齿轮的精密热处理及抗疲劳制造探讨
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摘要
追溯了齿轮制造技术的发展历程,比较了三代制造技术的特征,阐释了"无应力集中"抗疲劳制造的先进性。探讨了作为关键基础技术的3种齿轮表层硬化精密热处理技术——渗碳、氮化、感应淬火的工艺发展状况、先进工艺及力学性能等,从优化控制表面变质层的硬度梯度、残余应力场、组织结构及减小热处理畸变入手,创新发展齿轮的精密热处理,大幅度地提高齿轮的抗疲劳性能,从而解决齿轮结构重、寿命短、可靠性差的"三大问题"。预测齿轮抗疲劳精密热处理的发展趋势是"超硬化"、"深层化"、"复合化"、"真空离子化"等。
The development course of gear manufacturing technology is reviewed,the characteristics ofthree generation manufacturing technology are compared,the advancement of‘no stress concentration'anti-fatigue manufacturing is interpreted. The development situation,advanced technology and its mechanical property of three kinds of gear surface hardening precision heat treatment as key basic technology are discussed including carburization,nitriding and induction quenching. By optimizing and controlling the hardness gradient,re-sidual stress field,micro structure and distortion of surface metamorphic layer,the innovation and developmentof gear precision heat treatment,the gear anti--fatigue performance is greatly improved,and then solve the threemajor problems of gears such as heavyweight,short life and low reliability. The development trend of gear anti-fatigue precision heat treatment is predicted to be‘super hardening',deep case hardening',‘combined hard-ening',and‘vacuum ion heat treatment'.
The development course of gear manufacturing technology is reviewed,the characteristics ofthree generation manufacturing technology are compared,the advancement of‘no stress concentration'anti-fatigue manufacturing is interpreted. The development situation,advanced technology and its mechanical property of three kinds of gear surface hardening precision heat treatment as key basic technology are discussed including carburization,nitriding and induction quenching. By optimizing and controlling the hardness gradient,re-sidual stress field,micro structure and distortion of surface metamorphic layer,the innovation and developmentof gear precision heat treatment,the gear anti--fatigue performance is greatly improved,and then solve the threemajor problems of gears such as heavyweight,short life and low reliability. The development trend of gear anti-fatigue precision heat treatment is predicted to be‘super hardening',deep case hardening',‘combined hard-ening',and‘vacuum ion heat treatment'.
引文
[1]中国机械通用零部件工业协会齿轮分会.中国齿轮行业“十三五”发展规划纲要[R/OL].(2015-12-31)[2018-05-01].http://www.cgma.net.cn/jsjl_xx/newsId%3D1404.html.
[2]OOI S,BHADESHIA H K D H.Duplex hardening of steels for aeroengine bearings[J].ISIJ International,2012,52(11):1927-1934.
[3]TOWNSEND D P,BAMBERGER E N.Surface fatigue life of M50NiL and AISI9310 gears and rolling contact bars[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,1991,7(4):642-649.
[4]赵振业,潘建生.中国热处理与表层改性技术路线图[R].北京:中国工程院,2013:80-88.
[5]高玉魁,赵振业.齿轮的表面完整性与抗疲劳制造技术的发展趋势[J].金属热处理,2014,39(4):1-6.
[6]PARRISH G.Carburizing microstructures and properties[M].Ohio:ASM International,1999:1-9.
[7]肖伟忠,刘忠明,颜世铛.齿轮有效硬化层深计算方法比较研究[J].机械设计与研究,2015,31(3):64-73.
[8]International Organization for Standardization.Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears-Part5:Strength and quality of materials:ISO 6335-5:2016[S].2nd ed.Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,2003:1-34.
[9]陈国民.对齿轮热处理变形控制的评述--2009年(成都)齿轮热处理变形专题研讨会论文集[C].郑州:中国机械通用零部件工业协会齿轮分会,2009:52.
[10]GRUBE W L,GAY J G.High-Rate Carburizing in a Glow-Discharge Methane Plasma[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1978,9(10):1421-1429.
[11]阿久津辛一.等离子渗碳的原理和高浓度渗碳法[J].国外金属热处理,1992,13(1):29-32.
[12]陈国民.对齿轮表面硬化热处理物理冶金因素的评述[C].第十一届全国热处理大会论文集.北京:中国机械工程学会热处理分会,2015:22-35.
[13]巨东英.日本金属热处理未来发展路线概述[J].金属热处理,2012,37(1):14-20.
[14]卢金生,陈国民.渗氮齿轮与渗碳齿轮的技术及经济性对比[J].金属热处理,2010,35(3):25-28.
[15]中国机械工程学会机械传动分会.著名齿轮专家慕尼黑工业大学温特尔教授访华讲学集[C].郑州:郑州机械研究所,1983:62-64.
[16]郑州机械研究所.最新美国齿轮标准汇编:ANSI/AGMA218.01齿轮材料及热处理手册[G].郑州:郑州机械研究所,1988:217-218.
[17]YOUNG I T.氮化齿轮的应用前景[J].齿轮,1983,7(3):60-72.
[18]杜树芳.一种时效硬化钢的深层离子渗氮[J].金属热处理,2014,39(7):60-63.
[19]徐跃明.热处理技术进展[J].金属热处理,2015,(9):1-15.
[2]OOI S,BHADESHIA H K D H.Duplex hardening of steels for aeroengine bearings[J].ISIJ International,2012,52(11):1927-1934.
[3]TOWNSEND D P,BAMBERGER E N.Surface fatigue life of M50NiL and AISI9310 gears and rolling contact bars[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,1991,7(4):642-649.
[4]赵振业,潘建生.中国热处理与表层改性技术路线图[R].北京:中国工程院,2013:80-88.
[5]高玉魁,赵振业.齿轮的表面完整性与抗疲劳制造技术的发展趋势[J].金属热处理,2014,39(4):1-6.
[6]PARRISH G.Carburizing microstructures and properties[M].Ohio:ASM International,1999:1-9.
[7]肖伟忠,刘忠明,颜世铛.齿轮有效硬化层深计算方法比较研究[J].机械设计与研究,2015,31(3):64-73.
[8]International Organization for Standardization.Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears-Part5:Strength and quality of materials:ISO 6335-5:2016[S].2nd ed.Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,2003:1-34.
[9]陈国民.对齿轮热处理变形控制的评述--2009年(成都)齿轮热处理变形专题研讨会论文集[C].郑州:中国机械通用零部件工业协会齿轮分会,2009:52.
[10]GRUBE W L,GAY J G.High-Rate Carburizing in a Glow-Discharge Methane Plasma[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1978,9(10):1421-1429.
[11]阿久津辛一.等离子渗碳的原理和高浓度渗碳法[J].国外金属热处理,1992,13(1):29-32.
[12]陈国民.对齿轮表面硬化热处理物理冶金因素的评述[C].第十一届全国热处理大会论文集.北京:中国机械工程学会热处理分会,2015:22-35.
[13]巨东英.日本金属热处理未来发展路线概述[J].金属热处理,2012,37(1):14-20.
[14]卢金生,陈国民.渗氮齿轮与渗碳齿轮的技术及经济性对比[J].金属热处理,2010,35(3):25-28.
[15]中国机械工程学会机械传动分会.著名齿轮专家慕尼黑工业大学温特尔教授访华讲学集[C].郑州:郑州机械研究所,1983:62-64.
[16]郑州机械研究所.最新美国齿轮标准汇编:ANSI/AGMA218.01齿轮材料及热处理手册[G].郑州:郑州机械研究所,1988:217-218.
[17]YOUNG I T.氮化齿轮的应用前景[J].齿轮,1983,7(3):60-72.
[18]杜树芳.一种时效硬化钢的深层离子渗氮[J].金属热处理,2014,39(7):60-63.
[19]徐跃明.热处理技术进展[J].金属热处理,2015,(9):1-15.