAI H,ARAI K,ISOYA J,et al.Generation of E'centers and oxygen hole centers in synthetic silica glasses byγirradiation[J].Physical Review B,1993,48:3 116-3 123.
[22]MOHAPATRA M,KADAM R M,MISHRA R K,et al.Electron beam irradiation effects in Trombay nuclear waste glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2011,269:2 057-2 062.
[23]BOIZOT B,PETITE G,GHALEB D,et al.Dose,dose rate and irradiation temperature effects inβ-irradiated simplified nuclear waste glasses by EPR spectroscopy[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2001,283:179-185.
[24]VACCARO L,CANNAS M,BOIZOT B,et al.Radiation induced generation of non-bridging oxygen hole center in silica:Intrinsic and extrinsic processes[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2007,353:586-589.
[25]BOIZOT B,PETITE G,GHALEB D,et al.Migration and segregation of sodium under b-irradiation innuclear glasses[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2000,166-167:500-504.
[26]OLLIER N,BOIZOT B,REYNARD B,et al.Analysis of molecular oxygen formation in irradiated glasses:A Raman depth profile study[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2005,340:209-213.
[27]OLLIER N,CHAMPAGNON B,BOIZOT B,et al.Influence of externalβ-irradiation in oxide glasses[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2003,323:200-206.
[28]BUSCARINO G,AGNELLO S.Experimental evidence of centers generation from oxygen vacancies in a-Si O2[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2007,353:577-580.
[29]DEVINE R A B,ARNDT J.Correlated defect creation and dose-dependent radiation sensitivity in amorphous Si O2[J].Physical Review B,1989,39:5 132-5 138.
[30]EWING R C,WEBER W J,CLINARD F W.Radiation effects in nuclear waste forms for high level radioactive waste[J].Progress in Nuclear Energy,1995,29:63-127.
[31]BIBLER N E.Effects of alpha,gamma,and alpha recoil radiation on borosilicate glass containing Savannah River Plant defense high level waste[C]∥Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1982.
[32]PEUGET S,CACHIA J N,JGOU C,et al.Irradiation stability of R7T7-type borosilicate glass[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2006,354:1-13.
[33]PEUGET S,NO L P Y,LOUBET J L,et al.Effects of deposited nuclear and electronic energy on the hardness of R7T7-type containment glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2006,246:379-386.
[34]PENG H B,SUN M L,YANG K J,et al.Effect of irradiation on hardness of borosilicate glass[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2016,443:143-147.
[35]PEUGET S,DELAYE J M,JGOU C.Specific outcomes of the research on the radiation stability of the French nuclear glass towards alpha decay accumulation[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2014,444:76-91.
[36]OJOVAN M I,PANKOV A,LEE W E.The ion exchange phase in corrosion of nuclear waste glasses[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2006,358:57-68.
[37]HALL A R,DALTON J T,HUDSON B,et al.Management of radioacitive wastes from the nuclear fuel cycle,IAEA-SM-207[R].Vienna:IAEA,1976.
[38]ANTONINI M,MANARA A,BUCKLEY S.Microstructural changes in irradiated silica based glasses[J].Radiation Effects,1982,65:55-61.
[39]BIRONC I,BARBU A.Radiation effects on phase separation and viscosity in a B2O3-Pb O glass[J].Applied Physics Letters,1986,48:1 645-1 647.
[40]INAGAKI Y,FURUYA H,IDEMITSU K,et al.Microstructure of simulated high-level waste glass dopped with short lived actinides,238Pu and244Cm[C]∥Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1992.
[41]南帅,袁伟,王铁山,等.惯性约束核聚变靶丸玻璃微观结构的分子动力学模拟[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(9):092001.NAN Shuai,YUAN Wei,WANG Tieshan,et al.Molecular dynamic simulation of the mic rostructure of inertial confinement fusion glass target[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(9):092001(in Chinese).
[42]DELAYE J M,PEUGET S,BUREAU G,et al.Molecular dynamics simulation of radiation damage in glasses[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2011,357:2 763-2 768.
[43]BUREAU G,DELAYE J M,PEUGET S,et al.Molecular dynamics study of structural changes versus deposited energy dose in a sodium borosilicate glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2008,266:2 707-2 710.
[2]WEBER W J,EWING R C,ANGELL C A,et al.Radiation effects in glasses used for immobilization of high-level waste and plutonium disposition[J].Journal of Materail Research,1997,12:1 948-1978.
[3]COUSENS D R,MYHRA S.The effects of ionizing radiation on HLW glasses[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,1982,54:345-365.
[4]ZDANIEWSKI W A,EASLER T E,BRAD R C.Gamma radiation effects on the strength of a borosilicate glass[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1983,66:311-313.
[5]WEBER W J,MATZKE H,ROUTORT J L.Indentation testing of nuclear-waste glasses[J].Journal of Materials Sciece,1984,19:2 533-2 545.
[6]DAY D H,HUGHES A E,LEAKE J W,et al.The management of radioactive waste[J].Rep Prog Phys,1985,48:101-169.
[7]WEBER W J.Radiation effect in nuclear waste glasses[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,1988,32:471-479.
[8]PEUGET S,BROUDIC V J,GOU C,et al.Effect of alpha radiation on the leaching behaviour of nuclear glass[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2007,362:474-479.
[9]HUA Z,JIAN W Y,BAOJUN L,et al.The leaching behavior of simulated HLW glass under repository condition[J].Nuclear Science and Techniques,2006,17:158-163.
[10]SHENG J,LUO S,TANG B.The leaching behavior of borate waste glass SL-1[J].Waste Management,1999,19:401-407.
[11]SHENG J,LUO S.90-19U HLW glass leaching mechanism in underground water[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2001,297:57-61.
[12]YANG K J,WANG T S,ZHANG G F,et al.Study of irradiation damage in borosilicate glass induced by He ions and electrons[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2013,307:541-544.
[13]CHEN L,WANG T S,YANG K J,et al.Raman study of Kr ion irradiated sodium aluminoborosilicate glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2013,307:566-569.
[14]ZHANG G F,WANG T S,YANG K J,et al.Raman spectra and nano-indentation of Ar-irradiated borosilicate glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2013,316(12):218-221.
[15]段丙皇,陈亮,王铁山,等.硼硅酸盐玻璃的电子辐照效应[J].原子核物理评论,2014,31(2):189-194.DUAN Binghuang,CHEN Liang,WANG Tie-shan,et al.Electron irradiation effects of sodium borosilicate glass[J].Nuclear Physics Review,2014,31(2):189-194(in Chinese).
[16]YANG T,GAO Y,HUANG X,et al.The transformation balance between two types of structural defects in silica glass in ion-irradiation processes[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2011,357:3245-3 250.
[17]姜耀中,汤宝龙,张宝善,等.821厂高放废液固化用基础玻璃配方的研制[J].原子能科学技术,1995,29(3):253-261.JIANG Yaozhong,TANG Baolong,ZHANG Baoshan,et al.The development of basic glass formulations for solidifying HLW nuclear fuel reprocessing plant[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,1995,29(3):253-261(in Chinese).
[18]杨永刚,张振涛,华小辉,等.模拟高放玻璃固化体的析晶行为[J].核化学与放射化学,2014,36(5):317-320.YANG Yonggang,ZHANG Zhentao,HUA Xiao-hui,et al.Crystallization of the simulated HLW glass[J].Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemistry,2014,36(5):317-320(in Chinese).
[19]BOIZOT B,AGNELLO S,REYNARD B,et al.Raman spectroscopy study of beta-irradiated silica glass[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2003,325:22-28.
[20]WANG T S,DUAN B H,TIAN F,et al.Visible to deep ultraviolet range optical absorption of electron irradiated borosilicate glass[J].Chinese Physics B,2015,24:076102.
[21]IMAI H,ARAI K,ISOYA J,et al.Generation of E'centers and oxygen hole centers in synthetic silica glasses byγirradiation[J].Physical Review B,1993,48:3 116-3 123.
[22]MOHAPATRA M,KADAM R M,MISHRA R K,et al.Electron beam irradiation effects in Trombay nuclear waste glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2011,269:2 057-2 062.
[23]BOIZOT B,PETITE G,GHALEB D,et al.Dose,dose rate and irradiation temperature effects inβ-irradiated simplified nuclear waste glasses by EPR spectroscopy[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2001,283:179-185.
[24]VACCARO L,CANNAS M,BOIZOT B,et al.Radiation induced generation of non-bridging oxygen hole center in silica:Intrinsic and extrinsic processes[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2007,353:586-589.
[25]BOIZOT B,PETITE G,GHALEB D,et al.Migration and segregation of sodium under b-irradiation innuclear glasses[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2000,166-167:500-504.
[26]OLLIER N,BOIZOT B,REYNARD B,et al.Analysis of molecular oxygen formation in irradiated glasses:A Raman depth profile study[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2005,340:209-213.
[27]OLLIER N,CHAMPAGNON B,BOIZOT B,et al.Influence of externalβ-irradiation in oxide glasses[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2003,323:200-206.
[28]BUSCARINO G,AGNELLO S.Experimental evidence of centers generation from oxygen vacancies in a-Si O2[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2007,353:577-580.
[29]DEVINE R A B,ARNDT J.Correlated defect creation and dose-dependent radiation sensitivity in amorphous Si O2[J].Physical Review B,1989,39:5 132-5 138.
[30]EWING R C,WEBER W J,CLINARD F W.Radiation effects in nuclear waste forms for high level radioactive waste[J].Progress in Nuclear Energy,1995,29:63-127.
[31]BIBLER N E.Effects of alpha,gamma,and alpha recoil radiation on borosilicate glass containing Savannah River Plant defense high level waste[C]∥Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1982.
[32]PEUGET S,CACHIA J N,JGOU C,et al.Irradiation stability of R7T7-type borosilicate glass[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2006,354:1-13.
[33]PEUGET S,NO L P Y,LOUBET J L,et al.Effects of deposited nuclear and electronic energy on the hardness of R7T7-type containment glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2006,246:379-386.
[34]PENG H B,SUN M L,YANG K J,et al.Effect of irradiation on hardness of borosilicate glass[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2016,443:143-147.
[35]PEUGET S,DELAYE J M,JGOU C.Specific outcomes of the research on the radiation stability of the French nuclear glass towards alpha decay accumulation[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2014,444:76-91.
[36]OJOVAN M I,PANKOV A,LEE W E.The ion exchange phase in corrosion of nuclear waste glasses[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2006,358:57-68.
[37]HALL A R,DALTON J T,HUDSON B,et al.Management of radioacitive wastes from the nuclear fuel cycle,IAEA-SM-207[R].Vienna:IAEA,1976.
[38]ANTONINI M,MANARA A,BUCKLEY S.Microstructural changes in irradiated silica based glasses[J].Radiation Effects,1982,65:55-61.
[39]BIRONC I,BARBU A.Radiation effects on phase separation and viscosity in a B2O3-Pb O glass[J].Applied Physics Letters,1986,48:1 645-1 647.
[40]INAGAKI Y,FURUYA H,IDEMITSU K,et al.Microstructure of simulated high-level waste glass dopped with short lived actinides,238Pu and244Cm[C]∥Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1992.
[41]南帅,袁伟,王铁山,等.惯性约束核聚变靶丸玻璃微观结构的分子动力学模拟[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(9):092001.NAN Shuai,YUAN Wei,WANG Tieshan,et al.Molecular dynamic simulation of the mic rostructure of inertial confinement fusion glass target[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(9):092001(in Chinese).
[42]DELAYE J M,PEUGET S,BUREAU G,et al.Molecular dynamics simulation of radiation damage in glasses[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2011,357:2 763-2 768.
[43]BUREAU G,DELAYE J M,PEUGET S,et al.Molecular dynamics study of structural changes versus deposited energy dose in a sodium borosilicate glass[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys B,2008,266:2 707-2 710.