中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x分布特征
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摘要
为了探究我国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x的分布特征,于2015年11月—2016年1月,利用中国极地科学考察船"雪龙号"的观测平台,采用Saltzman法对中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x日均浓度进行了监测.结果表明,中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气ρ(NO_x)的变化范围为0.001~0.038 mgm~3,ρ(NO)的变化范围为0.001~0.033 mgm~3,ρ(NO_2)的变化范围为0(未检出)~0.015 mgm~3.中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气中,NO是NO_x的主要成分.南极圈外海洋近地层大气中NO_x的分布特征显示距离陆地越近,ρ(NO_x)越高,NO_2NO(二者质量浓度比值)越大,反映出海陆差异及人为污染对海洋近地层大气的影响.远离陆地的南大洋航段ρ(NO_x)显示较低的大洋背景值.南桑威奇群岛的火山活动导致附近海域异常高浓度的NO_x分布,ρ(NO_x)最高值达0.160 mgm~3,ρ(NO)为0.145 mgm~3,ρ(NO_2)为0.015 mgm~3.西风带的阻隔导致该区域NO_x向周围扩散时,难以穿越西风带,向南极大陆边缘扩散的趋势更加强烈,影响大范围南大洋近地层大气NO_x分布.人为活动可能是南极半岛和中山站附近海洋近地层大气高ρ(NO_x)和高NO_2NO的原因之一.
To research the distribution characteristic of NO_xin the Surface Layer Atmosphere of Ocean in the route from the East China Sea to the Southern Ocean,the method of Saltzman were used to measure the daily average concentration of NO_xin‘XUE LONG’.Result showed that the daily average concentration of NO_xranged from 0.001 to 0.038 mgm~3,while the daily average concentration of NO ranged from 0.001 to 0.033 mgm~3and NO_2ranged from zero to 0.015 mgm~3.NO is the main component of NO_xin the surface layer atmosphere.The distribution characteristics of atmospheric NO_xin the surface layer atmosphere of ocean outside of Antarctic Circle show that the closer to the land,the higher concentration of NO_xand the larger value of NO_2NO.This reflects the influence of anthropogenic pollution on the surface layer atmosphere of ocean and the difference between mainland and the ocean.The concentration of NO_xof the Southern Ocean segment away from mainland showed lower ocean background.The distribution of concentration of NO_xis particularly high near the South Sandwich Islands caused by volcano activities.The concentration of NO_xreached 0.160 mgm~3while the concentration of NO reached 0.145 mgm~3and NO_2reached 0.015 mgm~3.NO_xcaused by volcano activities showed a strong trend to diffuse to the Antarctic continent edge and had a great influence on the Southern Ocean.It was isolated by westerly and affected the concentration distribution of NO_(x )in a wide range of the surface layer atmosphere of the Southern Ocean.The investigation may be one of the reasons of high concentration of NO_xand high value of NO_2NO in the surface layer atmosphere of the Southern Ocean near Antarctic Peninsula and Zhongshan Station.
To research the distribution characteristic of NO_xin the Surface Layer Atmosphere of Ocean in the route from the East China Sea to the Southern Ocean,the method of Saltzman were used to measure the daily average concentration of NO_xin‘XUE LONG’.Result showed that the daily average concentration of NO_xranged from 0.001 to 0.038 mgm~3,while the daily average concentration of NO ranged from 0.001 to 0.033 mgm~3and NO_2ranged from zero to 0.015 mgm~3.NO is the main component of NO_xin the surface layer atmosphere.The distribution characteristics of atmospheric NO_xin the surface layer atmosphere of ocean outside of Antarctic Circle show that the closer to the land,the higher concentration of NO_xand the larger value of NO_2NO.This reflects the influence of anthropogenic pollution on the surface layer atmosphere of ocean and the difference between mainland and the ocean.The concentration of NO_xof the Southern Ocean segment away from mainland showed lower ocean background.The distribution of concentration of NO_xis particularly high near the South Sandwich Islands caused by volcano activities.The concentration of NO_xreached 0.160 mgm~3while the concentration of NO reached 0.145 mgm~3and NO_2reached 0.015 mgm~3.NO_xcaused by volcano activities showed a strong trend to diffuse to the Antarctic continent edge and had a great influence on the Southern Ocean.It was isolated by westerly and affected the concentration distribution of NO_(x )in a wide range of the surface layer atmosphere of the Southern Ocean.The investigation may be one of the reasons of high concentration of NO_xand high value of NO_2NO in the surface layer atmosphere of the Southern Ocean near Antarctic Peninsula and Zhongshan Station.
引文
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[22]王娟,杨彬,程昕.沈阳区域环境空气中一氧化氮与二氧化氮时空分布规律[J].环境保护科学,2002,28(3):9-10.WANG Juan,YANG Bin,CHEN Xin.Space-time distribution regularty of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in atmosphere of Shenyang Urban District[J].Environmental Protection Science,2002,28(3):9-10.
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[27]TANG Y,CARMICHAEL G R,JUNG H W,et al.Influences of biomass burning during the transport and chemical evolution over the Pacific(TRACE-P)experiment identified by the regional chemical transport model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(21):1919-1964.
[28]DAVIS D,CHEN G,BUHR M J,et al.South Pole NOxchemistry:an assessment of factors controlling variability and absolute levels[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(32):5375-5388.
[29]PAERL H W.Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition:current perspectives[J].Ophelia,1995,41(1):237-259.
[30]TUNG K-K,贾朋群.南极臭氧变化是动力还是化学原因?[J].气象科技,1987,1(4):60-63.
[31]FREY M M,BROUGH N,FRANCE J L,et al.The diurnal variability of atmospheric nitrogen oxides(NO and NO2)above the Antarctic Plateau driven by atmospheric stability and snow emissions[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2013,13(6):3045-3062.
[32]CRAWFORD J H,DAVIS D D,CHEN G,et al.Evidence for photochemical production of ozone at the South Pole surface[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(28):3641-3644.
[33]ALLEN C S,SMELLIE J L.Volcanic features and the hydrological setting of Southern Thule,South Sandwich Islands[J].Antarctic Science,2008,20(3):301-308.
[34]GU L,BALDOCCHI D D,WOFSY S C,et al.Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption:enhanced photosynthesis[J].Science,2003,299(5615):2035-2038.
[35]JEFFERSON A,TANNER D J,EISELE F L,et al.OH photochemistry and methane sulfonic acid formation in the coastal Antarctic boundary layer[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1998,103(D1):1647-1656.
[36]JONES A E,WELLER R,WOLFF E W,et al.Speciation and rate of photochemical NO and NO2production in Antarctic snow[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(3):345-348.
[37]CRUTZEN P J,ARNOLD F.Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere:a major cause for the springtime‘ozone hole’[J].Nature,1986,324(6098):651-655.
[2]LEVY I I H.Normalatmosphere:large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted[J].Science,1971,173(3992):141-143.
[3]DENTENER F J,CRUTZEN P J.Reaction of N2O5on tropospheric aerosols-impact on the global distributions of NOx,O3and OH[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98(D4):7149-7163.
[4]NGUYEN Q T,GLASIUS M,SORENSEN L L,et al.Seasonal variation of atmospheric particle number concentrations,new particle formation and atmospheric oxidation capacity at the high Arctic site Villum Research Station,Station Nord[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2016,10(1):1-41.
[5]BIRMILI W,WEINHOLD K,NORDMANN S,et al.Atmospheric aerosol measurements in the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network(GUAN)[J].Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung Der Luft,2009,69(4):137-145.
[6]王永生.大气物理学[M].北京:气象出版社,1987.
[7]VINKEN G C M,BOERSMA K F,DONKELAAR V A,et al.Constraints on ship NOxemissions in Europe using GEOS Chem and OMI satellite NO2observations[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2014,14(3):1353-1369.
[8]CORBETT J J,KOEHLER H W.Updated emissions from ocean shipping[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(4650):87-107.
[9]王琦,高会旺,林绍迎.海洋大气边界层内臭氧和氮氧化物浓度日变化的模拟研究[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(6):9-14.WANG Qi,GAO Huiwang,LIN Shaoying.A simulation study of diurnal variation of ozone and NOxin marine atmospheric boundary layer[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2006,19(6):9-14.
[10]SOLOMON S.IPCC(2007):climate change the physical science basis[R].Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,2007.
[11]BOND D W,STEIGER S,ZHANG R,et al.The importance of NOx production by lightning in the tropics[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(9):1509-1519.
[12]GALANTER M,HIRAM LEVY I I,CARMICHAEL G R.Impacts of biomass burning on tropospheric CO,NOxand O3[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2000,105(D5):6633-6654.
[13]ALEXANDER L V,ALLEN S K,BINDOFF N L,et al.Climate change 2013:the physical science basis[R].Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,2013:191-210.
[14]张世国,苑克娥,胡顺星,等.北京地区大气臭氧与氮氧化物测量分析[J].大气与环境光学学报,2012,7(5):321-326.ZHANG Shiguo,YUAN Ke'e,HU Shunxing,et al.Analysis for atmospheric ozone and nitrogen oxide in Beijing area[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Environmental Optics,2012,7(5):321-326.
[15]杨雅琴,高会旺.青岛大气臭氧及其前体物时间变化与污染特征[J].气象与环境学报,2008,24(2):1-5.YANG Yaqin,GAO Huiwang.Dynamics of ozone and its precuisors in the atmosphere and their pollution charateristics in Qingdao,Shandong Province[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2008,24(2):1-5.
[16]但丽霞,石晓勇,梁生康,等.北黄海大气氮氧化物的季节分布[J].环境保护科学,2010,36(5):1-3.DAN Lixia,SHI Xiaoyong,LIANG Shengkang,et al.Seasonal distribution of NOxover the Northern Yellow Sea[J].Environmental Protection Science,2010,36(5):1-3.
[17]盛立芳,高会旺,张英娟,等.夏季渤海NOx,O3,SO2和CO浓度观测特征[J].环境科学,2002,23(6):31-35.SHENG Lifang,GAO Huiwang,ZHANG Yingjuan,et al.Observational characteristics of the concentrations of NOx,O3,SO2and CO over Bohai Sea in summer[J].Environmental Science,2002,23(6):31-35.
[18]COLLINS W J,STEVENSON D S,JOHNSON C E,et al.Tropospheric ozone in a global scale three dimensional Lagrangian model and its response to NOxemission controls[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,1997,26(3):223-274.
[19]BEELEN R,HOEK G,VIENNEAU D,et al.Development of NO2and NOxland use regression models for estimating air pollution exposure in 36 study areas in Europe the ESCAPE project[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,72:10-23.
[20]国家环境保护局.HJ 479—2009环境空气氮氧化物(一氧化氮和二氧化氮)的测定盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
[21]CARSLAW D C.Evidence of an increasing NO2NOxemissions ratio from road traffic emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(26):4793-4802.
[22]王娟,杨彬,程昕.沈阳区域环境空气中一氧化氮与二氧化氮时空分布规律[J].环境保护科学,2002,28(3):9-10.WANG Juan,YANG Bin,CHEN Xin.Space-time distribution regularty of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in atmosphere of Shenyang Urban District[J].Environmental Protection Science,2002,28(3):9-10.
[23]WILLIAMS E J,HUTCHINSON G L,FEHSENFELD F C.NOxand N2O emissions from soil[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1992,6(4):351-388.
[24]沈敏霞,曹军骥,张宁宁,等.西安市道路PM2.5NO2CO水平浓度分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(1):130-136.SHEN Minxia,CAO Junji,ZHANG Ningning,et al.Horizontal concentration distribution characteristics of PM2.5,NO2and CO on Xi'an roads[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1):130-136.
[25]LOGAN J A.Tropospheric ozone-seasonal behavior,trends,and anthropogenic influence[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1985,90(D6):10463-10482.
[26]LEVY H,MOXIM W J,KLONECKI A A,et al.Simulated tropospheric NOx:itsevaluation,global distribution and individual source contributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1999,1042(D21):26279-26306.
[27]TANG Y,CARMICHAEL G R,JUNG H W,et al.Influences of biomass burning during the transport and chemical evolution over the Pacific(TRACE-P)experiment identified by the regional chemical transport model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2003,108(21):1919-1964.
[28]DAVIS D,CHEN G,BUHR M J,et al.South Pole NOxchemistry:an assessment of factors controlling variability and absolute levels[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(32):5375-5388.
[29]PAERL H W.Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition:current perspectives[J].Ophelia,1995,41(1):237-259.
[30]TUNG K-K,贾朋群.南极臭氧变化是动力还是化学原因?[J].气象科技,1987,1(4):60-63.
[31]FREY M M,BROUGH N,FRANCE J L,et al.The diurnal variability of atmospheric nitrogen oxides(NO and NO2)above the Antarctic Plateau driven by atmospheric stability and snow emissions[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2013,13(6):3045-3062.
[32]CRAWFORD J H,DAVIS D D,CHEN G,et al.Evidence for photochemical production of ozone at the South Pole surface[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(28):3641-3644.
[33]ALLEN C S,SMELLIE J L.Volcanic features and the hydrological setting of Southern Thule,South Sandwich Islands[J].Antarctic Science,2008,20(3):301-308.
[34]GU L,BALDOCCHI D D,WOFSY S C,et al.Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption:enhanced photosynthesis[J].Science,2003,299(5615):2035-2038.
[35]JEFFERSON A,TANNER D J,EISELE F L,et al.OH photochemistry and methane sulfonic acid formation in the coastal Antarctic boundary layer[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1998,103(D1):1647-1656.
[36]JONES A E,WELLER R,WOLFF E W,et al.Speciation and rate of photochemical NO and NO2production in Antarctic snow[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(3):345-348.
[37]CRUTZEN P J,ARNOLD F.Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere:a major cause for the springtime‘ozone hole’[J].Nature,1986,324(6098):651-655.