西北地区土壤低温处理对南方根结线虫越冬的影响
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摘要
冬季土壤温度是制约南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)越冬的关键环境因子,研究土壤低温对南方根结线虫越冬的影响,有助于对制约南方根结线虫越冬的其他环境因子进行深入研究,为进一步制定防治措施提供理论依据。在室内条件下,探明南方根结线虫致死低温和时间;在田间条件下,通过自动温度记录仪,从2012-2014年的每年冬季(11月至次年2月),对陕西省延安、大荔、杨凌和丹凤4个生态区样地露地、拱棚、温室3种种植模式下的土壤温度进行数据采集,并在次年春季调查各样地的蔬菜发病率及根结指数,阐明不同纬度的生态区及不同种植模式土壤温度对南方根结线虫越冬的影响。研究结果表明,(1)南方根结线虫在-1℃下持续32d以上时无法越冬。(2)陕西省1月土壤平均温度与根结指数线性相关,土壤平均温度在6℃以下时,对南方根结线虫的发生可起到抑制作用。(3)在延安地区南方根结线虫仅能通过温室条件下越冬,在杨凌、大荔和丹凤地区,南方根结线虫可在3种种植模式下越冬。因此,在陕西省延安以北地区,冬季通过土壤低温处理方法对南方根结线虫进行物理防治,能达到较好的防治效果。
Soil temperature in winter is a key climate factor to restrict overwintering of Meloidogyne incognita.The effect of soil temperature on overwintering of M.incognitacould help study other factors which restrict overwintering of the nametode,and also provide a theoretical basis for finding control measures furtherly.The lethal temperature and time for M.incognita were founded in the laboratory;under the condition of 3 planting modes,by use of temperaturschreiber,we collected the data of soil temperature from four plots of ecological areas(open field,plastic house and greenhouse)in Yan'an,Dali,Yangling and Danfeng of Shaanxi Province in winter(November to February of next year)from 2012 to 2014,we also investigated the vegetable disease rate and root-knot index in the following spring and the effect of soil temperature under three cultivation conditions of various latitudinal ecological regions on overwintering of M.incognita.The results showed that:(1)M.incognitacould not overwinter if the temperature remained at -1 ℃for more than 32 days.(2)The relationship between root-knot index and soil temperature in January was linear,and the occurrence of M.incognita could be inhibited if soil temperature was below 6℃in Shaanxi province.(3)M.incognitacould only overwinter in greenhouse in Yan'an,while it could overwinter under all the three cultivation conditions in Yangling,Dali and Danfeng.In conclusion,treatment of soil low termperature had a better effect for controlling Meloidogyne incognitain winder of north area in Yan'an.
Soil temperature in winter is a key climate factor to restrict overwintering of Meloidogyne incognita.The effect of soil temperature on overwintering of M.incognitacould help study other factors which restrict overwintering of the nametode,and also provide a theoretical basis for finding control measures furtherly.The lethal temperature and time for M.incognita were founded in the laboratory;under the condition of 3 planting modes,by use of temperaturschreiber,we collected the data of soil temperature from four plots of ecological areas(open field,plastic house and greenhouse)in Yan'an,Dali,Yangling and Danfeng of Shaanxi Province in winter(November to February of next year)from 2012 to 2014,we also investigated the vegetable disease rate and root-knot index in the following spring and the effect of soil temperature under three cultivation conditions of various latitudinal ecological regions on overwintering of M.incognita.The results showed that:(1)M.incognitacould not overwinter if the temperature remained at -1 ℃for more than 32 days.(2)The relationship between root-knot index and soil temperature in January was linear,and the occurrence of M.incognita could be inhibited if soil temperature was below 6℃in Shaanxi province.(3)M.incognitacould only overwinter in greenhouse in Yan'an,while it could overwinter under all the three cultivation conditions in Yangling,Dali and Danfeng.In conclusion,treatment of soil low termperature had a better effect for controlling Meloidogyne incognitain winder of north area in Yan'an.
引文
[1]MAI W F.Plant Parasite Nematode:Their Threat to Agriculture,in Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne[M].NC:North Carolina State University Graphics Raleigh,1985:112-117.
[2]彭德良.蔬菜病虫害的综合治理(10)-蔬菜线虫病害的发生和防治[J].中国蔬菜,1998(4):57-58.PENG D L.Integrated control of vegetable pests(10):occurrence and control of vegetable nematode[J].China Vegetables,1998(4):57-58.
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[4]赵磊,段玉玺,白春明,等.辽宁省根结线虫发生种类与分布[J].湖北农业科学,2010,49(4):865-868.ZHAO L,DUAN Y X,BAI CH M,et al.Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode in Liaoning province[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2010,49(4):865-868.
[5]李惠琴,成巨龙,冯崇川.陕西烟草根结线虫病调查鉴定初报[J].陕西农业科学,1992(2):29.LI H Q,CHENG J L,FENG CH CH.A preliminary study on the investigation and identification of tobacco root-knot nematodes in Shaanxi[J].Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences,1992(2):29.
[6]陈志杰,张锋,梁银丽,等.陕西设施蔬菜根结线虫病流行因素与控制对策[J].西北农业学报,2004,14(3):32-37.CHEN ZH J,ZHANG F,LIANG Y L,et al.Epidemic factors and control countermeasures of root-knot nematodes in install vegetables of Shaanxi[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2004,14(3):32-37.
[7]廖月华,陈须文.蔬菜根结线虫病发生规律研究[J].江西农业大学学报,1996,18(1):101-105.LIAO Y H,CHEN X W.Studies on the occurrence of vegetable root knot nematode[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis,1996,18(1):101-105.
[8]刘维志.植物病原线虫学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.LIU W ZH.Plant Nematology[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[9]TSAI B Y.Effect of temperature on the survival of Meloidogyne incognita[J].Plant Pathology Bulletin,2008,17(3):203-208.
[10]PLOEG A T,MARIS P C.Effects of temperature on the duration of the life cycle of a Meloidogyne incognita population[J].Nematology,1999,1(4):389-393.
[11]SAYRE R M.Winter survival of root-knot nematodes in Southwestern Ontario[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1963,43(3):361-364.
[12]SAYRE R M.Cold-hardiness of nematodesⅠ.Effects of rapid freezing on the eggs and larvae of Meloidogyne incognitaand M.hapla[J].Nematologica,1964,10(1):168-179.
[13]JOHNSON P W,POTTER J W.Winter survival of rootknot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita and M.Hapla)under selected host crops in Southern Ontario[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1980,60(1):203-207.
[14]BARKER K R,NUSBAUM C J,NELSON L A.Effects of storage temperature and extraction procedure on recovery of plant-parasitic nematodes from field soils[J].Journal of Nematology,1969,1(3):240-247.
[15]HOGGER C H,JOHNSON A W,ESTEY R H.Failure of Meloidogyne incognitato overwinter in Quebec[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1979,59(1):271-273.
[16]陈立杰,魏峰,段玉玺,等.温湿度对南方根结线虫卵孵化和二龄幼虫的影响[J].植物保护,2009,35(2):48-52.CHEN L J,WEI F,DUAN Y X,et al.Effects of temperature and moisture on egg hatching and the second instars of Meloidogyne incognita[J].Plant Protection,2009,35(2):48-52.
[17]陈立杰,魏峰,陈井生,等.土壤温湿度对南方根结线虫侵染能力的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(6):1375-1377.CHEN L J,WEI F,CHEN J SH,et al.Effects of temperature and humidity on the infectivity of Meloidogyne incognita[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2009,48(6):1375-1377.
[18]王延红,钱秀娟,葛俊杰,等.温度对南方根结线虫存活的影响[J].甘肃农业科学,2016(7):43-47.WANG Y H,QIAN X J,GE J J,et al.Effects of temperature on the survival of Meloidogyne inicognita[J].Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(7):43-47.
[19]孟莎莎,向太和,程慢成.一种利用黄瓜苗繁殖根结线虫的方法[J].杭州师范大学学报,2011,10(1):56-58.MENG SH SH,XIANG T H,CHENG M CH.A method to breed root knot nematode by cucumber seedling[J].Journal of Hangzhou Normal University,2011,10(1):56-58.
[20]张锋,李英梅,洪波,等.温度和初始接种量对南方根结线虫侵染力的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(12):1631-1635.ZHANG F,LI Y M,HONG B,et al.Effects of temperature and initial inoculation density on root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita)infection ability[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(12):1631-1635.
[21]肖炎农,王明祖,付艳平,等.蔬菜根结线虫病情分级方法比较[J].华中农业大学学报,2000,19(4):336-338.XIAO Y N,WANG M Z,FU Y P,et al.Comparison of different methods to estimate root-knot nematode disease grade[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2000,19(4):336-338.
[22]张锋,张彦龙,洪波,等.陕西设施蔬菜根结线虫的种类鉴定及分布[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(12):178-182.ZHANG F,ZHANG Y L,HONG B,et al.Species identification and distribution of root-knot nematodes on greenhouse vegetables in Shaanxi Province[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2011,20(12):178-182.
[23]SANTMEYER P H.A comparison of the thermal death time of two dissimilar species of nematodes:Panagrellus redivivis(Linn,1767)Goodey 1945,and Meloidogyne incognita var[J].The Helminthological Society of Washington,1955,22(1):16-21.
[24]陈志杰,张淑莲,张锋,等.温度处理对温室黄瓜根结线虫病的控制效果研究[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(4):177-180.CHEN ZH J,ZHANG SH L,ZHANG F,et al.Control effects of different temperature on the cucumber root knot nematodes disease in solar greenhouse[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2008,17(4):177-180.
[25]景晓红,康乐.昆虫耐寒性的测定与评价方法[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(1):7-10.JING X H,KANG L.Overview and evaluation of research methodology for insect cold hardiness[J].Entomological Knowledge,2004,41(1):7-10.
[26]王如松,兰仲雄,丁岩钦.昆虫发育速率与温度关系的数学模型研究[J].生态学报,1982,2(1):47-56.WANG R S,LAN ZH X,DING Y Q.Studies on mathematical models of the relationship between insect development and temperature[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1982,2(1):47-56.
[27]戴素明,成新跃,肖启明,等.线虫耐寒性研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3885-3890.DAI S M,CHENG X Y,XIAO Q M,et al.Research progress in nematode cold tolerance[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3885-3890.
[28]TAYLOR A L,SASSER J N.Biology,Identification and Control of Root-knot Nematodes(Meloidogyne Species)[M].Raleigh,NC:United States Agency for International Development,1978.
[29]陕西省政府办公厅.陕西省生态功能区划[EB/OL].陕西省人民政府门户网站.[2004-11-17].http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/0/104/2627.htm.General Office of the Provincial Government.The ecological function regionalization of Shaanxi Province[EB/OL].The people’s Government of Shaanxi Province.[2004-11-17].http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/0/104/2627.htm.
[2]彭德良.蔬菜病虫害的综合治理(10)-蔬菜线虫病害的发生和防治[J].中国蔬菜,1998(4):57-58.PENG D L.Integrated control of vegetable pests(10):occurrence and control of vegetable nematode[J].China Vegetables,1998(4):57-58.
[3]孙运达,王献杰.蔬菜地根结线虫病的发生特点及综防技术[J].中国蔬菜,1996(6):36-37.SUN Y D,WANG X J.Occurrence characteristics and comprehensive control of root-knot nematode in vegetable field[J].China Vegetables,1996(6):36-37.
[4]赵磊,段玉玺,白春明,等.辽宁省根结线虫发生种类与分布[J].湖北农业科学,2010,49(4):865-868.ZHAO L,DUAN Y X,BAI CH M,et al.Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode in Liaoning province[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2010,49(4):865-868.
[5]李惠琴,成巨龙,冯崇川.陕西烟草根结线虫病调查鉴定初报[J].陕西农业科学,1992(2):29.LI H Q,CHENG J L,FENG CH CH.A preliminary study on the investigation and identification of tobacco root-knot nematodes in Shaanxi[J].Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences,1992(2):29.
[6]陈志杰,张锋,梁银丽,等.陕西设施蔬菜根结线虫病流行因素与控制对策[J].西北农业学报,2004,14(3):32-37.CHEN ZH J,ZHANG F,LIANG Y L,et al.Epidemic factors and control countermeasures of root-knot nematodes in install vegetables of Shaanxi[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2004,14(3):32-37.
[7]廖月华,陈须文.蔬菜根结线虫病发生规律研究[J].江西农业大学学报,1996,18(1):101-105.LIAO Y H,CHEN X W.Studies on the occurrence of vegetable root knot nematode[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis,1996,18(1):101-105.
[8]刘维志.植物病原线虫学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.LIU W ZH.Plant Nematology[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[9]TSAI B Y.Effect of temperature on the survival of Meloidogyne incognita[J].Plant Pathology Bulletin,2008,17(3):203-208.
[10]PLOEG A T,MARIS P C.Effects of temperature on the duration of the life cycle of a Meloidogyne incognita population[J].Nematology,1999,1(4):389-393.
[11]SAYRE R M.Winter survival of root-knot nematodes in Southwestern Ontario[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1963,43(3):361-364.
[12]SAYRE R M.Cold-hardiness of nematodesⅠ.Effects of rapid freezing on the eggs and larvae of Meloidogyne incognitaand M.hapla[J].Nematologica,1964,10(1):168-179.
[13]JOHNSON P W,POTTER J W.Winter survival of rootknot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita and M.Hapla)under selected host crops in Southern Ontario[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1980,60(1):203-207.
[14]BARKER K R,NUSBAUM C J,NELSON L A.Effects of storage temperature and extraction procedure on recovery of plant-parasitic nematodes from field soils[J].Journal of Nematology,1969,1(3):240-247.
[15]HOGGER C H,JOHNSON A W,ESTEY R H.Failure of Meloidogyne incognitato overwinter in Quebec[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1979,59(1):271-273.
[16]陈立杰,魏峰,段玉玺,等.温湿度对南方根结线虫卵孵化和二龄幼虫的影响[J].植物保护,2009,35(2):48-52.CHEN L J,WEI F,DUAN Y X,et al.Effects of temperature and moisture on egg hatching and the second instars of Meloidogyne incognita[J].Plant Protection,2009,35(2):48-52.
[17]陈立杰,魏峰,陈井生,等.土壤温湿度对南方根结线虫侵染能力的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(6):1375-1377.CHEN L J,WEI F,CHEN J SH,et al.Effects of temperature and humidity on the infectivity of Meloidogyne incognita[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2009,48(6):1375-1377.
[18]王延红,钱秀娟,葛俊杰,等.温度对南方根结线虫存活的影响[J].甘肃农业科学,2016(7):43-47.WANG Y H,QIAN X J,GE J J,et al.Effects of temperature on the survival of Meloidogyne inicognita[J].Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(7):43-47.
[19]孟莎莎,向太和,程慢成.一种利用黄瓜苗繁殖根结线虫的方法[J].杭州师范大学学报,2011,10(1):56-58.MENG SH SH,XIANG T H,CHENG M CH.A method to breed root knot nematode by cucumber seedling[J].Journal of Hangzhou Normal University,2011,10(1):56-58.
[20]张锋,李英梅,洪波,等.温度和初始接种量对南方根结线虫侵染力的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(12):1631-1635.ZHANG F,LI Y M,HONG B,et al.Effects of temperature and initial inoculation density on root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita)infection ability[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(12):1631-1635.
[21]肖炎农,王明祖,付艳平,等.蔬菜根结线虫病情分级方法比较[J].华中农业大学学报,2000,19(4):336-338.XIAO Y N,WANG M Z,FU Y P,et al.Comparison of different methods to estimate root-knot nematode disease grade[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2000,19(4):336-338.
[22]张锋,张彦龙,洪波,等.陕西设施蔬菜根结线虫的种类鉴定及分布[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(12):178-182.ZHANG F,ZHANG Y L,HONG B,et al.Species identification and distribution of root-knot nematodes on greenhouse vegetables in Shaanxi Province[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2011,20(12):178-182.
[23]SANTMEYER P H.A comparison of the thermal death time of two dissimilar species of nematodes:Panagrellus redivivis(Linn,1767)Goodey 1945,and Meloidogyne incognita var[J].The Helminthological Society of Washington,1955,22(1):16-21.
[24]陈志杰,张淑莲,张锋,等.温度处理对温室黄瓜根结线虫病的控制效果研究[J].西北农业学报,2008,17(4):177-180.CHEN ZH J,ZHANG SH L,ZHANG F,et al.Control effects of different temperature on the cucumber root knot nematodes disease in solar greenhouse[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2008,17(4):177-180.
[25]景晓红,康乐.昆虫耐寒性的测定与评价方法[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(1):7-10.JING X H,KANG L.Overview and evaluation of research methodology for insect cold hardiness[J].Entomological Knowledge,2004,41(1):7-10.
[26]王如松,兰仲雄,丁岩钦.昆虫发育速率与温度关系的数学模型研究[J].生态学报,1982,2(1):47-56.WANG R S,LAN ZH X,DING Y Q.Studies on mathematical models of the relationship between insect development and temperature[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1982,2(1):47-56.
[27]戴素明,成新跃,肖启明,等.线虫耐寒性研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3885-3890.DAI S M,CHENG X Y,XIAO Q M,et al.Research progress in nematode cold tolerance[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3885-3890.
[28]TAYLOR A L,SASSER J N.Biology,Identification and Control of Root-knot Nematodes(Meloidogyne Species)[M].Raleigh,NC:United States Agency for International Development,1978.
[29]陕西省政府办公厅.陕西省生态功能区划[EB/OL].陕西省人民政府门户网站.[2004-11-17].http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/0/104/2627.htm.General Office of the Provincial Government.The ecological function regionalization of Shaanxi Province[EB/OL].The people’s Government of Shaanxi Province.[2004-11-17].http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/0/104/2627.htm.