中亚热带2种森林群落组成、结构及区系特征
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摘要
【目的】研究中亚热带演替阶段相邻的2种森林群落的组成、结构、区系特征,旨在丰富亚热带地区森林动态资料,为加快该地区森林生态恢复和保护生物多样性提供科学依据。【方法】采用空间代替时间方法,结合群落生态学研究方法,在湘中丘陵区选取林龄为45～50年处于演替中期阶段的马尾松+柯(又名石栎)+檵木针阔混交林(PLL)和林龄为80～90年处于演替亚顶极阶段的柯+红淡比+青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG),分别设置3块30 m×30 m固定样地,对胸径≥1 cm的林木进行调查,计算群落多样性指数、特征值和相似系数等指标。【结果】PLL、LAG树种丰富,具有占绝对优势的优势种,且在群落内空间分布比较均匀,LAG树种丰富度和多样性指数高于PLL,且双子叶植物明显增加; PLL、LAG树种组成的差异主要源于乔木树种,特别是常绿阔叶乔木树种,PLL以松科、壳斗科为主,呈现针阔混交林特征,LAG以壳斗科、樟科、漆树科、金缕梅科和八角枫科等常绿阔叶树种为主,呈现常绿阔叶林特征; PLL、LAG的种数和株数垂直结构层次分化明显,LAG各层次树种比PLL更丰富,特别是林下1～5 m层和林冠≥15 m层; PLL、LAG的种数和株数径级结构均呈倒"J"型分布,主要集中在1～8 cm径级; LAG中大径级的种数和株数多于PLL; PLL中,马尾松林下更新失去优势,为衰退型,柯、檵木为增长型,表现出PLL向LAG演替; LAG中,马尾松衰退明显,柯、青冈为增长型,杉木为稳定型; PLL、LAG植物区系以泛热带分布型为主,具有较强热带向温带过渡的性质,LAG热带成分科、属、种多于PLL。【结论】PLL、LAG树种组成、空间结构存在较大差异;亚热带低山丘陵区地带性植被恢复应遵循群落演替动态规律,对已处于演替中期阶段的马尾松针阔混交林可采用封山育林让其自然演替,或通过人工干预(如补植常绿阔叶树种)缩短恢复时间,搭配合理的树种组成,提高林分质量;次生林改造或"针改阔"过程中,应加强泛热带分布型植物的利用,选择起源和演化具有相似性的阔叶树种作为建群种。
【Objective】The objectives of this study were to compare the composition, structure, floristic characteristics of two forest communities at adjacent successional stages in the central-subtropical China, in order to enrich information on forest dynamics in subtropical regions, and provide scientific basis for accelerating forest ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation. 【Method】By adopting the space-for-time substitution method, and combining Phytocommunity Studies method, two different forest communities, comprising of 45-50 years old Pinus massoniana + Lithocarpus glaber + Loropetalum chinensis conifer-broadleaved mixed forest(PLL) and 80-90 years old L. glaber + Cleyera japonica + Cyclobalanopsis glauca evergreen broadleaved forest(LAG) were selected to represent middle succession stage and successional climax stage in the study region, respectively. Three permanent plots in size of 30 m × 30 m were established along the slope in two types of forest communities. All woody plants with diameter at breast height(DBH) larger than 1 cm were mapped, tagged, and identified to species. Community diversity indices, eigenvalue and similarity coefficient were calculated. 【Result】In both PLL and LAG communities, the tree species were abundant, a few species appeared to be in absolute dominant, and spatial distribution in the community were uniform. The species richness and species diversity index were obviously higher in LAG than those in PLL. The dicotyledonous plants increased substantially in LAG compared with PLL. The differences of community structure between PLL and LAG reflected in the species composition of trees, especially evergreen broad-leaved species. The canopy of PLL mainly consisted of trees of Pinaceae and Fagaceae, exhibiting the characteristics of conifer-broadleaved mixed forest. However the upper layers of LAG forest were more diverse and mainly composed of various evergreen broad-leaved trees, such as Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Anacardiaceae, Hamamelidaceae, and Alangiaceae, and exhibiting the characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forest. The vertical stratification on the number of tree species and the number of individual trees was structured into two layers. The species of each layer were more diverse in LAG than in PLL, especially in the(1-5 m) layer and the canopy(higher than 15 m) layer. The DBH structure displayed an inverse "J" pattern, and the individuals were mainly concentrated in range from 1 to 8 cm of DBH in both PLL and LAG forests. The number of species and the number of individual trees of middle and large diameter classes were more in LAG than in PLL. In the PLL, P. massoniana was degrading due to the poor regeneration under forest, meanwhile, L. glaber and L. chinensis became dominating, reflecting succession direction from PLL to LAG. I the LAG degradation of P. massoniana was obvious, L. glaber and C. glauca became dominating, and C. lanceolata was relatively stable. The flora of the PLL and the LAG were mainly Pan tropical distribution of tropical elements, with clear transition from tropics to temperate. There were more tropical families, genera and species in the LAG than in the PLL. 【Conclusion】There were significant differences in the species composition and community structure between the PLL and the LAG. The study indicated that vegetation restoration in subtropical region should follow the succession dynamics of the community. For the P. massoniana conifer-broad leaved mixed forest at the middle succession stage, we should close hillsides for reforestation to allow its natural succession or use artificial intervention such as replanting of evergreen broad-leaved tree species, in order to shorten the duration of restoration, establish reasonable tree species composition and improve stand quality. By using the LAG as a basis, it was necessary to strengthen the utilization of the Pan-tropical distributed plants, and select broad-leaved tree species with similar origins and successions as the dominant species in the improvement of secondary forest or "conversion conifer forest to broadleaved forest".
【Objective】The objectives of this study were to compare the composition, structure, floristic characteristics of two forest communities at adjacent successional stages in the central-subtropical China, in order to enrich information on forest dynamics in subtropical regions, and provide scientific basis for accelerating forest ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation. 【Method】By adopting the space-for-time substitution method, and combining Phytocommunity Studies method, two different forest communities, comprising of 45-50 years old Pinus massoniana + Lithocarpus glaber + Loropetalum chinensis conifer-broadleaved mixed forest(PLL) and 80-90 years old L. glaber + Cleyera japonica + Cyclobalanopsis glauca evergreen broadleaved forest(LAG) were selected to represent middle succession stage and successional climax stage in the study region, respectively. Three permanent plots in size of 30 m × 30 m were established along the slope in two types of forest communities. All woody plants with diameter at breast height(DBH) larger than 1 cm were mapped, tagged, and identified to species. Community diversity indices, eigenvalue and similarity coefficient were calculated. 【Result】In both PLL and LAG communities, the tree species were abundant, a few species appeared to be in absolute dominant, and spatial distribution in the community were uniform. The species richness and species diversity index were obviously higher in LAG than those in PLL. The dicotyledonous plants increased substantially in LAG compared with PLL. The differences of community structure between PLL and LAG reflected in the species composition of trees, especially evergreen broad-leaved species. The canopy of PLL mainly consisted of trees of Pinaceae and Fagaceae, exhibiting the characteristics of conifer-broadleaved mixed forest. However the upper layers of LAG forest were more diverse and mainly composed of various evergreen broad-leaved trees, such as Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Anacardiaceae, Hamamelidaceae, and Alangiaceae, and exhibiting the characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forest. The vertical stratification on the number of tree species and the number of individual trees was structured into two layers. The species of each layer were more diverse in LAG than in PLL, especially in the(1-5 m) layer and the canopy(higher than 15 m) layer. The DBH structure displayed an inverse "J" pattern, and the individuals were mainly concentrated in range from 1 to 8 cm of DBH in both PLL and LAG forests. The number of species and the number of individual trees of middle and large diameter classes were more in LAG than in PLL. In the PLL, P. massoniana was degrading due to the poor regeneration under forest, meanwhile, L. glaber and L. chinensis became dominating, reflecting succession direction from PLL to LAG. I the LAG degradation of P. massoniana was obvious, L. glaber and C. glauca became dominating, and C. lanceolata was relatively stable. The flora of the PLL and the LAG were mainly Pan tropical distribution of tropical elements, with clear transition from tropics to temperate. There were more tropical families, genera and species in the LAG than in the PLL. 【Conclusion】There were significant differences in the species composition and community structure between the PLL and the LAG. The study indicated that vegetation restoration in subtropical region should follow the succession dynamics of the community. For the P. massoniana conifer-broad leaved mixed forest at the middle succession stage, we should close hillsides for reforestation to allow its natural succession or use artificial intervention such as replanting of evergreen broad-leaved tree species, in order to shorten the duration of restoration, establish reasonable tree species composition and improve stand quality. By using the LAG as a basis, it was necessary to strengthen the utilization of the Pan-tropical distributed plants, and select broad-leaved tree species with similar origins and successions as the dominant species in the improvement of secondary forest or "conversion conifer forest to broadleaved forest".
引文
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