饲粮中添加牛至精油对绵羊复胃发育、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加牛至精油对绵羊复胃发育、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。选取18只体重相近[(20.30±1.27) kg]、体况良好的3月龄萨福克×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,随机分为3组(每组6只):对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,牛至精油组饲喂在基础饲粮基础上分别添加4(EO4组)和7 g/d(EO7组)牛至精油的试验饲粮,预试期10 d,正试期72 d。结果显示:1)绵羊瘤胃容积随饲粮中牛至精油添加量的增加显著增大(P<0.05),与CON组相比,EO7组瘤胃容积指数提高了2. 09%(P <0. 05),皱胃容积指数降低了1. 61%(P <0. 05)。2)与CON组相比,EO4组瘤胃中纤维素酶和胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),皱胃中纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著升高(P<0.05); EO7组瘤胃、网胃中纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),瓣胃中纤维素酶和皱胃中胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。3)饲粮添加4和7 g/d牛至精油均显著降低了瘤胃中原虫数量(P<0.05);与CON组相比,EO4组瘤胃中黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著升高(P<0.05); EO7组瘤胃中真菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量均显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加牛至精油能促进瘤胃发育及瘤胃中真菌和纤维分解菌的增殖,抑制原虫的生长,提高瘤胃消化酶活性,且以7 g/d的添加量效果较好。
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary oregano essential oil on complex stomach development,digestive enzyme activities and ruminal microflora of sheep. Eighteen 3-month-old crossbred( Suffolk×small tail Han sheep) F1 male lambs with similar body weight [( 20. 30 ± 1. 27) kg] and good body condition were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 lambs per group. Sheep in the control group( CON group) were fed a basal diet,and those in the oregano essential oil groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4( EO4 group) or 7 g/d( EO7 group) oregano essential oil. The experiment lasted for 72 days after 10 days adaption.The result showed as follows: 1) the volume of rumen was significantly increased with the dietary oregano essential oil supplemental level increasing( P<0.05). Compared with the CON group,the volume index of rumen in EO7 group was increased by 2. 09%( P < 0. 05),while the volume index of abmasum in EO7 group was decreased by 1.61%( P<0.05). 2) Compared with the CON group,the cellulase and pepsase activities of rumen in EO4 group were significantly increased( P<0.05),and the cellulase and β-glucanase activities of abomasum in EO4 group were significantly increased( P<0.05); the cellulase,β-glucanase and α-amylase activities of rumen and reticulum in EO7 group were significantly increased( P < 0. 05),and the cellulase activity of omasum and the pepsase activity of abomasum in EO7 group were significantly increased( P<0.05). 3) The population of protozao was significantly decreased by diet supplemented with 4 and 7 g/d oregano essential oil( P < 0. 05).Compared with the CON group,the population of rumen Ruminococcus flavefaciens in EO4 group was significantly increased( P < 0. 05); the populations of rumen fungi,Ruminococcus flavefaciens,Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes in EO7 group were significantly increased( P < 0.05). In conclusion,dietary oregano essential oil can advance the development of rumen and the proliferation of rumen fungi and fibrinolytic bacteria,and improve the digestive enzyme activities,while inhibit the growth of rumen protozoa. The effect is better when oregano essential oil supplemental level is 7 g/d.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary oregano essential oil on complex stomach development,digestive enzyme activities and ruminal microflora of sheep. Eighteen 3-month-old crossbred( Suffolk×small tail Han sheep) F1 male lambs with similar body weight [( 20. 30 ± 1. 27) kg] and good body condition were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 lambs per group. Sheep in the control group( CON group) were fed a basal diet,and those in the oregano essential oil groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4( EO4 group) or 7 g/d( EO7 group) oregano essential oil. The experiment lasted for 72 days after 10 days adaption.The result showed as follows: 1) the volume of rumen was significantly increased with the dietary oregano essential oil supplemental level increasing( P<0.05). Compared with the CON group,the volume index of rumen in EO7 group was increased by 2. 09%( P < 0. 05),while the volume index of abmasum in EO7 group was decreased by 1.61%( P<0.05). 2) Compared with the CON group,the cellulase and pepsase activities of rumen in EO4 group were significantly increased( P<0.05),and the cellulase and β-glucanase activities of abomasum in EO4 group were significantly increased( P<0.05); the cellulase,β-glucanase and α-amylase activities of rumen and reticulum in EO7 group were significantly increased( P < 0. 05),and the cellulase activity of omasum and the pepsase activity of abomasum in EO7 group were significantly increased( P<0.05). 3) The population of protozao was significantly decreased by diet supplemented with 4 and 7 g/d oregano essential oil( P < 0. 05).Compared with the CON group,the population of rumen Ruminococcus flavefaciens in EO4 group was significantly increased( P < 0. 05); the populations of rumen fungi,Ruminococcus flavefaciens,Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes in EO7 group were significantly increased( P < 0.05). In conclusion,dietary oregano essential oil can advance the development of rumen and the proliferation of rumen fungi and fibrinolytic bacteria,and improve the digestive enzyme activities,while inhibit the growth of rumen protozoa. The effect is better when oregano essential oil supplemental level is 7 g/d.
引文
[1]PATRA A K,YU Z T.Essential oils affect populations of some rumen bacteria in vitro as revealed by microarray(Rumen Bact Array)analysis[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:297.
[2]LANG G,BUCHBAUER G.A review on recent research results(2008-2010)on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals.A review[J].Flavour and Fragrance Journal,2012,27(1):13-39.
[3]BASER K H C.The turkish origanum species[M]//KINTZIOS S E.The genera origanum and lippia.New York:Taylor&Francis,2002:109-126.
[4]AMORATI R,FOTI M C,VALGIMIGLI L.Antioxidant activity of essential oils[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(46):10835-10847.
[5]SIMITZIS P E.Enrichment of animal diets with essential oils-a great perspective on improving animal performance and quality characteristics of the derived products[J].Medicines,2017,4(2):35.
[6]SOULTOS N,TZIKAS Z,CHRISTAKI E,et al.The effect of dietary oregano essential oil on microbial growth of rabbit carcasses during refrigerated storage[J].Meat Science,2009,81(3):474-478.
[7]梁建勇.不同添加剂对青贮饲料品质、纤维结构及绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[8]王娟,吴建平,焦婷,等.添加牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特征及青贮、黄贮玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2018,53(4):8-14.
[9]MUYZER G,DE WAAL E C,UITTERLINDEN A G.Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993,59(3):695-700.
[10]周瑞,赵生国,刘立山,等.饲粮中燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液pH及微生物区系的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(5):1589-1597.
[11]KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria:Fibrobacter succinogenes,Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2001,204(2):361-366.
[12]KUMAR S,DAGAR S S,SIROHI S K,et al.Microbial profiles,in vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility based on various ratios of roughage to concentrate[J].Annals of Microbiology,2013,63(2):541-545.
[13]ANDERSON K L,NAGARAJA T G,MORRILL J L,et al.Ruminal microbial development in conventionally or early-weaned calves[J].Journal of Animal Science,1987,64(4):1215-1226.
[14]FLATT W P,WARNER R G,LOOSLI J K.Influence of purified materials on the development of the ruminant stomach[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1958,41(11):1593-1600.
[15]YANG B,HE B,WANG S S,et al.Early supplementation of starter pellets with alfalfa improves the performance of pre-and postweaning Hu lambs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(10):4984-4994.
[16]陈昊,刘婷,吴建平,等.牛至精油对新生犊牛生长发育和血液免疫的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(10):2141-2148.
[17]姚喜喜,吴建平,刘婷,等.全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(2):299-304.
[18]NOROUZIAN M A,VALIZADEH R.Effect of forage inclusion and particle size in diets of neonatal lambs on performance and rumen development[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2014,98(6):1095-1101.
[19]郎侠.欧拉型藏羊消化系统发育和肌肉H-FABP基因表达规律的研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2011.
[20]王桂秋.营养水平对羔羊物质消化的影响及羔羊早期断奶时间的研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[21]祁敏丽,刁其玉,张乃锋.羔羊瘤胃发育及其影响因素研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(9):77-81.
[22]ZITNAN R,BOMBA A,SOMMER A,et al.Development of rumen metabolism and ruminal epithelium in lambs[J].Archiv für Tierernaehrung,1993,44(3):227-233.
[23]张宁.不同日龄小尾寒羊与滩羊消化器官及其胃消化酶活性的比较研究[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[24]MOHARRERY A,DAS T K.Correlation between microbial enzyme activities in the rumen fluid of sheep under different treatments[J].Reproduction,Nutrition,Development,2001,41(6):513-529.
[25]KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Fibrolytic rumen bacteria:their ecology and functions[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2009,22(1):131-138.
[26]王雅倩,俞路,闫寒寒.瘤胃真菌对纤维降解的研究进展[J].饲料工业,2008,29(5):41-43.
[27]AGARWAL N,SHEKHAR C,KUMAR R,et al.Effect of peppermint(Mentha piperita)oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,148(2/3/4):321-327.
[28]PATRA A K,YU Z T.Effects of vanillin,quillaja saponin,and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2014,98(2):897-905.
[29]LIN B,LU Y,SALEM A Z M,et al.Effects of essential oil combinations on sheep ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a diet with fumarate included[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2013,184(1/2/3/4):24-32.
[30]MCINTOSH F M,WILLIAMS P,LOSA R,et al.Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003,69(8):5011-5014.
[31]THAO N T,WANAPAT M,CHERDTHONG A,et al.Effects of eucalyptus crude oils supplementation on rumen fermentation,microorganism and nutrient digestibility in swamp buffaloes[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2014,27(1):46-54.
[32]FACIOLA A P,BRODERICK G A.Effects of feeding lauric acid or coconut oil on ruminal protozoa numbers,fermentation pattern,digestion,omasal nutrient flow,and milk production in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(8):5088-5100.
[33]NEWBOLD C J,MCINTOSH F M,WILLIAMS P,et al.Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2004,114(1/2/3/4):105-112.
[34]PATRA A K,YU Z T.Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by,and abundance and diversity of,rumen microbial populations[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(12):4271-4280.
[35]ASH R W.Abomasal secretion and emptying in suckled calves[J].The Journal of Physiology,1964,172(3):425-438.
[36]WILLIAMS V J,ROY J H,GILLIES C M.Milk-substitute diet composition and abomasal secretion in the calf[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1976,36(3):317-335.
[2]LANG G,BUCHBAUER G.A review on recent research results(2008-2010)on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals.A review[J].Flavour and Fragrance Journal,2012,27(1):13-39.
[3]BASER K H C.The turkish origanum species[M]//KINTZIOS S E.The genera origanum and lippia.New York:Taylor&Francis,2002:109-126.
[4]AMORATI R,FOTI M C,VALGIMIGLI L.Antioxidant activity of essential oils[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(46):10835-10847.
[5]SIMITZIS P E.Enrichment of animal diets with essential oils-a great perspective on improving animal performance and quality characteristics of the derived products[J].Medicines,2017,4(2):35.
[6]SOULTOS N,TZIKAS Z,CHRISTAKI E,et al.The effect of dietary oregano essential oil on microbial growth of rabbit carcasses during refrigerated storage[J].Meat Science,2009,81(3):474-478.
[7]梁建勇.不同添加剂对青贮饲料品质、纤维结构及绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[8]王娟,吴建平,焦婷,等.添加牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特征及青贮、黄贮玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2018,53(4):8-14.
[9]MUYZER G,DE WAAL E C,UITTERLINDEN A G.Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993,59(3):695-700.
[10]周瑞,赵生国,刘立山,等.饲粮中燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液pH及微生物区系的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(5):1589-1597.
[11]KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria:Fibrobacter succinogenes,Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2001,204(2):361-366.
[12]KUMAR S,DAGAR S S,SIROHI S K,et al.Microbial profiles,in vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility based on various ratios of roughage to concentrate[J].Annals of Microbiology,2013,63(2):541-545.
[13]ANDERSON K L,NAGARAJA T G,MORRILL J L,et al.Ruminal microbial development in conventionally or early-weaned calves[J].Journal of Animal Science,1987,64(4):1215-1226.
[14]FLATT W P,WARNER R G,LOOSLI J K.Influence of purified materials on the development of the ruminant stomach[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1958,41(11):1593-1600.
[15]YANG B,HE B,WANG S S,et al.Early supplementation of starter pellets with alfalfa improves the performance of pre-and postweaning Hu lambs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(10):4984-4994.
[16]陈昊,刘婷,吴建平,等.牛至精油对新生犊牛生长发育和血液免疫的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(10):2141-2148.
[17]姚喜喜,吴建平,刘婷,等.全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(2):299-304.
[18]NOROUZIAN M A,VALIZADEH R.Effect of forage inclusion and particle size in diets of neonatal lambs on performance and rumen development[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2014,98(6):1095-1101.
[19]郎侠.欧拉型藏羊消化系统发育和肌肉H-FABP基因表达规律的研究[D].博士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2011.
[20]王桂秋.营养水平对羔羊物质消化的影响及羔羊早期断奶时间的研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[21]祁敏丽,刁其玉,张乃锋.羔羊瘤胃发育及其影响因素研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(9):77-81.
[22]ZITNAN R,BOMBA A,SOMMER A,et al.Development of rumen metabolism and ruminal epithelium in lambs[J].Archiv für Tierernaehrung,1993,44(3):227-233.
[23]张宁.不同日龄小尾寒羊与滩羊消化器官及其胃消化酶活性的比较研究[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[24]MOHARRERY A,DAS T K.Correlation between microbial enzyme activities in the rumen fluid of sheep under different treatments[J].Reproduction,Nutrition,Development,2001,41(6):513-529.
[25]KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Fibrolytic rumen bacteria:their ecology and functions[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2009,22(1):131-138.
[26]王雅倩,俞路,闫寒寒.瘤胃真菌对纤维降解的研究进展[J].饲料工业,2008,29(5):41-43.
[27]AGARWAL N,SHEKHAR C,KUMAR R,et al.Effect of peppermint(Mentha piperita)oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,148(2/3/4):321-327.
[28]PATRA A K,YU Z T.Effects of vanillin,quillaja saponin,and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2014,98(2):897-905.
[29]LIN B,LU Y,SALEM A Z M,et al.Effects of essential oil combinations on sheep ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a diet with fumarate included[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2013,184(1/2/3/4):24-32.
[30]MCINTOSH F M,WILLIAMS P,LOSA R,et al.Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003,69(8):5011-5014.
[31]THAO N T,WANAPAT M,CHERDTHONG A,et al.Effects of eucalyptus crude oils supplementation on rumen fermentation,microorganism and nutrient digestibility in swamp buffaloes[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2014,27(1):46-54.
[32]FACIOLA A P,BRODERICK G A.Effects of feeding lauric acid or coconut oil on ruminal protozoa numbers,fermentation pattern,digestion,omasal nutrient flow,and milk production in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(8):5088-5100.
[33]NEWBOLD C J,MCINTOSH F M,WILLIAMS P,et al.Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2004,114(1/2/3/4):105-112.
[34]PATRA A K,YU Z T.Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by,and abundance and diversity of,rumen microbial populations[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(12):4271-4280.
[35]ASH R W.Abomasal secretion and emptying in suckled calves[J].The Journal of Physiology,1964,172(3):425-438.
[36]WILLIAMS V J,ROY J H,GILLIES C M.Milk-substitute diet composition and abomasal secretion in the calf[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1976,36(3):317-335.