地基激光雷达提取单木冠层结构因子研究
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摘要
在传统森林计测中,由于树木冠层的形态各异、结构复杂,往往难以精确获取结构因子。本文以地基激光雷达为工具,通过对单木扫描获取点云数据,基于球极平面投影和Lambert方位角等面积投影法计算冠层孔隙度,运用不规则面投影法和体元法提取树冠的体积和表面积,并对结果进行了对比分析。选取北京林业大学校园内6株立木为研究对象,结果表明,对于冠层孔隙度,球极平面投影的结果均小于Lambert方位角等面积投影,平均误差为0.03;对于体积和表面积,运用不规则面投影法和体元法得到树冠体积相对误差为5.32%~12.43%,平均相对误差为9.29%,提取的树冠表面积的相对误差为1.40%~5.21%,平均相对误差为3.33%。2种方法得到的结果差别不是很显著。因此利用地基激光雷达获取点云数据,通过对单木一次扫描提取冠层孔隙度、树冠体积和表面积,为计算树木的三维绿量、生物量、光合作用能力等提供了更可靠的数据支持。
In traditional forest resources survey,it was hard to get tree structure parameters due to its different shapes and complex structures. Totally six stand trees were selected as a sample data in the campus of Beijing Forestry University. By using ground-based laser scanner as a tool to acquire single tree scanning point cloud data,the canopy gap fraction was calculated based on Lambert azimuthal equal area projection and stereographic projection; tree crown volume and surface area were extracted by two methods: irregular surface projection and voxel method by using cloud point data. The results showed that the average relative error of two methods for gap fraction was 0. 03,and the extraction result using stereographic projection was smaller than that using Lambert azimuthal equal area projection; the relative error of crown volume of two kinds of extraction methods was 5. 32% ~ 12. 43%,the average relative error was 9. 29%,the relative error of the extracted crown surface area was 1. 40% ~ 5. 21%,the average relative error was 3. 33%. The difference between the results of the two methods were not very significant,therefore,the extraction of gap fraction,crown volume and surface area based on the use of the point cloud data can provide a more reliable data support for 3 D green quantity,calculation of trees biomass,photosynthetic ability etc.
In traditional forest resources survey,it was hard to get tree structure parameters due to its different shapes and complex structures. Totally six stand trees were selected as a sample data in the campus of Beijing Forestry University. By using ground-based laser scanner as a tool to acquire single tree scanning point cloud data,the canopy gap fraction was calculated based on Lambert azimuthal equal area projection and stereographic projection; tree crown volume and surface area were extracted by two methods: irregular surface projection and voxel method by using cloud point data. The results showed that the average relative error of two methods for gap fraction was 0. 03,and the extraction result using stereographic projection was smaller than that using Lambert azimuthal equal area projection; the relative error of crown volume of two kinds of extraction methods was 5. 32% ~ 12. 43%,the average relative error was 9. 29%,the relative error of the extracted crown surface area was 1. 40% ~ 5. 21%,the average relative error was 3. 33%. The difference between the results of the two methods were not very significant,therefore,the extraction of gap fraction,crown volume and surface area based on the use of the point cloud data can provide a more reliable data support for 3 D green quantity,calculation of trees biomass,photosynthetic ability etc.
引文
1谢鸿宇,赵耀龙,杨木壮,等.基于地面Li DAR的树冠体积和表面积测量方法研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(4):1-6,13.XIE Hongyu,ZHAO Yaolong,YANG Muzhuang,et al.Measurement and calculation methods of volume and surface area of treecrown based on terrestrial 3D laser scanning system[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2015,35(4):1-6,13.(in Chinese)
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3李增元,刘清旺,庞勇.激光雷达森林参数反演研究进展[J].遥感学报,2016,20(5):1138-1150.LI Zengyuan,LIU Qingwang,PANG Yong.Review on forest parameters inversion using Li DAR[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,20(5):1138-1150.(in Chinese)
4庞勇,李增元,陈尔学,等.激光雷达技术及其在林业上的应用[J].林业科学,2005,41(3):129-136.PANG Yong,LI Zengyuan,CHEN Erxue,et al.Li DAR remote sensing technology and its application in forestry[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(3):129-136.(in Chinese)
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6 BROLLY G,KIRALY G.Algorithms for stem mapping by means of terrestrial laser scanning[J].Acta Silvatica&Lignaria Hungarica,2009,5(2):119-130.
7 HILDEBRANDT R,IOST A.From points to numbers:a database-driven approach to convert terrestrial Li DAR point clouds to tree volumes[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2012,131(6):1857-1867.
8 KIRALY G,BROLLY G.Volume calculations of single trees based on terrestrial laser scanning[C]∥The 10th International Conferenceon Li DAR Applications for Assessing Forest Ecosystem(Silvilaser2010),2010.
9 KIRALY G,BROLLY G.Tree height estimation methods for terrestrial laser scanning in a forest reserve[J].International Archives of Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,2007,36(Part 3):W52.
10 HOPKINSON C,CHASMER L,YOUNGPOW C,et al.Assessing forest metrics with a ground-based scanning Li DAR[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2004,34(3):573-583.
11熊妮娜,王佳,罗旭,等.一种基于三维激光扫描系统测量树冠体积方法的研究---以油松为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(增刊2):61-65.XIONG Nina,WANG Jia,LUO Xu,et al.Measuring tree crown volume based on three dimension laser scanning and mapping system[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(Supp.2):61-65.(in Chinese)
12徐伟恒,冯仲科,苏志芳,等.一种基于三维激光点云数据的单木树冠投影面积和树冠体积自动提取算法[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34(2):465-471.XU Weiheng,FENG Zhongke,SU Zhifang,et al.An automatic extraction algorithm for individual tree crown projection area andvolume based on 3D point cloud data[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(2):465-471.(in Chinese)
13王佳,杨慧乔,冯仲科.基于三维激光扫描的树木三维绿量测定[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(8):229-233.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130839&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.08.039.WANG Jia,YANG Huiqiao,FENG Zhongke.Tridimensional green biomass measurement for trees using 3D laserscanning[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(8):229-233.(in Chinese)
14韦雪花,王永国,郑君,等.基于三维激光扫描点云的树冠体积计算方法[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):235-240.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130741&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.07.041.WEI Xuehua,WANG Yongguo,ZHENG Jun,et al.Tree crown volume calculation based on 3D laser scanning point clouds data[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(7):235-240.(in Chinese)
15樊仲谋,冯仲科,郑君,等.基于立方体格网法的树冠体积计算与预估模型建立[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(3):320-327.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20150347&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.047.FAN Zhongmou,FENG Zhongke,ZHENG Jun,et al.Tree crown volume calculation and prediction model establishment using cubic lattice method[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(3):320-327.(in Chinese)
16刘芳,冯仲科,杨立岩,等.基于三维激光点云数据的树冠体积估算研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(3):328-334.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20160346&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.03.046.LIU Fang,FENG Zhongke,YANG Liyan,et al.Estimation of tree crown volume based on 3D laser point clouds data[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(3):328-334.(in Chinese)
17巩垠熙,何诚,冯仲科,等.基于改进Delaunay算法的树冠三维重构单木因子提取[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(2):192-199.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130236&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.02.036.GONG Yinxi,HE Cheng,FENG Zhongke,et al.Amended Delaunay algorithm for single tree factor extraction using 3-D crown modeling[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(2):192-199.(in Chinese)
18 GONG Yinxi,YAN Fei,FENG Zhongke,et al.Extraction of crown volume using triangulated irregular network algorithm based on Li DAR[J].Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves,2016,35(2):177-183,189.
19杨全月,陈志泊,孙国栋.基于点云数据的测树因子自动提取方法[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):179-185.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20170820&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.08.020.YANG Quanyue,CHEN Zhibo,SUN Guodong.Automatic extraction method of tree measurement factors based on point cloud data[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):179-185.(in Chinese)
20 JUPP D L B,CULVENOR D S,LOVELL J L,et al.Estimating forest LAI profiles and structural parameters using a ground based laser called Echidna[J].Tree Physiol,2009,29:171-181.
21 LEGENER N,FLECK S,SEIDELD,et al.Crown transparency assessment based on terrestrial Li DAR[C]∥Silvilaser Conference-10th International Conference on Li DAR Applications for Assessing Forest Ecosystems,Freiburg,Germany,2010:383-394.
22 GUANG Z,MOSKAL L M.Retrieving leaf area index(LAI)using remote sensing:theories,methods and sensors[J].Sensors,2009,9(4):2719-2745.
23 TAKEDA T,OGUMA H,SANO T,et al.Estimating the plant area density of a Japanese larch(Larixkaempferi Sarg.)plantation using a ground-based laser scanner[J].Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(3):428-438.
24郑治刚,李怀玉,廖雅萍.树冠空间体积的计算方法[J].林业资源管理,1986(1):35-40.ZHENG Zhigang,LI Huaiyu,LIAO Yaping.Calculation method of crown space volume[J].Forest Resources Management,1986(1):35-40.(in Chinese)
2 BALDUZZI M A F,ZANDE D V D,STUCKENS J,et al.The properties of terrestrial laser system intensity for measuring leaf geometries:acase study with conference pear trees(Pyrus communis)[J].Sensors,2011,11(2):1657-1681.
3李增元,刘清旺,庞勇.激光雷达森林参数反演研究进展[J].遥感学报,2016,20(5):1138-1150.LI Zengyuan,LIU Qingwang,PANG Yong.Review on forest parameters inversion using Li DAR[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,20(5):1138-1150.(in Chinese)
4庞勇,李增元,陈尔学,等.激光雷达技术及其在林业上的应用[J].林业科学,2005,41(3):129-136.PANG Yong,LI Zengyuan,CHEN Erxue,et al.Li DAR remote sensing technology and its application in forestry[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(3):129-136.(in Chinese)
5 BIENERT A,SCHELLER S,KEANE E,et al.Tree detection and diameter estimations by analysis of forest terrestrial laser scanner point clouds[C]∥ISPRS Workshop on Laser Scanning,2007:50-55.
6 BROLLY G,KIRALY G.Algorithms for stem mapping by means of terrestrial laser scanning[J].Acta Silvatica&Lignaria Hungarica,2009,5(2):119-130.
7 HILDEBRANDT R,IOST A.From points to numbers:a database-driven approach to convert terrestrial Li DAR point clouds to tree volumes[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2012,131(6):1857-1867.
8 KIRALY G,BROLLY G.Volume calculations of single trees based on terrestrial laser scanning[C]∥The 10th International Conferenceon Li DAR Applications for Assessing Forest Ecosystem(Silvilaser2010),2010.
9 KIRALY G,BROLLY G.Tree height estimation methods for terrestrial laser scanning in a forest reserve[J].International Archives of Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,2007,36(Part 3):W52.
10 HOPKINSON C,CHASMER L,YOUNGPOW C,et al.Assessing forest metrics with a ground-based scanning Li DAR[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2004,34(3):573-583.
11熊妮娜,王佳,罗旭,等.一种基于三维激光扫描系统测量树冠体积方法的研究---以油松为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(增刊2):61-65.XIONG Nina,WANG Jia,LUO Xu,et al.Measuring tree crown volume based on three dimension laser scanning and mapping system[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(Supp.2):61-65.(in Chinese)
12徐伟恒,冯仲科,苏志芳,等.一种基于三维激光点云数据的单木树冠投影面积和树冠体积自动提取算法[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34(2):465-471.XU Weiheng,FENG Zhongke,SU Zhifang,et al.An automatic extraction algorithm for individual tree crown projection area andvolume based on 3D point cloud data[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(2):465-471.(in Chinese)
13王佳,杨慧乔,冯仲科.基于三维激光扫描的树木三维绿量测定[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(8):229-233.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130839&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.08.039.WANG Jia,YANG Huiqiao,FENG Zhongke.Tridimensional green biomass measurement for trees using 3D laserscanning[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(8):229-233.(in Chinese)
14韦雪花,王永国,郑君,等.基于三维激光扫描点云的树冠体积计算方法[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):235-240.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130741&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.07.041.WEI Xuehua,WANG Yongguo,ZHENG Jun,et al.Tree crown volume calculation based on 3D laser scanning point clouds data[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(7):235-240.(in Chinese)
15樊仲谋,冯仲科,郑君,等.基于立方体格网法的树冠体积计算与预估模型建立[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(3):320-327.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20150347&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.03.047.FAN Zhongmou,FENG Zhongke,ZHENG Jun,et al.Tree crown volume calculation and prediction model establishment using cubic lattice method[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(3):320-327.(in Chinese)
16刘芳,冯仲科,杨立岩,等.基于三维激光点云数据的树冠体积估算研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(3):328-334.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20160346&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.03.046.LIU Fang,FENG Zhongke,YANG Liyan,et al.Estimation of tree crown volume based on 3D laser point clouds data[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(3):328-334.(in Chinese)
17巩垠熙,何诚,冯仲科,等.基于改进Delaunay算法的树冠三维重构单木因子提取[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(2):192-199.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130236&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.02.036.GONG Yinxi,HE Cheng,FENG Zhongke,et al.Amended Delaunay algorithm for single tree factor extraction using 3-D crown modeling[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(2):192-199.(in Chinese)
18 GONG Yinxi,YAN Fei,FENG Zhongke,et al.Extraction of crown volume using triangulated irregular network algorithm based on Li DAR[J].Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves,2016,35(2):177-183,189.
19杨全月,陈志泊,孙国栋.基于点云数据的测树因子自动提取方法[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):179-185.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20170820&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.08.020.YANG Quanyue,CHEN Zhibo,SUN Guodong.Automatic extraction method of tree measurement factors based on point cloud data[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):179-185.(in Chinese)
20 JUPP D L B,CULVENOR D S,LOVELL J L,et al.Estimating forest LAI profiles and structural parameters using a ground based laser called Echidna[J].Tree Physiol,2009,29:171-181.
21 LEGENER N,FLECK S,SEIDELD,et al.Crown transparency assessment based on terrestrial Li DAR[C]∥Silvilaser Conference-10th International Conference on Li DAR Applications for Assessing Forest Ecosystems,Freiburg,Germany,2010:383-394.
22 GUANG Z,MOSKAL L M.Retrieving leaf area index(LAI)using remote sensing:theories,methods and sensors[J].Sensors,2009,9(4):2719-2745.
23 TAKEDA T,OGUMA H,SANO T,et al.Estimating the plant area density of a Japanese larch(Larixkaempferi Sarg.)plantation using a ground-based laser scanner[J].Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(3):428-438.
24郑治刚,李怀玉,廖雅萍.树冠空间体积的计算方法[J].林业资源管理,1986(1):35-40.ZHENG Zhigang,LI Huaiyu,LIAO Yaping.Calculation method of crown space volume[J].Forest Resources Management,1986(1):35-40.(in Chinese)