广东河源断裂带地热成因及与构造关系初探
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摘要
广东省河源断裂带位于中国东南沿海地热异常区,地热资源十分丰富,但其形成机制和利用前景尚不确定。为此文章开展了多学科综合分析,获得以下初步认识:温泉是断裂带内深循环地下水被地温加热而成,断裂剪切热和花岗岩浆残余热的贡献基本可以排除;沿断裂展布的厚层硅化带是古水热活动的产物;硅化带形成时期的挤压应力方向为北东—南西,与河源断裂及河源盆地晚白垩世以来的伸展活动对应,现代构造应力场为北西西—南东东方向挤压,与古应力场相比发生了明显变化;现今构造应力场使得北东向河源断裂呈右旋挤压运动,而北西向断裂则发生左旋张剪,导致地下水循环格局也发生相应改变;目前温泉沿河源断裂呈带分布,沿北西向断裂呈线性溢出,断裂交汇部位是热泉上升的主要通道。总体而言,河源地区拥有令人鼓舞的地热资源及应用前景,有可能达到建设地热发电厂的目标。建议继续深入开展地质学、地球物理、水文地质学和地热成因机理等多学科综合研究,从而更好地定量评价地热潜能与开发前景。
Located in the geothermal anomaly area along the southeast coast of China, the Heyuan fault zone in Guangdong Province owns abundant geothermal resources. To investigate its potential, the mechanics and tectonic relationship to the geothermal field of the Heyuan fault zone in Guangdong Province are analysed. It is preliminarily believed that: 1) The origin of hot springs is mainly attributed to deep circulation of groundwater along the fault zone heated by the geothermal gradient; the contribution of shear heat and residual heat of granite magma can be eliminated. 2) The thick quartz reef distributed along the fault is the product of the ancient hydrothermal activity. 3) The direction of compressive stress during the formation of quartz reef is NE-SW, corresponding to the extension of the Heyuan fault and the Heyuan Basin since the Late Cretaceous. This is a marked change to the stress direction of the modern tectonic stress field of NWW-SEE. 4) The current tectonic stress field makes the NE Heyuan faults dextral trans-compressional, while the NW faults have left-lateral strike and tension, resulting in a corresponding change in the groundwater circulation pattern. 5) The hot springs are distributed along the Heyuan fault zone and aligned along the NW faults; the intersection of the faults is the channel through which hot springs rise. Overall, the Heyuan area has promising geothermal resources and potential to establish geothermal power plants. It is recommended that further multidisciplinary studies are carried out, including geology, geophysics, hydrogeology and geothermal.
Located in the geothermal anomaly area along the southeast coast of China, the Heyuan fault zone in Guangdong Province owns abundant geothermal resources. To investigate its potential, the mechanics and tectonic relationship to the geothermal field of the Heyuan fault zone in Guangdong Province are analysed. It is preliminarily believed that: 1) The origin of hot springs is mainly attributed to deep circulation of groundwater along the fault zone heated by the geothermal gradient; the contribution of shear heat and residual heat of granite magma can be eliminated. 2) The thick quartz reef distributed along the fault is the product of the ancient hydrothermal activity. 3) The direction of compressive stress during the formation of quartz reef is NE-SW, corresponding to the extension of the Heyuan fault and the Heyuan Basin since the Late Cretaceous. This is a marked change to the stress direction of the modern tectonic stress field of NWW-SEE. 4) The current tectonic stress field makes the NE Heyuan faults dextral trans-compressional, while the NW faults have left-lateral strike and tension, resulting in a corresponding change in the groundwater circulation pattern. 5) The hot springs are distributed along the Heyuan fault zone and aligned along the NW faults; the intersection of the faults is the channel through which hot springs rise. Overall, the Heyuan area has promising geothermal resources and potential to establish geothermal power plants. It is recommended that further multidisciplinary studies are carried out, including geology, geophysics, hydrogeology and geothermal.
引文
[1] LUND J W,BOYD T L.Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress.Melbourne,Australia,2015.
[2] BERTANI R.Geothermal power generation in the world 2010-2014 update report[J].Geothermics,2016,60:31-43.
[3] 陈墨香.中国地热资源的分布及其开发利用[J].自然资源,1992,7(3):40-46,58.CHEN Moxiang.Geothermal distribution and utilities in China[J].Advances of Earth Sciences,1992,7(3):40-46,58.(in Chinese)
[4] 汪集旸,胡圣标,庞忠和,等.中国大陆干热岩地热资源潜力评估[J].科技导报,2012,30(32):25-31.WANG Jiyang,HU Shengbiao,PANG Zhonghe,et al.Estimate of geothermal resources potential for hot dry rock in the continental area of China[J].Science & Technology Review,2012,30(32):25-31.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] WAN T F.The tectonics of China:data,maps and evolution[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2012.
[6] WANG A D,SUN Z X,HU B Q,et al.Guangdong,a potential province for developing hot dry rock geothermal resource[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,492:583-585.
[7] LIU R X,XIE G H,ZHOU X H,et al.Tectonic environments of cenozoic volcanic rocks in china and characteristics of the source regions in the mantle[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,1995,14(4):289-302.
[8] 王霄飞,余珊,龚跃华,等.华南北东向断裂在南海北部陆架的延伸[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,38(03):557-570.Wang Xiao Fei,Yu Shan,Gong Yue Hua,et al.Extension of NE-trending faults in south china to northern south china sea continental shelf [J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2014,38 (3):557-570 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] CHENG H H,ZHANG H,ZHU B J,et al.Finite element investigation of the poroelastic effect on the Xinfengjiang reservoir-triggered earthquake[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2012,55(12):1942-1952.
[10] CHEN L,TALWANI P.Reservoir-induced seismicity in China[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1998,153(1):133-149.
[11] QIU X,FENTON C.Factors controlling the occurrence of reservoir-induced seismicity[C]//Lollino G.Engineering Geology for Society and Territory.Cham:Springer,2015,6:567-570.
[12] LEE C F,YE H,ZHOU Q.On the potential seismic hazard in Hong Kong[J].Episodes,1997,20(2):89-94.
[13] 刘大任.邵武-河源断裂带活动性及分段评价[J].地质力学学报,1997,3(2):54-60.LIU Daren.Segmentation of the Shaowu Heyuan fault zone and their activity assessment[J].Journal of Geomechanics,1997,3(2):54-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14] 邹和平,彭樊源,苏章歆,等.河源伸展剥离断层(博罗-龙川段)及其第四纪活动特征[J].华南地震,2010,30(S1):1-9.ZOU Heping,PENG Fanyuan,SU Zhangxin,et al.Discussions on the Heyuan extensional detachment fault from Boluo to Longchuan and its quaternary activities[J].South China Journal of Seismology,2010,30(S1):1-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15] REGENAUER-LIEB K,VEVEAKIS M,POULET T,et al.Stimulating granites:from synchrotron microtomography to enhancing reservoirs[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015.Melbourne,Australia,2015.
[16] QIU X L,WANG Y,WANG Z Z,et al.Determining the origin,circulation path and residence time of geothermal groundwater using multiple isotopic techniques in the Heyuan Fault Zone of Southern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,567:339-350.
[17] HU S B,HE L J,WANG J Y.Heat flow in the continental area of China:A new data set[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(2):407-419.
[18] WANG G,LI K,WEN D,et al.Assessment of geothermal resources in China[C]//Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering.California:Stanford University,Stanford,2013,10.
[19] 田春艳.广东省中高温地热资源勘查与开发利用建议[J].地下水,2012,34(4):61-63.TIAN Chunyan.Suggestions on the exploration and development of high temperature geothermal resources in Guangdong province[J].Groundwater,2012,34(4):61-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] XI Y,WANG Y,HU X,et al.Geothermal structure revealed by Curie isotherm surface in Guangdong province[C]//International Workshop and Gravity,Electrical & Magnetic Methods and their Applications.Chengdu,China,2015:189-192.
[21] MAO X M,WANG Y X,ZHAN H B,et al.Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal springs hosted by deep-seated faults in Dongguan Basin,Southern China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2015,158:112-121.
[22] LACHENBRUCH A H,SASS J H.Heat flow and the thermal regime of the crust[C]//HEACOCK J G.The Earth’s Crust,Its Nature and Physical Properties.Washington,D.C:American Geophysical Union,1977:626-675.
[23] VIGNERESSE J L,CUNEY M.Are granites representative of heat flow provinces.Terrestrial heat flow and the lithosphere structure[M].Berlin:Springer,1991.
[24] SUN Z X,WANG A D,LIU J H,et al.Radiogenic heat production of granites and potential for hot dry rock geothermal resource in Guangdong province,Southern China[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015.Melbourne,Australia,2015.
[25] RYBACH L.Determination of heat production rate[C]//H?NEL R,RYBACK L,STEGENA L.Handbook of Terrestrial Heat Flow Density Determination.Dordrecht:Kluwer,1988,125-142.
[26] ZHANG Y,YANG J H,SUN J F,et al.Petrogenesis of Jurassic fractionated I-type granites in Southeast China:Constraints from whole-rock geochemical and zircon U-Pb and Hf-O isotopes[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,111:268-283.
[27] BIRCH F,ROY R F,DECKER E R.Heat flow and thermal history in New York and New England[C]//ZEN F A,WHITE W S,HADLEY J B,et al.Studies of Appalachian Geology:Northern and Maritime.New York:Interscience Jr,1968:437-451.
[28] WEBB P C,LEE M K,BROWN G C.Heat flow-heat production relationships in the UK and the vertical distribution of heat production in granite batholiths[J].Geophysical Research Letter,1987,14(3):279-282.
[29] 钟建强,周蒂.华南沿海温泉分布与地震活动关系初探[J].华南地震,1990,10(4):22-29.ZHONG Jianqiang,ZHOU Di.A preliminary study of the relationship between the distribution of hot springs and the activity of earthquakes along south China coast[J].South China Journal of Seismology,1990,10(4):22-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30] SIBSON R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1977,133(3):191-213.
[31] SIBSON R H.Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1983,140(5):741-767.
[32] ZHAO B,BAI Z M,XU T,et al.Lithological model of the South China crust based on integrated geophysical data[J].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2013,10(2):25005.
[33] 广东省地质矿产局.广东省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,1988.Geological Bureau of Guangdong Province.The geology of Guangdong Province[M].Beijing:Geological Press,1998.(in Chinese)
[34] 饶春涛,李平鲁.珠江口盆地热流研究[J].中国海上油气(地质),1991,5(6):7-18.RAO Chuntao,LI Pinglu.Study of heat flux in basins around the Pearl river delta[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas (Geology),1991,5(6):7-18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[35] 王妙月,杨懋源,胡毓良,等.新丰江水库地震的震源机制及其成因初步探讨[J].地球物理学报,1976,17(1):1-17.WANG Miaoyue,YANG Maoyuan,HU Yuliang,et al.Mechanism of the reservoir impounding earthquakes at Xinfengjiang and a preliminary endeavour to discuss their cause[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1976,19(1):1-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[36] 陈伟光.华南沿海沉积盆地的新构造运动及其与地震的关系[J].华南地震,1995,15(2):55-61.CHEN Weiguang.On the relation between earthquake and neotectonic movement of depositional basins in coastal area of south China[J].South China Journal of Seismology,1995,15(2):55-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[37] CHADWICK R A,LEONARD R B.Structural controls of hot-spring systems on southwestern Montana[M/OL].USGS Open-File Report 79-1333.U.S.Geological Survey,1979.https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1343/report.pdf.
[38] CUREWITZ D,KARSON J A.Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow:Fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,1997,79(3-4):149-168.
[39] PERSON M,HOFSTRA A,SWEETKIND D,et al.Analytical and numerical models of hydrothermal fluid flow at fault intersections[J].Geofluids,2012,12(4):312-326.
[40] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.地热资源地质探勘规范:GB/T 11615—2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.General administration of quality supervision,inspection and quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization administration.Code for geological exploration of geothermal Resources:GB/T 11615—2010[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011.(in Chinese)
[2] BERTANI R.Geothermal power generation in the world 2010-2014 update report[J].Geothermics,2016,60:31-43.
[3] 陈墨香.中国地热资源的分布及其开发利用[J].自然资源,1992,7(3):40-46,58.CHEN Moxiang.Geothermal distribution and utilities in China[J].Advances of Earth Sciences,1992,7(3):40-46,58.(in Chinese)
[4] 汪集旸,胡圣标,庞忠和,等.中国大陆干热岩地热资源潜力评估[J].科技导报,2012,30(32):25-31.WANG Jiyang,HU Shengbiao,PANG Zhonghe,et al.Estimate of geothermal resources potential for hot dry rock in the continental area of China[J].Science & Technology Review,2012,30(32):25-31.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] WAN T F.The tectonics of China:data,maps and evolution[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2012.
[6] WANG A D,SUN Z X,HU B Q,et al.Guangdong,a potential province for developing hot dry rock geothermal resource[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,492:583-585.
[7] LIU R X,XIE G H,ZHOU X H,et al.Tectonic environments of cenozoic volcanic rocks in china and characteristics of the source regions in the mantle[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,1995,14(4):289-302.
[8] 王霄飞,余珊,龚跃华,等.华南北东向断裂在南海北部陆架的延伸[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,38(03):557-570.Wang Xiao Fei,Yu Shan,Gong Yue Hua,et al.Extension of NE-trending faults in south china to northern south china sea continental shelf [J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2014,38 (3):557-570 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] CHENG H H,ZHANG H,ZHU B J,et al.Finite element investigation of the poroelastic effect on the Xinfengjiang reservoir-triggered earthquake[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2012,55(12):1942-1952.
[10] CHEN L,TALWANI P.Reservoir-induced seismicity in China[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1998,153(1):133-149.
[11] QIU X,FENTON C.Factors controlling the occurrence of reservoir-induced seismicity[C]//Lollino G.Engineering Geology for Society and Territory.Cham:Springer,2015,6:567-570.
[12] LEE C F,YE H,ZHOU Q.On the potential seismic hazard in Hong Kong[J].Episodes,1997,20(2):89-94.
[13] 刘大任.邵武-河源断裂带活动性及分段评价[J].地质力学学报,1997,3(2):54-60.LIU Daren.Segmentation of the Shaowu Heyuan fault zone and their activity assessment[J].Journal of Geomechanics,1997,3(2):54-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14] 邹和平,彭樊源,苏章歆,等.河源伸展剥离断层(博罗-龙川段)及其第四纪活动特征[J].华南地震,2010,30(S1):1-9.ZOU Heping,PENG Fanyuan,SU Zhangxin,et al.Discussions on the Heyuan extensional detachment fault from Boluo to Longchuan and its quaternary activities[J].South China Journal of Seismology,2010,30(S1):1-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15] REGENAUER-LIEB K,VEVEAKIS M,POULET T,et al.Stimulating granites:from synchrotron microtomography to enhancing reservoirs[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015.Melbourne,Australia,2015.
[16] QIU X L,WANG Y,WANG Z Z,et al.Determining the origin,circulation path and residence time of geothermal groundwater using multiple isotopic techniques in the Heyuan Fault Zone of Southern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,567:339-350.
[17] HU S B,HE L J,WANG J Y.Heat flow in the continental area of China:A new data set[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(2):407-419.
[18] WANG G,LI K,WEN D,et al.Assessment of geothermal resources in China[C]//Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering.California:Stanford University,Stanford,2013,10.
[19] 田春艳.广东省中高温地热资源勘查与开发利用建议[J].地下水,2012,34(4):61-63.TIAN Chunyan.Suggestions on the exploration and development of high temperature geothermal resources in Guangdong province[J].Groundwater,2012,34(4):61-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] XI Y,WANG Y,HU X,et al.Geothermal structure revealed by Curie isotherm surface in Guangdong province[C]//International Workshop and Gravity,Electrical & Magnetic Methods and their Applications.Chengdu,China,2015:189-192.
[21] MAO X M,WANG Y X,ZHAN H B,et al.Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal springs hosted by deep-seated faults in Dongguan Basin,Southern China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2015,158:112-121.
[22] LACHENBRUCH A H,SASS J H.Heat flow and the thermal regime of the crust[C]//HEACOCK J G.The Earth’s Crust,Its Nature and Physical Properties.Washington,D.C:American Geophysical Union,1977:626-675.
[23] VIGNERESSE J L,CUNEY M.Are granites representative of heat flow provinces.Terrestrial heat flow and the lithosphere structure[M].Berlin:Springer,1991.
[24] SUN Z X,WANG A D,LIU J H,et al.Radiogenic heat production of granites and potential for hot dry rock geothermal resource in Guangdong province,Southern China[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015.Melbourne,Australia,2015.
[25] RYBACH L.Determination of heat production rate[C]//H?NEL R,RYBACK L,STEGENA L.Handbook of Terrestrial Heat Flow Density Determination.Dordrecht:Kluwer,1988,125-142.
[26] ZHANG Y,YANG J H,SUN J F,et al.Petrogenesis of Jurassic fractionated I-type granites in Southeast China:Constraints from whole-rock geochemical and zircon U-Pb and Hf-O isotopes[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,111:268-283.
[27] BIRCH F,ROY R F,DECKER E R.Heat flow and thermal history in New York and New England[C]//ZEN F A,WHITE W S,HADLEY J B,et al.Studies of Appalachian Geology:Northern and Maritime.New York:Interscience Jr,1968:437-451.
[28] WEBB P C,LEE M K,BROWN G C.Heat flow-heat production relationships in the UK and the vertical distribution of heat production in granite batholiths[J].Geophysical Research Letter,1987,14(3):279-282.
[29] 钟建强,周蒂.华南沿海温泉分布与地震活动关系初探[J].华南地震,1990,10(4):22-29.ZHONG Jianqiang,ZHOU Di.A preliminary study of the relationship between the distribution of hot springs and the activity of earthquakes along south China coast[J].South China Journal of Seismology,1990,10(4):22-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30] SIBSON R H.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1977,133(3):191-213.
[31] SIBSON R H.Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1983,140(5):741-767.
[32] ZHAO B,BAI Z M,XU T,et al.Lithological model of the South China crust based on integrated geophysical data[J].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2013,10(2):25005.
[33] 广东省地质矿产局.广东省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,1988.Geological Bureau of Guangdong Province.The geology of Guangdong Province[M].Beijing:Geological Press,1998.(in Chinese)
[34] 饶春涛,李平鲁.珠江口盆地热流研究[J].中国海上油气(地质),1991,5(6):7-18.RAO Chuntao,LI Pinglu.Study of heat flux in basins around the Pearl river delta[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas (Geology),1991,5(6):7-18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[35] 王妙月,杨懋源,胡毓良,等.新丰江水库地震的震源机制及其成因初步探讨[J].地球物理学报,1976,17(1):1-17.WANG Miaoyue,YANG Maoyuan,HU Yuliang,et al.Mechanism of the reservoir impounding earthquakes at Xinfengjiang and a preliminary endeavour to discuss their cause[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1976,19(1):1-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[36] 陈伟光.华南沿海沉积盆地的新构造运动及其与地震的关系[J].华南地震,1995,15(2):55-61.CHEN Weiguang.On the relation between earthquake and neotectonic movement of depositional basins in coastal area of south China[J].South China Journal of Seismology,1995,15(2):55-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[37] CHADWICK R A,LEONARD R B.Structural controls of hot-spring systems on southwestern Montana[M/OL].USGS Open-File Report 79-1333.U.S.Geological Survey,1979.https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1343/report.pdf.
[38] CUREWITZ D,KARSON J A.Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow:Fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,1997,79(3-4):149-168.
[39] PERSON M,HOFSTRA A,SWEETKIND D,et al.Analytical and numerical models of hydrothermal fluid flow at fault intersections[J].Geofluids,2012,12(4):312-326.
[40] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.地热资源地质探勘规范:GB/T 11615—2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.General administration of quality supervision,inspection and quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization administration.Code for geological exploration of geothermal Resources:GB/T 11615—2010[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011.(in Chinese)