降水变化对红砂种子萌发和出苗的影响
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摘要
研究红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)种子萌发和出苗对降水变化的响应特征,可为进一步研究全球气候变化背景下典型荒漠植物的响应特征提供科学依据。在人工控制条件下,设置2个吸水梯度、4个干旱时间梯度、5个降水量梯度和6个降水频率进行模拟试验,研究种子萌发和出苗对水分变化的响应。结果表明:1)红砂种子萌发受干旱持续时间的影响显著(P <0. 01),相比对照,吸水(1 d或2 d)的红砂种子通过短期干旱(1 d、2 d和4 d)处理后发芽率显著升高,而长期干旱(8 d)处理后发芽率降低; 2)红砂种子出苗受降水量、降水频率的影响显著(P <0. 01)。出苗率随降水频率的增加而增大,降水量为100 mm,降水频率为30次/月时出苗率最大; 3)干旱前胚根长度和干旱持续时间对复水后幼苗恢复生长能力有显著影响(P <0. 01),复水后幼苗恢复生长的能力随干旱前胚根长度的增加而减弱,相同胚根长度下,延长干旱时间会减弱复水后幼苗恢复生长的能力。红砂幼苗出苗最适年总降水量为100 mm、降水频率为30次/月,气候变化引起的降水量和降水频率变化会显著影响红砂幼苗的更新。
[Background]In temperate deserts of China,Reaumuria soongarica is one of the dominant species. This study aim to explore the response of seed germination and emergence to precipitation patterns. Which would provide a scientific basis for further study of the response characteristics of typical desert plants under the background of global climate change. [Methods]The experiment,under artificial control conditions,were composed by two parts: 1) 2 water absorption and 4 drought time gradients,2) 5 precipitation gradients and 6 precipitation frequencies. [Results]1) The seed germination of R.soongarica was significantly affected by the duration of drought( P < 0. 01). Compared with the control,the germination rate of R. soongarica seeds with water absorption( 1 d or 2 d) was significantly increased after short-term drought( 1 d,2 d and 4 d). The germination rate would decrease after a long-term drought( 8 d). 2) Seedling emergence of R. soongarica was significantly affected by precipitation quantity and precipitation frequency( P < 0. 01). The emergence rate was increased with the increase of precipitation frequency. When the precipitation rate quantity is 30 times/month and precipitation frequency is 100 mm,the emergence rate is the highest. 3) The length of radicle and the duration of drought had significant effects on the ability of seedlings to regain growth after rewatering( P < 0. 01). The ability of seedlings to regain growth after rewatering decreased with the increase of radicle length before drought. Under the same radicle length,prolonging the drought time will reduce the ability of seedlings to resume growth after rehydration. [Conclusions]The optimal precipitation of R. soongarica seedlings is 100 mm,and the best precipitation frequency is 30 times/month. The changes of precipitation quantity and precipitation frequency caused by climate change will significantly affect the regeneration of R. soongarica seedlings.
[Background]In temperate deserts of China,Reaumuria soongarica is one of the dominant species. This study aim to explore the response of seed germination and emergence to precipitation patterns. Which would provide a scientific basis for further study of the response characteristics of typical desert plants under the background of global climate change. [Methods]The experiment,under artificial control conditions,were composed by two parts: 1) 2 water absorption and 4 drought time gradients,2) 5 precipitation gradients and 6 precipitation frequencies. [Results]1) The seed germination of R.soongarica was significantly affected by the duration of drought( P < 0. 01). Compared with the control,the germination rate of R. soongarica seeds with water absorption( 1 d or 2 d) was significantly increased after short-term drought( 1 d,2 d and 4 d). The germination rate would decrease after a long-term drought( 8 d). 2) Seedling emergence of R. soongarica was significantly affected by precipitation quantity and precipitation frequency( P < 0. 01). The emergence rate was increased with the increase of precipitation frequency. When the precipitation rate quantity is 30 times/month and precipitation frequency is 100 mm,the emergence rate is the highest. 3) The length of radicle and the duration of drought had significant effects on the ability of seedlings to regain growth after rewatering( P < 0. 01). The ability of seedlings to regain growth after rewatering decreased with the increase of radicle length before drought. Under the same radicle length,prolonging the drought time will reduce the ability of seedlings to resume growth after rehydration. [Conclusions]The optimal precipitation of R. soongarica seedlings is 100 mm,and the best precipitation frequency is 30 times/month. The changes of precipitation quantity and precipitation frequency caused by climate change will significantly affect the regeneration of R. soongarica seedlings.
引文
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[16]周海燕,谭会娟,张志山,等.红砂和珍珠对极端环境的生理响应与调节机制[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):24.ZHOU Haiyan,TAN Huijuan,ZHANG Zhishan,et al.Physiological response and adjustment mechanism ofReaumuria soongarica and Salsola passerina to extremeenvironment[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(1):24.
[17] JUN R,LING T. Effect of hydration-dehydration cycleson germination of seven Calligonum species[J]. Journalof Arid Environments,2003,55:112.
[18]黄振英,GUTTERMAN Y.油蒿与中国和以色列沙漠中的两种蒿属植物种子萌发策略的比较[J].植物学报,2000,42(1):77.HUANG Zhenying,GUTTERMAN Y. Comparison ofgermination strategies of Artemisia ordosica with Its twocongeners from deserts of China and Israel[J]. Acta Bo-tanica Sinica,2000,42(1):77.
[19]范连连,马健,吴林峰,等.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘草本层对积雪变化的响应[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(2):133.FAN Lianlian,MA Jian,WU Linfeng,et al. Response ofthe herbaceous layer to snow variability at the south mar-gin of the Gurbantonggut desert of China[J]. Acta Phy-toecologica Sinica,2012,36(2):133.
[20]段桂芳,单立山,李毅,等.降水格局变化对红砂幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(20):6463.DUAN Guifang,SHAN Lishan,LI Yi,et al. Effects ofchanging precipitation patterns on seedling growth ofReaumuria soongorica[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(20):6463.
[21] TOBE K,ZHANG L P,OMASA K. Seed germinationand seedling emergence of three annuals growing on des-ert sand dunes in China[J]. Ann Bot,2005,95(4):658.
[22] GERALDINE L D,LISA A D. Water potential and ioniceffects nation and seedling growth of two cold desertshrubs[J]. American Journal of Botany,1999,86(8):1151.
[23] GUTTERMAN Y. Drought tolerance of the dehydratedroot of Schismus arabicus seedlings and regrowth after re-hydration,affected by caryopsis size and duration of de-hydration[J]. Isr J Plant Sci,2001,49(2):126.
[24] HUANG Z,DONG M,GUTTERMAN Y. Factors influen-cing seed dormancy and germination in sand,and seed-ling survival under desiccation,of Psammochloa villosa(Poaceae),inhabiting the moving sand dunes of Ordos,China[J]. Plant Soil,2004a,259(1/2):240.
[25] HUANG Z,DONG M,GUTTERMAN Y. Caryopsis dor-mancy,germination and seedling emergence in sand ofLeymus racemosus(Poaceae),a perennial sand-dunegrass in habiting the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang,China[J]. Aust J Bot,2004b,93(5):526.
[2]陈豫英,冯建民,陈楠,等.西北地区东部可利用降水的时空变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):56.CHEN Yuying,FENG Jianmin,CHEN Nan,et al. Spatio-temporal variation characteristic of the utilizable precipita-tion in eastern part of Northwest China[J]. Arid LandGeography,2012,35(1):56.
[3] SCHWINNING S,SALA O E. Hierarchy of responses toresource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems[J].Oecologia,2004,141:212.
[4] SHER A A,GOLDBERG D E,NOVOPLANSKY A. Theeffect of mean and variance in resource supply on survivalof an nuals from Mediterranean and desert environments[J]. Oecologia,2004,141:354.
[5] KREYLING J,BEIER C. Complexity in climate changemanipulation experiments[J]. Bio Science,2013,63(9):764.
[6]何季,吴波,鲍芳,等.人工模拟增雨对乌兰布和沙漠白刺生物量分配的影响[J].林业科学,2016,52(5):83.HE Ji,WU Bo,BAO Fang,et al. Effects of simulated rainaddition on biomass allocation of Nitraria tangutorum inUlanbuh desert[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2016,52(5):83.
[7]白蕾,单立山,李毅,等.降雨格局变化对红砂幼苗根系生长和生物量分配的影响[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(1):0168.BAI Lei,SHAN Lishan,LI Yi,et al. Effects of changingrainfall patterns on the root and biomass of Reaumuriasoongarica seedlings[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occiden-talia Sinica,2017,37(1):0168.
[8] MILBAU A,GRAAE B J,SHEVTSOVA A,et al. Effectsof a warmer climate on seed germination in the subarctic[J]. Annals of Botany,2009,104:290.
[9] SHEVTSOVA A,GRAAE B J,JOCHUM T,et al. Criticalperiods for impact of climate warming on early seedlingestablishment in subarctic tundra[J]. Global Change Bi-ology,2009,15:2665.
[10]贺宇,丁国栋,汪晓峰,等.水分和沙埋对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(6):1714.HE Yu,DING Guodong,WANG Xiaofeng,et al. Effectsof water supply and sand burial on seed germination andseedling emergence of four psammophytes[J]. Journalof Desert Research,2013,33(6):1714.
[11]赵新艳,高润宏,格日勒,等.沙冬青种子萌发及幼苗出土对水分的响应[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2009,30(2):60.ZHAO Xinyan,GAO Runhong,GE Rile,et al. Germna-tion responses to moisture in seed germination and seed-ling emergence of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus[J]. Jour-nal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2009,30(2):60.
[12]肖萌,丁国栋,汪晓峰,等.沙埋和水分对3种灌草植物种子萌发及出苗的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(4):110.XIAO Meng,DING Guodong,WANG Xiaofeng,et al.Effects of sand burial and water supply on seed germina-tion and seedling emergence of three psammophytes[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,12(4):110.
[13] YAJUAN Z,XNEJUN Y,CAROL C,et al. Effects of a-mount and frequency of precipitation and sand burial onseed germination,seedling emergence and survival of thedune grass Leymus secalinus in semiarid[J]. ChinaPlant Soil,2014,37(4):400.
[14]罗亚勇,赵学勇,黄迎新,等.三种一年生黎科沙生植物出苗对沙埋深度和水分条件的响应[J].草业学报,2004,18(2):127.LUO Yayong,ZHAO Xueyong,HUANG Yingxin,et al.Seedling emergence of three Chenopodiaceae annuals inresponse to different sand burial depths and irrigation re-gimes[J]. Acta Pratacultueae Sinica,2004,18(2):127.
[15]殷恒霞,石勇,张雯,等.荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuriasoongarica)基因组微卫星富集文库的构建及特[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(2):374.YIN Hengxia,SHI Yong,ZHANG Wen,et al. Con-struction and characterization of enriched microsatellitelibrary from desert plant Reaumuria soongarica[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(2):374.
[16]周海燕,谭会娟,张志山,等.红砂和珍珠对极端环境的生理响应与调节机制[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):24.ZHOU Haiyan,TAN Huijuan,ZHANG Zhishan,et al.Physiological response and adjustment mechanism ofReaumuria soongarica and Salsola passerina to extremeenvironment[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(1):24.
[17] JUN R,LING T. Effect of hydration-dehydration cycleson germination of seven Calligonum species[J]. Journalof Arid Environments,2003,55:112.
[18]黄振英,GUTTERMAN Y.油蒿与中国和以色列沙漠中的两种蒿属植物种子萌发策略的比较[J].植物学报,2000,42(1):77.HUANG Zhenying,GUTTERMAN Y. Comparison ofgermination strategies of Artemisia ordosica with Its twocongeners from deserts of China and Israel[J]. Acta Bo-tanica Sinica,2000,42(1):77.
[19]范连连,马健,吴林峰,等.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘草本层对积雪变化的响应[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(2):133.FAN Lianlian,MA Jian,WU Linfeng,et al. Response ofthe herbaceous layer to snow variability at the south mar-gin of the Gurbantonggut desert of China[J]. Acta Phy-toecologica Sinica,2012,36(2):133.
[20]段桂芳,单立山,李毅,等.降水格局变化对红砂幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(20):6463.DUAN Guifang,SHAN Lishan,LI Yi,et al. Effects ofchanging precipitation patterns on seedling growth ofReaumuria soongorica[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(20):6463.
[21] TOBE K,ZHANG L P,OMASA K. Seed germinationand seedling emergence of three annuals growing on des-ert sand dunes in China[J]. Ann Bot,2005,95(4):658.
[22] GERALDINE L D,LISA A D. Water potential and ioniceffects nation and seedling growth of two cold desertshrubs[J]. American Journal of Botany,1999,86(8):1151.
[23] GUTTERMAN Y. Drought tolerance of the dehydratedroot of Schismus arabicus seedlings and regrowth after re-hydration,affected by caryopsis size and duration of de-hydration[J]. Isr J Plant Sci,2001,49(2):126.
[24] HUANG Z,DONG M,GUTTERMAN Y. Factors influen-cing seed dormancy and germination in sand,and seed-ling survival under desiccation,of Psammochloa villosa(Poaceae),inhabiting the moving sand dunes of Ordos,China[J]. Plant Soil,2004a,259(1/2):240.
[25] HUANG Z,DONG M,GUTTERMAN Y. Caryopsis dor-mancy,germination and seedling emergence in sand ofLeymus racemosus(Poaceae),a perennial sand-dunegrass in habiting the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang,China[J]. Aust J Bot,2004b,93(5):526.