电动汽车聚合商对备用服务能力的优化
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摘要
电力市场环境下实现电动汽车(EV)的聚类,并积极参与有序充/放电,可以为受端电网提供多样化的功率调节手段,有利于大规模间歇性新能源的消纳。站在EV聚合商(aggregator)这一中间环节,能够更全面地分析市场环境下如何有效利用这一分散的可调控资源。聚合商旨在最大化自身收益,而制定合理的EV充/放电策略是达成该优化目标的途径,但策略的制定同时也受制于市场环境、用户用车需求与参与有序充/放电意愿等因素。文中首先分析了影响聚合商充/放电策略的因素,进而提出了可接纳EV参与竞争的用户充/放电合约及相应的市场机制;在此基础上,构建了EV聚合商同时参与现货和备用市场的优化问题,提出了基于效容比指标求解充/放电策略的分布式算法;最后通过实例验证了算法的准确性与高效性。
Realizing the clustering of electric vehicles(EVs) in the power market environment, and actively participating in orderly charging/discharging can provide diversified power regulation methods for receiving-end power grid, which is conducive to the consumption of large-scale renewable energy generation. From the perspective of EV aggregator, it can be more comprehensively analyzed how to effectively use this decentralized and regulatable resource in the power market. The aim of EV aggregator is to maximize its profit, and the reasonable formulation of EV charging/discharging strategy is the way to achieve this optimization goal, but the strategy formulation is also subject to the market environment, users' traveling demands and willingness of participating in orderly charging/discharging strategy. In this paper, the relevant factors affecting aggregator's strategy formulation are first analyzed, then the charging/discharging contract mechanism for EV users and the corresponding market mechanism which allow EVs participate in market competition are discussed. On this basis, the optimization problem is built to ensure EVs participate in the electricity spot market and reserve market simultaneously. Then a distributed algorithm based on the index of efficiency capacity ratio which can solve charging/discharging strategy is proposed. Finally, an example is provided to verify the accuracy and efficiency of this algorithm.
Realizing the clustering of electric vehicles(EVs) in the power market environment, and actively participating in orderly charging/discharging can provide diversified power regulation methods for receiving-end power grid, which is conducive to the consumption of large-scale renewable energy generation. From the perspective of EV aggregator, it can be more comprehensively analyzed how to effectively use this decentralized and regulatable resource in the power market. The aim of EV aggregator is to maximize its profit, and the reasonable formulation of EV charging/discharging strategy is the way to achieve this optimization goal, but the strategy formulation is also subject to the market environment, users' traveling demands and willingness of participating in orderly charging/discharging strategy. In this paper, the relevant factors affecting aggregator's strategy formulation are first analyzed, then the charging/discharging contract mechanism for EV users and the corresponding market mechanism which allow EVs participate in market competition are discussed. On this basis, the optimization problem is built to ensure EVs participate in the electricity spot market and reserve market simultaneously. Then a distributed algorithm based on the index of efficiency capacity ratio which can solve charging/discharging strategy is proposed. Finally, an example is provided to verify the accuracy and efficiency of this algorithm.
引文
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[19] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(三)应用层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(12):7-14.XIE Dongliang,XUE Yusheng,XUE Feng,et al.Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system:Part three application layer design[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(12):7-14.
[20] YAO Weifeng,ZHAO Junhua,WEN Fushuan,et al.A hierarchical decomposition approach for coordinated dispatch of plug-in electric vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2768-2778.
[21] 田文奇,和敬涵,姜久春,等.电动汽车充电负荷空间分配优化算法[J].电工技术学报,2013,28(3):269-276.TIAN Wenqi,HE Jinghan,JIANG Jiuchun.et al.Electric vehicle charging load spatial allocation optimization algorithm[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2013,28(3):269-276.
[22] 冯智莉,易国洪,李普山,等.并行化遗传算法研究综述[J].计算机应用与软件,2018,35(11):1-7.FENG Zhili,YI Guohong,LI Pushan,et al.Review of parallel genetic algorithm[J].Computer Applications and Software,2018,35(11):1-7.
[2] ASHTARI A,BIBEAU E,SHAHIDINEJAD S,et al.PEV charging profile prediction and analysis based on vehicle usage data[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2012,3(1):341-350.
[3] 徐立中,杨光亚,许昭,等.电动汽车充电负荷对丹麦配电系统的影响[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(14):18-23.XU Lizhong,YANG Guangya,XU Zhao,et al.Impacts of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks in Denmark[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(14):18-23.
[4] 高赐威,张亮.电动汽车充电对电网影响的综述[J].电网技术,2011,35(2):127-131.GAO Ciwei,ZHANG Liang.A survey of influence of electric vehicle charging on power grid[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(2):127-131.
[5] MOHSENI P,STEVIE R G.Electric vehicles:holy grail or fool’s gold[C]// Power and Energy Society General Meeting,July 25-29,2010,Providence,USA.
[6] LIU Hong,ZENG Pingliang,GUO Jianyi,et al.An optimization strategy of controlled electric vehicle charging considering demand side response and regional wind and photovoltaic[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(2):232-239.
[7] CHEN Changsong,DUAN Shanxu.Microgrid economic operation considering plug-in hybrid electric vehicles integration[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(2):221-231.
[8] XUE Yusheng,YU Xinghuo.Beyond smart grid:a cyber-physical-social system in energy future[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2017,105(12):2290-2292.
[9] 唐巍,高峰.考虑用户满意度的户用型微电网日前优化调度[J].高电压技术,2017,43(1):140-148.TANG Wei,GAO Feng.Optimal operation of household microgrid day-ahead energy considering user satisfaction[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(1):140-148.
[10] LIU Mingming,MCNAMARA P,SHORTEN R,et al.Residential electrical vehicle charging strategies:the good,the bad and the ugly[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(2):190-202.
[11] 刘安茳,袁旭峰,李婧.城市配电网下的电动汽车有序充电策略研究[J].电测与仪表,2018,55(21):50-55.LIU Anjiang,YUAN Xufeng,LI Jing.Research on orderly charging strategy of electric vehicle under urban distribution network[J].Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation,2018,55(21):50-55.
[12] 王姝凝,杨少兵.居民小区电动汽车充电负荷有序控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(4):71-77.WANG Shuning,YANG Shaobing.A coordinated charging control strategy for electric vehicles charging load in residential area[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(4):71-77.
[13] XUE Yusheng,WU Juai,XIE Dongliang,et al.Multi-agents modelling of EV purchase willingness based on questionnaires[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(2):149-159.
[14] WU Juai,XUE Yusheng,XIE Dongliang,et al.Questionnaire designing,multi-agent modeling and analyzing of EV users’ traveling willingness[C]// 10th International Conference on Advances in Power System Control,Operation and Management (APSCOM),November 8-12,2015,Hongkong,China.
[15] WU Juai,XUE Yusheng,XIE Dongliang,et al.Multi-agent modeling and analysis of EV users’ travel willingness based on an integrated causal/statistical/behavioral model[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(6):1255-1263.
[16] 吴巨爱,薛禹胜,谢东亮,等.电动汽车参与运行备用的能力评估及其仿真分析[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(13):101-107.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20180130012.WU Juai,XUE Yusheng,XIE Dongliang,et al.The evaluation and simulation analysis of electric vehicles’ reserve capability[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(13):101-107.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20180130012.
[17] 黄杰,薛禹胜,许剑冰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(一)功能设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(10):16-22.HUANG Jie,XUE Yusheng,XU Jianbing,et al.Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system:Part one function design[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(10):16-22.
[18] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(二)支撑层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(11):1-7.XIE Dongliang,XUE Yusheng,XUE Feng,et al.Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system:Part two support layer design[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(11):1-7.
[19] 谢东亮,薛禹胜,薛峰,等.电力市场与电力系统的动态交互仿真平台:(三)应用层设计[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(12):7-14.XIE Dongliang,XUE Yusheng,XUE Feng,et al.Dynamic simulation platform for power market and power system:Part three application layer design[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(12):7-14.
[20] YAO Weifeng,ZHAO Junhua,WEN Fushuan,et al.A hierarchical decomposition approach for coordinated dispatch of plug-in electric vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2768-2778.
[21] 田文奇,和敬涵,姜久春,等.电动汽车充电负荷空间分配优化算法[J].电工技术学报,2013,28(3):269-276.TIAN Wenqi,HE Jinghan,JIANG Jiuchun.et al.Electric vehicle charging load spatial allocation optimization algorithm[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2013,28(3):269-276.
[22] 冯智莉,易国洪,李普山,等.并行化遗传算法研究综述[J].计算机应用与软件,2018,35(11):1-7.FENG Zhili,YI Guohong,LI Pushan,et al.Review of parallel genetic algorithm[J].Computer Applications and Software,2018,35(11):1-7.