二维硼材料的理论和实验研究进展
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摘要
硼与其近邻元素碳一样形成sp~2杂化,易形成复杂的多面体结构。硼烯是硼元素的二维同素异形体,研究者们对其结构和物化特性一直有着浓厚的研究兴趣。由于其制备技术难以突破,长期以来该领域的研究只停留在理论探索上。最近,在铜、银基底上生长出了单层硼烯薄膜,并对其原子结构和光电特性进行了深入研究,这些实验研究为未来研制基于硼烯的高性能电子器件奠定了良好基础。本文首先介绍硼烯的理论研究进展,然后着重介绍二维硼实验制备及其光电性能表征等研究,并对当前国际上二维硼薄膜实验研究进展进行了总结和展望。
Boron,like its neighboring elemental carbon,forms sp~2 hybrids,which tends to form complex polyhedral structures. Borophene is a two ? dimensional allotrope of boron,and researchers have a strong interest in its structural and physicochemical properties. Since the preparation of borophene is very difficult,the study in this field has stayed on theoretical exploration for a long time. Recently,the boron monolayers has been successfully grown on Cu and Ag foils,and its atomic structure and photoelectric properties have also been systematically studied. These experimental studies have laid a good foundation for developing high?performance boron?based nanodevices. The theoretical research progress of borophene is firstly introduced.The preparation and properties of two?dimensional boron are described. Finally,the current research progress of two?dimensional boron thin film is summarized.
Boron,like its neighboring elemental carbon,forms sp~2 hybrids,which tends to form complex polyhedral structures. Borophene is a two ? dimensional allotrope of boron,and researchers have a strong interest in its structural and physicochemical properties. Since the preparation of borophene is very difficult,the study in this field has stayed on theoretical exploration for a long time. Recently,the boron monolayers has been successfully grown on Cu and Ag foils,and its atomic structure and photoelectric properties have also been systematically studied. These experimental studies have laid a good foundation for developing high?performance boron?based nanodevices. The theoretical research progress of borophene is firstly introduced.The preparation and properties of two?dimensional boron are described. Finally,the current research progress of two?dimensional boron thin film is summarized.
引文
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[3] DAVY H. The bakerian lecture. An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus,sulphur,carbonaceous matter,and the acids hitherto undecompounded;with some general observations on chemical theory[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1809,99:39?104.
[4] WEINTRAUB E. Preparation and properties of pure boron[J]. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society,1909,16:165?184.
[5] OGANOV A R,SOLOZHENKO V L. Boron:A hunt for superhard polymorphs[J]. Journal of Superhard Materials,2009,31(5):285?291.
[6] ZHANG Z H,YANG Y,GAO G Y,et al. Two?dimensional boron monolayers mediated by metal substrates[J]. Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2015,54(44):13022?13026.
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[9] BOUSTANI I. New quasi?planar surfaces of bare boron[J]. Surface Science,1997,370(2/3):355?363.
[10] ZHAI H J,KIRAN B,LI J,et al. Hydrocarbon analogues of boron clusters?planarity aromaticity and antiaromaticity[J]. Nature Materials,2003,2(12):827?833.
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[14] KUNSTMANN J,QUANDT A. Broad boron sheets and boron nanotubes:An AB initio study of structural,electronic,and mechanical properties[J].Physical Review B,2006,74(3):035413.
[15] TANG H,ISMAIL?BEIGI S. First?principles study of boron sheets and nanotubes[J]. Physical Review B,2010,82(11):15.
[16] TANG H,ISMAIL?BEIGI S. Novel precursors for boron nanotubes:The competition of two?center and three?center bonding in boron sheets[J]. Physical Review Letters,2007,99(11):115501.
[17] PENEV E S,BHOWMICK S,SADRZADEH A,et al. Polymorphism of two?dimensional boron[J]. Nano Letters,2012,12(5):2441?2445.
[18] WU X J,DAI J,ZHAO Y,et al. Two?dimensional boron monolayer sheets[J]. ACS Nano,2012,6(8):7443?7453.
[19] HUANG W,SERGEEVA A P,ZHAI H J,et al. A concentric planar doublyπ?aromatic B19?cluster[J].Nature Chemistry,2010,2(3):202.
[20] KIRAN B,BULUSU S,ZHAI H J,et al. Planar?to?tubular structural transition in boron clusters:B?20 as the embryo of single?walled boron nanotubes[J]. Pro?ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(4):961?964.
[21] ROMANESCU C,HARDING D J,FIELICKE A,et al. Probing the structures of neutral boron clusters using infrared/vacuum ultraviolet two color ionization:B?11,B?16,and B?17[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2012,137(1):014317.
[22] PIAZZA Z A,LI W L,ROMANESCU C,et al. A photoelectron spectroscopy and AB initio study of B21(?):Negatively charged boron clusters continue to be planar at 21[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2012,136(10):104310.
[23] SERGEEVA A P,PIAZZA Z A,ROMANESCU C,et al. B?22(?)and B?23(?):All?boron analogues of anthracene and phenanthrene[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134(43):18065?18073.
[24] YU X,LI L L,XU X W,et al. Prediction of two?dimensional boron sheets by particle swarm optimization algorithm[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2012,116(37):20075?20079.
[25] LU H G,MU Y W,BAI H,et al. Binary nature of monolayer boron sheets from AB initio global searches[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2013,138(2):024701.
[26] LIU H S,GAO J F,ZHAO J J. From boron cluster to two?dimensional boron sheet on Cu(111)surface:Growth mechanism and hole formation[J]. Scientific Reports,2013,3:3238.
[27] TANG H,ISMAIL?BEIGI S. Self?doping in boron sheets from first principles:A route to structural design of metal boride nanostructures[J]. Physical Review B,2009,80(13):134113.
[28] ZHANG Z H,SHIRODKAR S N,YANG Y,et al.Gate?voltage control of borophene structure formation[J]. Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2017,56(48):15421?15426.
[29] ZHAO Y F,BAN C M,XU Q A,et al. Charge?driven structural transformation and valence versatility of boron sheets in magnesium borides[J]. Physical Review B,2011,83(3):963?968.
[30] SUEHARA S, AIZAWA T, SASAKI T.Graphenelike surface boron layer:Structural phases on transition?metal diborides(0001)[J]. Physical Re?view B,2010,81(8):085423.
[31] QIN N,LIU S Y,LI Z,et al. First?principles studies for the stability of a graphene?like boron layer on CrB2(0001)and MoB2(0001)[J]. Journal of Physics:Condensed Matter,2011,23(22):225501.
[32] MANNIX A J,ZHOU X F,KIRALY B,et al.Synthesis of borophenes:Anisotropic,two?dimension?al boron polymorphs[J]. Science,2015,350(6267):1513?1516.
[33] FENG B J, ZHANG J, ZHONG Q, et al.Experimental realization of two?dimensional boron she?ets[J]. Nature Chemistry,2016,8(6):564?569.
[34] TAI G A,HU T S,ZHOU Y G,et al. Synthesis of atomically thin boron films on copper foils[J].Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2015,54(51):15473?15477.
[35] WANG X F,TAI G A,WU Z H,et al. Ultrathin molybdenum boride films for highly efficient catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Journal of Mat?erials Chemistry A,2017,5(45):23471?23475.
[36] WU R T,DROZDOV I K,ELTINGE S,et al.Large?area single?crystal sheets of borophene on Cu(111)surfaces[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2019,14(1):44?49.
[37] LI H L, JING L, LIU W W, et al. Scalable production of few?layer boron sheets by liquid?phase exfoliation and their superior supercapacitive performa?nce[J]. ACS Nano,2018,12(2):1262?1272.
[38] OTTEN C J, LOURIE O R, YU M F, et al.Crystalline boron nanowires[J]. Journal of the Amer?ican Chemical Society,2002,124(17):4564?4565.
[39] BELLOTT B J,NOH W,NUZZO R G,et al.Nanoenergetic materials:Boron nanoparticles from the pyrolysis of decaborane and their functionalisation[J]. Chemical Communications,2009,22:3214?3215.
[40] GE L H,LEI S D,HART A H C,et al. Synthesis and photocurrent of amorphous boron nanowires[J].Nanotechnology,2014,25(33):335701.
[41] LI X B,XIE S Y,ZHENG H,et al. Boron based two?dimensional crystals:Theoretical design,realization proposal and applications[J]. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(45):18863?18871.
[42] BEZUGLY V,KUNSTMANN J,GRUNDKOT?TER?STOCK B,et al. Highly conductive boron nano?tubes:Transport properties, work functions, and structural stabilities[J]. ACS Nano,2011,5(6):4997?5005.
[43] LI G Q. AB initio investigation of boron nanodevices:Conductances of the different geometric conformations[J]. Chinese Physical B,2010,19(1):017201.
[44] XU J,CHANG Y,GAN L,et al. Ultrathin single?crystalline boron nanosheets for enhanced electro?optical performances[J]. Advance Science,2015,2(6):1500023.
[45] WANG J,ZHAO H Y,LIU Y. Boron?double?ring sheet,fullerene,and nanotubes:Potential hydrogen storage materials[J]. ChemPhysChem,2014,15(16):3453?3459.
[46] PENG Q,HAN L,WEN X D,et al. Mechanical properties and stabilities ofα?boron monolayers[J].Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2015,17(3):2160?2168.
[2] DOGANOV R A,O’FARRELL1 E C T,KOENIG S P,et al. Transport properties of pristine few?layer black phosphorus by van der Waals passivation in an inert atmosphere[J]. Nature Communcations,2015,6:6647.
[3] DAVY H. The bakerian lecture. An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus,sulphur,carbonaceous matter,and the acids hitherto undecompounded;with some general observations on chemical theory[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1809,99:39?104.
[4] WEINTRAUB E. Preparation and properties of pure boron[J]. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society,1909,16:165?184.
[5] OGANOV A R,SOLOZHENKO V L. Boron:A hunt for superhard polymorphs[J]. Journal of Superhard Materials,2009,31(5):285?291.
[6] ZHANG Z H,YANG Y,GAO G Y,et al. Two?dimensional boron monolayers mediated by metal substrates[J]. Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2015,54(44):13022?13026.
[7] LIU Y Y,PENEV E S,YAKOBSON B I. Probing the synthesis of two?dimensional boron by first?principles computations[J]. Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2013,52(11):3156?3159.
[8] BOUSTANI I. Structure and stability of small boron clusters. A density functional theoretical study[J].Chemical Physics Letters,1995,240(1/2/3):135?140.
[9] BOUSTANI I. New quasi?planar surfaces of bare boron[J]. Surface Science,1997,370(2/3):355?363.
[10] ZHAI H J,KIRAN B,LI J,et al. Hydrocarbon analogues of boron clusters?planarity aromaticity and antiaromaticity[J]. Nature Materials,2003,2(12):827?833.
[11] ZHAI H J,ALEXANDROVA A N,BIRCH K A,et al. Hepta?and octacoordinate boron in molecular wheels of eight?and nine?atom boron clusters:Observ?ation and confirmation[J]. Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2003,42(48):6004?6008.
[12] ALEXANDROVA A N,BOLDYREV A I,ZHAI H J,et al. All?boron aromatic clusters as potential new inorganic ligands and building blocks in chemistry[J].Coordination Chemistry Reviews,2006,250(21/22):2811?2866.
[13] EVANS M H, JOANNOPOULOS J D,PANTELIDES S T. Electronic and mechanical properties of planar and tubular boron structures[J].Physical Review B,2005,72(4):045434.
[14] KUNSTMANN J,QUANDT A. Broad boron sheets and boron nanotubes:An AB initio study of structural,electronic,and mechanical properties[J].Physical Review B,2006,74(3):035413.
[15] TANG H,ISMAIL?BEIGI S. First?principles study of boron sheets and nanotubes[J]. Physical Review B,2010,82(11):15.
[16] TANG H,ISMAIL?BEIGI S. Novel precursors for boron nanotubes:The competition of two?center and three?center bonding in boron sheets[J]. Physical Review Letters,2007,99(11):115501.
[17] PENEV E S,BHOWMICK S,SADRZADEH A,et al. Polymorphism of two?dimensional boron[J]. Nano Letters,2012,12(5):2441?2445.
[18] WU X J,DAI J,ZHAO Y,et al. Two?dimensional boron monolayer sheets[J]. ACS Nano,2012,6(8):7443?7453.
[19] HUANG W,SERGEEVA A P,ZHAI H J,et al. A concentric planar doublyπ?aromatic B19?cluster[J].Nature Chemistry,2010,2(3):202.
[20] KIRAN B,BULUSU S,ZHAI H J,et al. Planar?to?tubular structural transition in boron clusters:B?20 as the embryo of single?walled boron nanotubes[J]. Pro?ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(4):961?964.
[21] ROMANESCU C,HARDING D J,FIELICKE A,et al. Probing the structures of neutral boron clusters using infrared/vacuum ultraviolet two color ionization:B?11,B?16,and B?17[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2012,137(1):014317.
[22] PIAZZA Z A,LI W L,ROMANESCU C,et al. A photoelectron spectroscopy and AB initio study of B21(?):Negatively charged boron clusters continue to be planar at 21[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2012,136(10):104310.
[23] SERGEEVA A P,PIAZZA Z A,ROMANESCU C,et al. B?22(?)and B?23(?):All?boron analogues of anthracene and phenanthrene[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012,134(43):18065?18073.
[24] YU X,LI L L,XU X W,et al. Prediction of two?dimensional boron sheets by particle swarm optimization algorithm[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2012,116(37):20075?20079.
[25] LU H G,MU Y W,BAI H,et al. Binary nature of monolayer boron sheets from AB initio global searches[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2013,138(2):024701.
[26] LIU H S,GAO J F,ZHAO J J. From boron cluster to two?dimensional boron sheet on Cu(111)surface:Growth mechanism and hole formation[J]. Scientific Reports,2013,3:3238.
[27] TANG H,ISMAIL?BEIGI S. Self?doping in boron sheets from first principles:A route to structural design of metal boride nanostructures[J]. Physical Review B,2009,80(13):134113.
[28] ZHANG Z H,SHIRODKAR S N,YANG Y,et al.Gate?voltage control of borophene structure formation[J]. Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2017,56(48):15421?15426.
[29] ZHAO Y F,BAN C M,XU Q A,et al. Charge?driven structural transformation and valence versatility of boron sheets in magnesium borides[J]. Physical Review B,2011,83(3):963?968.
[30] SUEHARA S, AIZAWA T, SASAKI T.Graphenelike surface boron layer:Structural phases on transition?metal diborides(0001)[J]. Physical Re?view B,2010,81(8):085423.
[31] QIN N,LIU S Y,LI Z,et al. First?principles studies for the stability of a graphene?like boron layer on CrB2(0001)and MoB2(0001)[J]. Journal of Physics:Condensed Matter,2011,23(22):225501.
[32] MANNIX A J,ZHOU X F,KIRALY B,et al.Synthesis of borophenes:Anisotropic,two?dimension?al boron polymorphs[J]. Science,2015,350(6267):1513?1516.
[33] FENG B J, ZHANG J, ZHONG Q, et al.Experimental realization of two?dimensional boron she?ets[J]. Nature Chemistry,2016,8(6):564?569.
[34] TAI G A,HU T S,ZHOU Y G,et al. Synthesis of atomically thin boron films on copper foils[J].Angewandte Chemie—International Edition,2015,54(51):15473?15477.
[35] WANG X F,TAI G A,WU Z H,et al. Ultrathin molybdenum boride films for highly efficient catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Journal of Mat?erials Chemistry A,2017,5(45):23471?23475.
[36] WU R T,DROZDOV I K,ELTINGE S,et al.Large?area single?crystal sheets of borophene on Cu(111)surfaces[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2019,14(1):44?49.
[37] LI H L, JING L, LIU W W, et al. Scalable production of few?layer boron sheets by liquid?phase exfoliation and their superior supercapacitive performa?nce[J]. ACS Nano,2018,12(2):1262?1272.
[38] OTTEN C J, LOURIE O R, YU M F, et al.Crystalline boron nanowires[J]. Journal of the Amer?ican Chemical Society,2002,124(17):4564?4565.
[39] BELLOTT B J,NOH W,NUZZO R G,et al.Nanoenergetic materials:Boron nanoparticles from the pyrolysis of decaborane and their functionalisation[J]. Chemical Communications,2009,22:3214?3215.
[40] GE L H,LEI S D,HART A H C,et al. Synthesis and photocurrent of amorphous boron nanowires[J].Nanotechnology,2014,25(33):335701.
[41] LI X B,XIE S Y,ZHENG H,et al. Boron based two?dimensional crystals:Theoretical design,realization proposal and applications[J]. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(45):18863?18871.
[42] BEZUGLY V,KUNSTMANN J,GRUNDKOT?TER?STOCK B,et al. Highly conductive boron nano?tubes:Transport properties, work functions, and structural stabilities[J]. ACS Nano,2011,5(6):4997?5005.
[43] LI G Q. AB initio investigation of boron nanodevices:Conductances of the different geometric conformations[J]. Chinese Physical B,2010,19(1):017201.
[44] XU J,CHANG Y,GAN L,et al. Ultrathin single?crystalline boron nanosheets for enhanced electro?optical performances[J]. Advance Science,2015,2(6):1500023.
[45] WANG J,ZHAO H Y,LIU Y. Boron?double?ring sheet,fullerene,and nanotubes:Potential hydrogen storage materials[J]. ChemPhysChem,2014,15(16):3453?3459.
[46] PENG Q,HAN L,WEN X D,et al. Mechanical properties and stabilities ofα?boron monolayers[J].Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2015,17(3):2160?2168.