UHPC单轴拉伸试验狗骨试件优化设计
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摘要
单轴拉伸试验是测试超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,简称UHPC)破坏机理、抗拉性能与拉伸本构关系最有效的方法。单轴拉伸试验成功率不高。其常用的狗骨试件形状与尺寸对试验成功率有较大的影响,目前还未有统一的标准。调查表明,不带缺口的狗骨试件最适合用于UHPC单轴拉伸试验,主要有梯形、弧形和阶梯形三种类型。通过对试件的受力分析,提出两个应力均匀性指标来评价试件优劣。建立了三种共275根狗骨试件的有限元模型,通过分析,分别给出三种试件均匀性较好的参数。同时,建立了三组15根试件有限元模型,横向对比了三种狗骨试件的应力均匀性。对比结果表明,弧形狗骨试件受力均匀性最好,开展的验证性试验取得了95.8%的成功率,推荐采用。
Uniaxial tensile testing is the most effective method for testing ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC) damage mechanism, tensile strength, and tensile constitutive relationship. The uniaxial tensile test is a very sensitive and difficult test to conduct. In theory, the shape effects are absent. There are currently no testing standards available that define the test conditions and specimen geometry. Then unnotched dog-bones specimens have unique advantages. Due to the typology of a transition region, specimens can be divided into the arc-dog-bone, the trapezoid-dog-bone, and the multiple-dog-bone specimens. Based on the stress analysis of the specimen, two indexes of stress distribution were put forward to evaluate the specimens. The research can improve the success rate of uniaxial tensile test for UHPC by designing special dog-bone specimens. Thusly, the effects of a set of non-dimensional geometric parameters on the stress distribution were numerically investigated. A total of 275 dog-bones specimens were analyzed using non-dimensional parameters, and 15 specimens was proposed to compare the three types of dog-bone specimens. Based on the stress distribution in the effective test area, an optimized design is proposed for the dog-bone shape to improve the success rate of the uniaxial tensile test. Twenty-four dog-bone specimens were tested for the verification of the optimized dog-bone shape, the success rate of which is 95.8%.
Uniaxial tensile testing is the most effective method for testing ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC) damage mechanism, tensile strength, and tensile constitutive relationship. The uniaxial tensile test is a very sensitive and difficult test to conduct. In theory, the shape effects are absent. There are currently no testing standards available that define the test conditions and specimen geometry. Then unnotched dog-bones specimens have unique advantages. Due to the typology of a transition region, specimens can be divided into the arc-dog-bone, the trapezoid-dog-bone, and the multiple-dog-bone specimens. Based on the stress analysis of the specimen, two indexes of stress distribution were put forward to evaluate the specimens. The research can improve the success rate of uniaxial tensile test for UHPC by designing special dog-bone specimens. Thusly, the effects of a set of non-dimensional geometric parameters on the stress distribution were numerically investigated. A total of 275 dog-bones specimens were analyzed using non-dimensional parameters, and 15 specimens was proposed to compare the three types of dog-bone specimens. Based on the stress distribution in the effective test area, an optimized design is proposed for the dog-bone shape to improve the success rate of the uniaxial tensile test. Twenty-four dog-bone specimens were tested for the verification of the optimized dog-bone shape, the success rate of which is 95.8%.
引文
[1]蔡向荣,徐世烺.UHTCC薄板弯曲荷载-变形硬化曲线与单轴拉伸应力-应变硬化曲线对应关系研究[J].工程力学, 2010, 27(1):8-16.CaiXiangrong,XuShilang.Studyoncorresponding relationshipsbetweenflexuralload-deformation hardeningcurvesandtensilestress-strainhardening curvesofUHTCC[J].EngineeringMechanics,2010,27(1):8-16.(in Chinese)
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[3]KuniedaM,KozawaK,Ueda N,NakamuraH.Fracture analysisofstrainhardeningcementitiouscompositesby meansofdiscretemodelingofshortfibers[C].Korea:Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures,2010:501-508.
[4]Victor Y G, Lawrence F K, Kimberly E K. Tensile creep testoffiber-reinforcedultra-highperformanceconcrete[J].JournalofTestingandEvaluation,2010,38(6):674-682.
[5]BennyS,WilliamJM,SamAW,etal.Self-healing performanceofengineeredcementitiouscomposites undernaturalenvironmentalexposure[J].Advancesin Cement Research, 2016, 28(4):211-220.
[6]Seung H P, Dong J K, Gum SR, et al. Tensile behavior ofultrahighperformancehybridfiberreinforced concrete[J].Cement&ConcreteComposites,2012,34(2):172-184.
[7]KanakuboT.Tensilecharacteristicsevaluationmethod forductilefiber-reinforcedcementitiouscomposites[J].Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2006, 4(1):3.
[8]WilleK,EI-TawilS,NaamanAE.Propertiesofstrain hardeningultrahighperformancefiberreinforced concrete(UHP-FRC)underdirecttensileloading[J].Cement&Concrete Composites, 2014, 48(2):53-66.
[9]安明喆,杨志慧,余自若,等.活性粉末混凝土抗拉性能研究[J].铁道学报. 2010, 32(1):54-58.An Mingzhe, Yang Zhihui, Yu Ziruo, et al. Experimental studyonthetensileperformanceofreactivepowder concrete[J]. Journal of the China railway Society, 2010,32(1):54-58.(in Chinese)
[10]万朝均,尹亚柳,王小茜,等.超高性能混凝土的制备[J].硅酸盐通报, 2015, 34(12):3676-3681.WanChaojun,YinYaliu,WangXiaoqian,etal.Preparationofultra-highperformanceconcrete[J].BulletinoftheChineseCeramicSociety,2015,34(12):3676-3681.(in Chinese)
[11]姚武,粱正平,陆海荣.直接拉伸下混凝土的断裂能[J].水利学报, 1995, 8(8):28-32.Yao Wu, Liang Zhengping, Lu Hairong. Fracture energy of concrete under direct tension[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1995, 8(8):28-32.(in Chinese)
[12]孙启林,王利民.钢纤维混凝土单轴拉伸实验方法[J].山西建筑, 2009, 35(25):1-3.Sun Qilin, Wang Limin. Uniaxial tensile test method for steelfibreconcrete[J].ShanxiArchitecture,2009,35(25):1-3.(in Chinese)
[13]寇佳亮,邓明科,梁兴文.延性纤维增强混凝土单轴拉伸性能试验研究[J].建筑结构, 2013, 43(1):59-64.KouJialiang,DengMingke,LiangXingwen.Experimentalstudyofuniaxialtensilepropertiesof ductilefiberreinforcedconcrete[J].BuildingStructure,2013, 143(1):59-64.(in Chinese)
[14]CECS13:2009,纤维混凝土试验方法标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社, 2009.CN-CECS:2009,Standardtestmethodsforfiber reinforcedconcrete[S].Beijing:ChinaPlansPublishing House, 2009.(in Chinese)
[15]杨志慧.不同钢纤维掺量活性粉末混凝土的抗拉力学特性研究[D].北京:北京交通大学, 2006.YangZhihui.Studyontensionmechanicalperformance ofreactivepowderconcreteindifferentsteelfiber volumefractions[D].Beijing.BeijingJiaotong University, 2006.(in Chinese)
[16]Hassan A M T, Jones S W, Mahmud G H. Experimental testmethodstodeterminetheuniaxialtensileand compressivebehaviourofultrahighperformancefibre reinforcedconcrete(UHPFRC)[J].Constructionand Building Materials, 2012, 37(12):874-882.
[17]WilleK,XuM,El-TawilS,etal.Dynamicimpact factors of strain hardening UHP-FRC under direct tensile loadingatlowstrainrates[J].MaterialsandStructures,2016, 49(4):1351―1365.
[18]KamalA,KuniedaM,NaoshiU,etal.Evaluationof crackopeningperformanceofarepairmaterialwith strainhardeningbehavior[J].CementConcrCompos2008, 30(10):863-871.
[19]NaamanAE,HomrichJR.Tensilestressstrain propertiesofSIFCON[J].AciMaterialsJournal,1989,86(3):244-251.
[20]Sujiravorakul C. Development of high performance fiber reinforcedcementcompositesusingtwistedpolygonal steel fibers[D]. Michigan:University of Michigan. Ann,Arbor, 2002:230.
[21]BensonSDP,KarihalooBL.CARDIFRC–Developmentandmechanicalproperties.PartIII:uniaxial tensile response and other mechanical properties[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2005, 57(8):433-438.
[22]MalaricsV,MuellerHS.Evaluationofthesplitting tension test for concrete from a fracture mechanical point ofview[C]//JejuOhBH,editor.Proceedings ofFraMCos-7.FractureMechanicsofConcreteand ConcreteStructures.Korea,MagazineofConcrete Research. 2010:709-715.
[23]VanVlietMRA.Sizeeffectintensilefractureof concreteandrock[D].Delft:DelftUniversityof Technology, 2000.
[24]WilleK,NaamanAE,El-TawilS.Ultrahigh performancefiberreinforcedconcrete(UHP-FRC)recordperformanceundertensileloading[J].Concrete International, 2011, 33(9):35-41.
[25]AhmedK,MinoruK,NaoshiU,etal.Evaluationof crackopeningperformanceofarepairmaterialwith strainhardeningbehavior[J].Cement&Concrete Composites, 2008, 30(10):863-871.
[26]Wang Y J, Li V C, Backer S. Experimental determination oftensilebehavioroffiberreinforcedconcrete[J].ACI Materials Journal, 1990, 87(5):461-468.
[27]KazunoriF,TakanoriS,NobuhitoU,etal.Effectsof strainrateontensilebehaviorofreactivepowder concrete[J].JournalofAdvancedConcrete Technology,2006, 4(1):79-84.
[28]BensonSDP,KarihalooBL.Developmentand mechanical properties. Part III:Uniaxial tensile response andothermechanicalproperties[J].Magazineof Concrete Research, 2005, 57(8):433―443.
[29]JunP,ViktorM.Behaviourofstrain-hardening cement-basedcomposites(SHCC)undermonotonicand cyclic tensile loading:part 1–experimental investigations[J].CementandConcreteComposites,2010,32(10):801-809.
[30]ClaudeBoulay,PierreRossi,Jean-LouisT.Uniaxial tensiletestonanewcementcompositehavinga hardeningbehavior[C].FiberReinforcedConcretes–BEFIB, 2004:61-68.
[31]原海燕.配筋活性粉末混凝土受拉性能试验研究及理论分析[D].北京:北京交通大学, 2009.YuanHaiyan.Theoreticalanalysisandexperimental researchontensileperformanceofreinforcedreactive powderconcrete[D].Beijing.BeijingJiaotong University, 2009.(in Chinese)
[32]WilleK,KimD,NaamanAE.Strain-hardening UHP-FRCwithlowfibercontents[J].Materials&Structures, 2011, 44(3):12.
[33]Kim D J, Wille K, Naaman A E, et al. Strength dependent tensilebehaviorofstrainhardeningfiberreinforced concrete[M]//Parra-MontesinosGJ,ReinhardtHW,Naaman A E, eds. HPFRCC, Springer Netherlands, 2012,2:3-10.
[34]Duy L N, Gum S R, Kyung T K, et al. Size and geometry dependentbehaviorofultra-highperformancefiber reinforced concrete[J]. Composites:Part B, 2014, 58(3):279-292.
[35]GB/T31387-2015,活性粉末混凝土[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2015.GB/T31387-2015,Reactivepowderconcrete[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2015.(in Chinese)
[36]Association Francaise de Genie Civil(AFGC)–Service d’etudestechniquesdesroutesetautoroutes(SETRA),Bétonsfibrésàultra-hautesperformances–ultrahigh performancefibre-reinforcedconcretes,recommandationsprovisoires–Interimrecommendations[S].Paris:AFGC Scientific and Technical Documents, 2002:153.
[37]Recommendationsfordesignandconstructionofhigh performancefiberreinforcedcementcompositeswith multiplefinecracks(HPFRCC)[S].Tokyo:Japan Society of Civil Engineers(JSCE), 2008:113.
[38]沈秀将.活性粉末混凝土(RPC)受拉性能试验研究[D].福州:福州大学, 2015.Shen Xiujiang. Test study on tensile behavior of reactive powder concrete(RPC)[D]. Fuzhou:Fuzhou University,2015.(in Chinese)
[2]陈宝春,季韬,黄卿维,等.超高性能混凝土研究综述[J].建筑科学与工程学报, 2014, 31(3):1-24.Chen Baochun, Ji Tao, Huang Qingwei, et al. Review of researchonultra-highperformanceconcrete[J].Journal ofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,2014,31(3):1-24.(in Chinese)
[3]KuniedaM,KozawaK,Ueda N,NakamuraH.Fracture analysisofstrainhardeningcementitiouscompositesby meansofdiscretemodelingofshortfibers[C].Korea:Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures,2010:501-508.
[4]Victor Y G, Lawrence F K, Kimberly E K. Tensile creep testoffiber-reinforcedultra-highperformanceconcrete[J].JournalofTestingandEvaluation,2010,38(6):674-682.
[5]BennyS,WilliamJM,SamAW,etal.Self-healing performanceofengineeredcementitiouscomposites undernaturalenvironmentalexposure[J].Advancesin Cement Research, 2016, 28(4):211-220.
[6]Seung H P, Dong J K, Gum SR, et al. Tensile behavior ofultrahighperformancehybridfiberreinforced concrete[J].Cement&ConcreteComposites,2012,34(2):172-184.
[7]KanakuboT.Tensilecharacteristicsevaluationmethod forductilefiber-reinforcedcementitiouscomposites[J].Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2006, 4(1):3.
[8]WilleK,EI-TawilS,NaamanAE.Propertiesofstrain hardeningultrahighperformancefiberreinforced concrete(UHP-FRC)underdirecttensileloading[J].Cement&Concrete Composites, 2014, 48(2):53-66.
[9]安明喆,杨志慧,余自若,等.活性粉末混凝土抗拉性能研究[J].铁道学报. 2010, 32(1):54-58.An Mingzhe, Yang Zhihui, Yu Ziruo, et al. Experimental studyonthetensileperformanceofreactivepowder concrete[J]. Journal of the China railway Society, 2010,32(1):54-58.(in Chinese)
[10]万朝均,尹亚柳,王小茜,等.超高性能混凝土的制备[J].硅酸盐通报, 2015, 34(12):3676-3681.WanChaojun,YinYaliu,WangXiaoqian,etal.Preparationofultra-highperformanceconcrete[J].BulletinoftheChineseCeramicSociety,2015,34(12):3676-3681.(in Chinese)
[11]姚武,粱正平,陆海荣.直接拉伸下混凝土的断裂能[J].水利学报, 1995, 8(8):28-32.Yao Wu, Liang Zhengping, Lu Hairong. Fracture energy of concrete under direct tension[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1995, 8(8):28-32.(in Chinese)
[12]孙启林,王利民.钢纤维混凝土单轴拉伸实验方法[J].山西建筑, 2009, 35(25):1-3.Sun Qilin, Wang Limin. Uniaxial tensile test method for steelfibreconcrete[J].ShanxiArchitecture,2009,35(25):1-3.(in Chinese)
[13]寇佳亮,邓明科,梁兴文.延性纤维增强混凝土单轴拉伸性能试验研究[J].建筑结构, 2013, 43(1):59-64.KouJialiang,DengMingke,LiangXingwen.Experimentalstudyofuniaxialtensilepropertiesof ductilefiberreinforcedconcrete[J].BuildingStructure,2013, 143(1):59-64.(in Chinese)
[14]CECS13:2009,纤维混凝土试验方法标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社, 2009.CN-CECS:2009,Standardtestmethodsforfiber reinforcedconcrete[S].Beijing:ChinaPlansPublishing House, 2009.(in Chinese)
[15]杨志慧.不同钢纤维掺量活性粉末混凝土的抗拉力学特性研究[D].北京:北京交通大学, 2006.YangZhihui.Studyontensionmechanicalperformance ofreactivepowderconcreteindifferentsteelfiber volumefractions[D].Beijing.BeijingJiaotong University, 2006.(in Chinese)
[16]Hassan A M T, Jones S W, Mahmud G H. Experimental testmethodstodeterminetheuniaxialtensileand compressivebehaviourofultrahighperformancefibre reinforcedconcrete(UHPFRC)[J].Constructionand Building Materials, 2012, 37(12):874-882.
[17]WilleK,XuM,El-TawilS,etal.Dynamicimpact factors of strain hardening UHP-FRC under direct tensile loadingatlowstrainrates[J].MaterialsandStructures,2016, 49(4):1351―1365.
[18]KamalA,KuniedaM,NaoshiU,etal.Evaluationof crackopeningperformanceofarepairmaterialwith strainhardeningbehavior[J].CementConcrCompos2008, 30(10):863-871.
[19]NaamanAE,HomrichJR.Tensilestressstrain propertiesofSIFCON[J].AciMaterialsJournal,1989,86(3):244-251.
[20]Sujiravorakul C. Development of high performance fiber reinforcedcementcompositesusingtwistedpolygonal steel fibers[D]. Michigan:University of Michigan. Ann,Arbor, 2002:230.
[21]BensonSDP,KarihalooBL.CARDIFRC–Developmentandmechanicalproperties.PartIII:uniaxial tensile response and other mechanical properties[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2005, 57(8):433-438.
[22]MalaricsV,MuellerHS.Evaluationofthesplitting tension test for concrete from a fracture mechanical point ofview[C]//JejuOhBH,editor.Proceedings ofFraMCos-7.FractureMechanicsofConcreteand ConcreteStructures.Korea,MagazineofConcrete Research. 2010:709-715.
[23]VanVlietMRA.Sizeeffectintensilefractureof concreteandrock[D].Delft:DelftUniversityof Technology, 2000.
[24]WilleK,NaamanAE,El-TawilS.Ultrahigh performancefiberreinforcedconcrete(UHP-FRC)recordperformanceundertensileloading[J].Concrete International, 2011, 33(9):35-41.
[25]AhmedK,MinoruK,NaoshiU,etal.Evaluationof crackopeningperformanceofarepairmaterialwith strainhardeningbehavior[J].Cement&Concrete Composites, 2008, 30(10):863-871.
[26]Wang Y J, Li V C, Backer S. Experimental determination oftensilebehavioroffiberreinforcedconcrete[J].ACI Materials Journal, 1990, 87(5):461-468.
[27]KazunoriF,TakanoriS,NobuhitoU,etal.Effectsof strainrateontensilebehaviorofreactivepowder concrete[J].JournalofAdvancedConcrete Technology,2006, 4(1):79-84.
[28]BensonSDP,KarihalooBL.Developmentand mechanical properties. Part III:Uniaxial tensile response andothermechanicalproperties[J].Magazineof Concrete Research, 2005, 57(8):433―443.
[29]JunP,ViktorM.Behaviourofstrain-hardening cement-basedcomposites(SHCC)undermonotonicand cyclic tensile loading:part 1–experimental investigations[J].CementandConcreteComposites,2010,32(10):801-809.
[30]ClaudeBoulay,PierreRossi,Jean-LouisT.Uniaxial tensiletestonanewcementcompositehavinga hardeningbehavior[C].FiberReinforcedConcretes–BEFIB, 2004:61-68.
[31]原海燕.配筋活性粉末混凝土受拉性能试验研究及理论分析[D].北京:北京交通大学, 2009.YuanHaiyan.Theoreticalanalysisandexperimental researchontensileperformanceofreinforcedreactive powderconcrete[D].Beijing.BeijingJiaotong University, 2009.(in Chinese)
[32]WilleK,KimD,NaamanAE.Strain-hardening UHP-FRCwithlowfibercontents[J].Materials&Structures, 2011, 44(3):12.
[33]Kim D J, Wille K, Naaman A E, et al. Strength dependent tensilebehaviorofstrainhardeningfiberreinforced concrete[M]//Parra-MontesinosGJ,ReinhardtHW,Naaman A E, eds. HPFRCC, Springer Netherlands, 2012,2:3-10.
[34]Duy L N, Gum S R, Kyung T K, et al. Size and geometry dependentbehaviorofultra-highperformancefiber reinforced concrete[J]. Composites:Part B, 2014, 58(3):279-292.
[35]GB/T31387-2015,活性粉末混凝土[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2015.GB/T31387-2015,Reactivepowderconcrete[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2015.(in Chinese)
[36]Association Francaise de Genie Civil(AFGC)–Service d’etudestechniquesdesroutesetautoroutes(SETRA),Bétonsfibrésàultra-hautesperformances–ultrahigh performancefibre-reinforcedconcretes,recommandationsprovisoires–Interimrecommendations[S].Paris:AFGC Scientific and Technical Documents, 2002:153.
[37]Recommendationsfordesignandconstructionofhigh performancefiberreinforcedcementcompositeswith multiplefinecracks(HPFRCC)[S].Tokyo:Japan Society of Civil Engineers(JSCE), 2008:113.
[38]沈秀将.活性粉末混凝土(RPC)受拉性能试验研究[D].福州:福州大学, 2015.Shen Xiujiang. Test study on tensile behavior of reactive powder concrete(RPC)[D]. Fuzhou:Fuzhou University,2015.(in Chinese)