黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析
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摘要
[目的]研究黑河流域上游干流的水沙时空变化特征及其成因,为流域生态保护和水资源开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]选取黑河上游干流主要水文站近60a的实测径流、输沙及降雨资料,通过采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法,研究水沙变化特征及驱动因子。[结果]黑河上游干流径流量总体上从20世纪80年代以后呈增加趋势;输沙量从20世纪70年代开始呈不显著增加趋势,但莺落峡水文站输沙量从2001年开始呈显著下降趋势。[结论]降水增加是影响黑河上游径流量增多的重要原因;水土流失导致了札马什克站和祁连站输沙量的增加,而水库拦沙是莺落峡水文站输沙量显著减少的主要原因。
[Objective]The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics and causes of the spatialtemporal changes of the annual runoff and annual sediment at the main hydrologic stations on the stem stream of the Heihe River,in order to provide decision basis for the ecological environment protection and water resource utilization.[Methods]The runoff,sediment and rainfall data form main hydrologic stations on the stem stream of the Heihe River during 1956 to 2015 were collected.Methods including Mann-Kendall trend test,cumulative anomalies and correlation analysis were applied.[Results]The results indicated that the runoff of the upper reaches of Heihe River had an obvious increasing trend from 1956 to 2015,with high flow during the period from the 1980 sto the 2000 s.Meanwhile,the sediment load was in a slightly increasing trend from 1970 sto 2000 s,but the sediment load of the Yingluoxia station had an obvious decreasing trend from 2001.[Conclusion]The increasing precipitation was one of the main contributions to runoff rise.In addition,the soil erosion caused the increase of the annual sediment load of the Zhamashike and Qilian station.Sediment captured by water reservoir was found to be the major cause of the decrease of sediment load in the Yingluoxia station.
[Objective]The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics and causes of the spatialtemporal changes of the annual runoff and annual sediment at the main hydrologic stations on the stem stream of the Heihe River,in order to provide decision basis for the ecological environment protection and water resource utilization.[Methods]The runoff,sediment and rainfall data form main hydrologic stations on the stem stream of the Heihe River during 1956 to 2015 were collected.Methods including Mann-Kendall trend test,cumulative anomalies and correlation analysis were applied.[Results]The results indicated that the runoff of the upper reaches of Heihe River had an obvious increasing trend from 1956 to 2015,with high flow during the period from the 1980 sto the 2000 s.Meanwhile,the sediment load was in a slightly increasing trend from 1970 sto 2000 s,but the sediment load of the Yingluoxia station had an obvious decreasing trend from 2001.[Conclusion]The increasing precipitation was one of the main contributions to runoff rise.In addition,the soil erosion caused the increase of the annual sediment load of the Zhamashike and Qilian station.Sediment captured by water reservoir was found to be the major cause of the decrease of sediment load in the Yingluoxia station.
引文
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[2]Walling D E.Human impact on land-ocean sediment transfer by the world’s rivers[J].Geomorphology,2006,79(3/4):192-216.
[3]Milliman J D,Farnsworth K L,Jones P D,et al.Climatic and anthropogenic factors affecting river discharge to the global ocean,1951—2000[J].Global and Planetary Change,2008,62(3/4):187-194.
[4]管华.秦岭—黄淮平原交界带河流水沙关系分析[J].山地学报,1999,17(2):110-114.
[5]丁永建.祁连山中部地区40年来气候变化及其对径流的影响[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(3):193-199.
[6]王录仓,张晓玉.黑河流域近期气候变化对水资源的影响分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(4):60-65.
[7]王钧,蒙吉军.黑河流域近60年来径流量变化及影响因素[J].地理科学,2008,28(1):83-88.
[8]张喜风.黑河上游气候变化对出山口径流的驱动分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(4):542-548.
[9]刘晓琼,刘彦随,李同昇,等.基于小波多尺度变换的渭河水沙演变规律研究[J].地理科学,2015,35(2):211-217.
[10]欧阳潮波,王文龙,田勇,等.60年来黄河河龙区间水沙变化特征及人类活动影响评价[J].泥沙研究,2016(4):55-61.
[11]姚俊强,杨青,韩雪云,等.气候变化对天山山区高寒盆地水资源变化的影响:以巴音布鲁克盆地为例[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(6):1167-1173.
[12]康尔泗,李新,张济世,等.甘肃河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(6):657-667.
[13]王宁练,张世彪,贺建桥,等.祁连山中段黑河上游山区地表径流水资源主要形成区域的同位素示踪研究[J].科学通报,2009,54(15):2148-2152.
[14]赵良菊,尹力,肖洪浪,等.黑河源区水汽来源及地表径流组成的稳定同位素证据[J].科学通报,2011,56(1):58-67.
[15]信忠保,许炯心,余新晓.近50a黄土高原水土流失的时空变化[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1129-1139.
[16]施雅风,沈永平,李栋梁,等.中国西北部气候由暖干向暖湿转型的特征和趋势探讨[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(2):152-164.
[17]李栋梁,魏丽,蔡英,等.中国西北现代气候变化事实与未来趋势展望[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2):135-142.
[18]龚家栋,李小雁.黑河流域不同下垫面区域的气候变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):423-431.
[19]蓝永超,丁永建,康尔泗.近50年来黑河山区汇流区温度及降水变化趋势[J].高原气象,2004,23(5):723-727.
[20]张杰,李栋梁.祁连山及黑河流域降雨量的分布特征分析[J].高原气象,2004,23(1):81-88.
[21]李林,王振宇,汪青春.黑河上游地区气候变化对径流量的影响研究[J].地理科学,2006,26(1):40-46.
[22]李栋梁,刘洪兰.黑河流量对祁连山气候年代际变化的响应[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(4):385-391.
[23]张杰,韩涛,王建.祁连山区1997—2004年积雪面积和雪线高度变化分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):649-654.
[24]王建,李硕.气候变化对中国内陆干旱区山区融雪径流的影响[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2005,35(7):664-670.
[25]贾文雄,何元庆,李宗省,等.祁连山区气候变化的区域差异特征及突变分析[J].地理学报,2008,63(3):257-269.
[26]崔亮,陈学林,安冬,等.60年来黑河流域东部子水系中上游径流量、输沙量变化特征分析[J].水文,2015,35(1):82-87.
[27]汪有奎,贾文雄,潮海,等.祁连山北坡的生态环境变化[J].林业科学,2012,48(4):21-26.
[28]汪有奎,杨全生,郭生祥,等.祁连山北坡森林资源变迁[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):966-979.
[29]田磊,任建华.关于加强黑河流域青海源头区治理的思考[J].中国水土保持,2010(11):32-34.
[30]刘金巍,靳甜甜,刘国华,等.黑河中上游地区2000—2010年土地利用变化及水土保持服务功能[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7013-7025.