麻花艽、管花秦艽和黄管秦艽种子萌发特性比较
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摘要
秦艽是中国重要的传统中藏药材,为了解秦艽的休眠机制提高其萌发率,扩大引种栽培资源,对青藏高原野生秦艽组中的麻花艽、管花秦艽和黄管秦艽的种子萌发特性进行了比较。结果表明,温度显著影响3种秦艽的萌发,其萌发曲线均呈现出钟状,萌发最适温度为25℃,在最适温度时3种秦艽萌发率无明显差异,但均显著高于低温或高温处理。且15℃和30℃时,麻花艽的萌发率均显著高于管花秦艽和黄管秦艽,但管花秦艽和黄管秦艽萌发率无显著差异。赤霉素(GA)可以显著提高3种秦艽的萌发势和萌发率,且最佳处理浓度为200μmol·L~(-1),在100μmol·L~(-1) GA处理下,麻花艽萌发率显著高于管花秦艽和黄管秦艽,而在500μmol·L~(-1)时,管花秦艽萌发率显著高于黄管秦艽。相关分析显示,赤霉素浓度与3种秦艽萌发率之间存在显著的相关性,其相关曲线为二次抛物线型。硝酸钾在100μmol·L~(-1)和200μmol·L~(-1)浓度下分别对麻花艽和黄管秦艽萌发率具有微弱促进作用,对管花秦艽种子萌发几乎无影响,但可显著提高种子的萌发势;浓度>400μmol·L~(-1)时,硝酸钾对管花秦艽和黄管秦艽种子均有显著的抑制作用。3种秦艽植物萌发特性的存在差异,可能与其遗传差异有关。在生产实际中进行区别处理,引种栽培过程中适宜的温度和GA处理对于栽培可能具有重要意义。
"Qinjiao"(Gentianaspp.)is the well-known Chinese and Tibetan traditional crude drug for curing many diseases.In order to understand the dormancy-breaking mechanism,to enhance the germination rate,and to expand cultivation and introduction resources,this paper studied the germination characteristics of the seeds of three Gentianaspecies:G.straminea,G.siphonantha,and G.officinalis.The results showed that temperature had significant effect on the germination characteristics,the curves of germination rate all presented in an inverted trumpet-shape with temperature,and 25℃ was the most optimum temperature for all three species.At 15℃and 30℃treatments,the germination rates were significantly lower than the optimum one.At 15℃and 30℃,the germination percentage of G.streaminea was significantly higher than the others,no difference was found between G.siphonantha and G.officinalis.Moreover,GA could significantly increase the germination rate of the three species with the most optimum concentration of 200μM.At 100μmol·L~(-1),the germination rate of G.stramineaseeds was significantly higher than those of G.siphonanthaand G.officinalis,while G.siphonanthahad significant higher germination rate than G.officinalis under 500μmol·L~(-1) GA treatment.Correlation analysis indicated that significant correlations existed between the germination rate and GA concentration with a quadratic parabola.In addition,low concentration of KNO_3(100μmol·L~(-1) or 200μmol·L~(-1))presented weak promotion effects on seeds germination of G.stramineaand G.officinalis while it had little effect on that of G.siphonantha.As the KNO_3 concentration increased above 400μmol·L~(-1),the germination rates of all the three seeds were inhibited to some degrees.However,KNO_3 could enhance the germination potentiality of all species.The results showed that there existed different characteristics on germination among three species,which may relate to the genetic difference.In future taming culture practice,the temperature and GA concentration would be the two important factors and the germination differences of the three wild species should be considered.
"Qinjiao"(Gentianaspp.)is the well-known Chinese and Tibetan traditional crude drug for curing many diseases.In order to understand the dormancy-breaking mechanism,to enhance the germination rate,and to expand cultivation and introduction resources,this paper studied the germination characteristics of the seeds of three Gentianaspecies:G.straminea,G.siphonantha,and G.officinalis.The results showed that temperature had significant effect on the germination characteristics,the curves of germination rate all presented in an inverted trumpet-shape with temperature,and 25℃ was the most optimum temperature for all three species.At 15℃and 30℃treatments,the germination rates were significantly lower than the optimum one.At 15℃and 30℃,the germination percentage of G.streaminea was significantly higher than the others,no difference was found between G.siphonantha and G.officinalis.Moreover,GA could significantly increase the germination rate of the three species with the most optimum concentration of 200μM.At 100μmol·L~(-1),the germination rate of G.stramineaseeds was significantly higher than those of G.siphonanthaand G.officinalis,while G.siphonanthahad significant higher germination rate than G.officinalis under 500μmol·L~(-1) GA treatment.Correlation analysis indicated that significant correlations existed between the germination rate and GA concentration with a quadratic parabola.In addition,low concentration of KNO_3(100μmol·L~(-1) or 200μmol·L~(-1))presented weak promotion effects on seeds germination of G.stramineaand G.officinalis while it had little effect on that of G.siphonantha.As the KNO_3 concentration increased above 400μmol·L~(-1),the germination rates of all the three seeds were inhibited to some degrees.However,KNO_3 could enhance the germination potentiality of all species.The results showed that there existed different characteristics on germination among three species,which may relate to the genetic difference.In future taming culture practice,the temperature and GA concentration would be the two important factors and the germination differences of the three wild species should be considered.
引文
[1]中国科学院西北高原生物研究所.藏药志[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1991.
[2]国家药典委员会.中国华人民共和国药典[M].一部.北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015.
[3]穆桢强,于洋,高昊,等.龙胆属秦艽组植物的化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J].中国中药杂志,2009,34(16):2012-2016.MU Z Q,YU Y,GAO H,et al.Chemical and pharmacological research for sect aptera(Gentiana)[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2009,34(16):2012-2016.(in Chinese)
[4]薛慧君,岳明,王亚洲.CO2激光对大叶龙胆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J].中草药,2004,35(3):324-327.XUE H J,YUE M,WANG Y Z.Effects of CO2laser irradiation on seed germination and seedling growth in Gentiana macrophylla[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2004,35(3):324-327.(in Chinese)
[5]孙菁,陈桂琛,李玉林,等.栽培藏药材麻花艽中四种苦苷类成分含量的季节性变化[J].天然产物研究与开发,2006,18(6):1017-1019.SUN J,CHEN G C,LI Y L,et al.Determination and seasonal variation of four iridoid glycosides in Gentiana straminea cultivated[J].Nat.Prod Res.Dev.,2006,18(6):1017-1019.(in Chinese)
[6]李勇慧,曹晓燕,李向民,等.大叶秦艽不同采收期中龙胆苦苷的分析[J].中草药,2007,38(6):933-936.LI Y H,CAO X Y,LI X M,et al.Determination content of gentiopicrinin Gentiana macrophylla at the various collecting periods[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2007,38(6):933-936.(in Chinese)
[7]田丰,李永平,俞科贤,等.青藏高原麻花艽仿生栽培技术研究[J].作物杂志,2012(2):122-124.TIAN F,LI Y P,YU K X,et al.Study on bionic wild cultivation technique of Gentiana straminea in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Crops,2012(2):122-124.(in Chinese)
[8]牛晓雪,牟萌,董学会.不同引发因子对秦艽种子萌发、储藏及幼苗生长的影响[J].中药材,2018,41(8):1795-1800.
[9]ZHANG X,WANG Y,GE X,et al.Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Gentianasect.Cruciata(Gentianaceae)based on four chloroplast DNA datasets[J].Taxon,2009,58(3):1-9.
[10]ZHOU D,HOU Q,SI Q,et al.Concentrations of the active constituents of the Tibetan folk medicine Qinjiao(Gentiana sect.Cruciata)within and between taxonomic species across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chem Biodivers,2010,7(8):2088-2094.
[11]李晓娟,王留阳,杨慧玲,等.麻花艽和管花秦艽杂交的分子证据[J].云南植物学研究,2007,29(1):91-97.LI X J,WANG L Y,YANG H L,et al.Confirmation of natural hybrids between G.stramineaand G.siphonantha(Gentianaceae)based on molecular evidence[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2007,29(1):91-97.(in Chinese)
[12]刘丽莎,姬可平.秦艽种子萌发特征的研究[J].中草药,2002,33(3):269-271.
[13]吴靳荣,赵志礼,孟千万.粗茎秦艽种子生物学研究[J].中国中药杂志,2011,36(5):552-555.WU J R,ZHAO Z L,MENG Q W.Study on biological characteristics of Gentiana crassicaulis[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2011,36(5):552-555.(in Chinese)
[14]刘尚武.青海植物志:第三卷[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1996.
[15]FINKELSTEIN R,REEVES W,ARIIZUMI T,et al.Molecular aspects of seed dormancy[J].Annu Rev Plant Biol.,2008,59:387-415.
[16]李建勇,龚继明.植物硝酸根信号感受与传导途径[J].植物生理学通讯,2011,47(2):111-118.LI J Y,GONG J M.Nitrate signal sensing and transduction in higher plants[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2011,47(2):111-118.(in Chinese)
[17]王婷婷,楚光明,江萍,等.不同处理对无叶假木贼种子萌发的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):125-129.WANG T T,CHU G M,JIANG P,et al.Influence of different treatments on the germination of Anabasis aphylla seeds[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(5):125-129.(in Chinese)
[18]张鹏,何梦雅,张宇.温度与浸种处理对沙棘种子萌发的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(6):130-133.ZHANG P,HE M Y,ZHANG Y.Effects of temperature and soaking treatments on seed germination of Hippophaer hamnoides[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(6):130-133.(in Chinese)
[19]肖生旺,方向文,蒋志荣,等.温水浸种和IAA溶液浸种对当归种子萌发特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(5):1265-1270.XIAO S W,FANG X W,JIANG Z R,et al.Effects of warm water soaking and IAA soaking on germination of Angelica sinensis seeds[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(5):1265-1270.(in Chinese)
[20]卢存福,简令成,贲桂英.高山植物短管兔耳草光合作用特性及其对冰冻胁迫的反应[J].植物学通报,2000,17(6):559-564.LU C F,JIAN L C,BEN G Y.Photosynthesis in alpine plant Lagotisbrevitubaand its response to freezing stress[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2000,17(6):559-564.(in Chinese)
[21]冯学民,蔡德利.土壤温度与气温及纬度和海拔关系的研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(3):489-491.FENG X M,CAI D L.Soil temperature in relation to air temperature,altitude and latitude[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(3):489-491.(in Chinese)
[22]张金霞,曹广民,周党卫,等.草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):544-549.ZHANG J X,CAO G M,ZHOU D W,et al.Carbon dioxide emission of Mat cryo-sod soil in the Haibei alpine meadow ecosystem[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(4):544-549.(in Chinese)
[23]李英年,关定国,赵亮,等.海北高寒草甸的季节冻土及在植被生产力形成过程中的作用[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(3):311-319.LI Y N,GUAN D G,ZHAO L,et al.Seasonal frozen soil and its effect on vegetation production in Haibei alpine meadow[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(3):311-319.(in Chinese)
[24]赵敏.龙胆种子萌发与水溶性内源抑制物质[J].植物生理学通讯,2004,40(6):677-679.ZHAO M.Seed germination and water soluble endogenous inhibitory substance of Gentiana scabra[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2004,40(6):677-679.(in Chinese)
[25]SEBASTIAN J,WONG M K,TANG E.,et al.Methods to promote germination of dormant Setaria viridis seeds[J].PLoSONE,2014,9(4):e95109.
[2]国家药典委员会.中国华人民共和国药典[M].一部.北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015.
[3]穆桢强,于洋,高昊,等.龙胆属秦艽组植物的化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J].中国中药杂志,2009,34(16):2012-2016.MU Z Q,YU Y,GAO H,et al.Chemical and pharmacological research for sect aptera(Gentiana)[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2009,34(16):2012-2016.(in Chinese)
[4]薛慧君,岳明,王亚洲.CO2激光对大叶龙胆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J].中草药,2004,35(3):324-327.XUE H J,YUE M,WANG Y Z.Effects of CO2laser irradiation on seed germination and seedling growth in Gentiana macrophylla[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2004,35(3):324-327.(in Chinese)
[5]孙菁,陈桂琛,李玉林,等.栽培藏药材麻花艽中四种苦苷类成分含量的季节性变化[J].天然产物研究与开发,2006,18(6):1017-1019.SUN J,CHEN G C,LI Y L,et al.Determination and seasonal variation of four iridoid glycosides in Gentiana straminea cultivated[J].Nat.Prod Res.Dev.,2006,18(6):1017-1019.(in Chinese)
[6]李勇慧,曹晓燕,李向民,等.大叶秦艽不同采收期中龙胆苦苷的分析[J].中草药,2007,38(6):933-936.LI Y H,CAO X Y,LI X M,et al.Determination content of gentiopicrinin Gentiana macrophylla at the various collecting periods[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2007,38(6):933-936.(in Chinese)
[7]田丰,李永平,俞科贤,等.青藏高原麻花艽仿生栽培技术研究[J].作物杂志,2012(2):122-124.TIAN F,LI Y P,YU K X,et al.Study on bionic wild cultivation technique of Gentiana straminea in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Crops,2012(2):122-124.(in Chinese)
[8]牛晓雪,牟萌,董学会.不同引发因子对秦艽种子萌发、储藏及幼苗生长的影响[J].中药材,2018,41(8):1795-1800.
[9]ZHANG X,WANG Y,GE X,et al.Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Gentianasect.Cruciata(Gentianaceae)based on four chloroplast DNA datasets[J].Taxon,2009,58(3):1-9.
[10]ZHOU D,HOU Q,SI Q,et al.Concentrations of the active constituents of the Tibetan folk medicine Qinjiao(Gentiana sect.Cruciata)within and between taxonomic species across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chem Biodivers,2010,7(8):2088-2094.
[11]李晓娟,王留阳,杨慧玲,等.麻花艽和管花秦艽杂交的分子证据[J].云南植物学研究,2007,29(1):91-97.LI X J,WANG L Y,YANG H L,et al.Confirmation of natural hybrids between G.stramineaand G.siphonantha(Gentianaceae)based on molecular evidence[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2007,29(1):91-97.(in Chinese)
[12]刘丽莎,姬可平.秦艽种子萌发特征的研究[J].中草药,2002,33(3):269-271.
[13]吴靳荣,赵志礼,孟千万.粗茎秦艽种子生物学研究[J].中国中药杂志,2011,36(5):552-555.WU J R,ZHAO Z L,MENG Q W.Study on biological characteristics of Gentiana crassicaulis[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2011,36(5):552-555.(in Chinese)
[14]刘尚武.青海植物志:第三卷[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1996.
[15]FINKELSTEIN R,REEVES W,ARIIZUMI T,et al.Molecular aspects of seed dormancy[J].Annu Rev Plant Biol.,2008,59:387-415.
[16]李建勇,龚继明.植物硝酸根信号感受与传导途径[J].植物生理学通讯,2011,47(2):111-118.LI J Y,GONG J M.Nitrate signal sensing and transduction in higher plants[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2011,47(2):111-118.(in Chinese)
[17]王婷婷,楚光明,江萍,等.不同处理对无叶假木贼种子萌发的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):125-129.WANG T T,CHU G M,JIANG P,et al.Influence of different treatments on the germination of Anabasis aphylla seeds[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(5):125-129.(in Chinese)
[18]张鹏,何梦雅,张宇.温度与浸种处理对沙棘种子萌发的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(6):130-133.ZHANG P,HE M Y,ZHANG Y.Effects of temperature and soaking treatments on seed germination of Hippophaer hamnoides[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(6):130-133.(in Chinese)
[19]肖生旺,方向文,蒋志荣,等.温水浸种和IAA溶液浸种对当归种子萌发特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(5):1265-1270.XIAO S W,FANG X W,JIANG Z R,et al.Effects of warm water soaking and IAA soaking on germination of Angelica sinensis seeds[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(5):1265-1270.(in Chinese)
[20]卢存福,简令成,贲桂英.高山植物短管兔耳草光合作用特性及其对冰冻胁迫的反应[J].植物学通报,2000,17(6):559-564.LU C F,JIAN L C,BEN G Y.Photosynthesis in alpine plant Lagotisbrevitubaand its response to freezing stress[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2000,17(6):559-564.(in Chinese)
[21]冯学民,蔡德利.土壤温度与气温及纬度和海拔关系的研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(3):489-491.FENG X M,CAI D L.Soil temperature in relation to air temperature,altitude and latitude[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(3):489-491.(in Chinese)
[22]张金霞,曹广民,周党卫,等.草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):544-549.ZHANG J X,CAO G M,ZHOU D W,et al.Carbon dioxide emission of Mat cryo-sod soil in the Haibei alpine meadow ecosystem[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(4):544-549.(in Chinese)
[23]李英年,关定国,赵亮,等.海北高寒草甸的季节冻土及在植被生产力形成过程中的作用[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(3):311-319.LI Y N,GUAN D G,ZHAO L,et al.Seasonal frozen soil and its effect on vegetation production in Haibei alpine meadow[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(3):311-319.(in Chinese)
[24]赵敏.龙胆种子萌发与水溶性内源抑制物质[J].植物生理学通讯,2004,40(6):677-679.ZHAO M.Seed germination and water soluble endogenous inhibitory substance of Gentiana scabra[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2004,40(6):677-679.(in Chinese)
[25]SEBASTIAN J,WONG M K,TANG E.,et al.Methods to promote germination of dormant Setaria viridis seeds[J].PLoSONE,2014,9(4):e95109.