我国家鼠综合防治概况
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摘要
我国大规模的城乡家鼠防治始于1956年,除四害成为爱国卫生运动委员会的重要组成部分,灭鼠防病的意义深入人心,老鼠作为四害之首得到较好的控制。1966—1976年,爱国卫生运动陷入停顿,灭鼠工作无人过问。1976年以后,第一代和第二代抗凝血类杀鼠剂的相继问世,毒饵的成品化、规模化进展明显,科学试验普遍开展并取得了丰硕的研究成果。自1985年,全国家鼠鼠情监测网络和抗药性监测网络正式开展工作。2000年至今,灭鼠达标成为国家卫生城镇创建的必备条件,这一举动,大大促进了我国鼠类控制工作。在与鼠类长期的斗争过程中,逐步总结出综合治理的科学方法来控制鼠类。在完全掌握鼠类活动规律的基础上,强调完善防鼠设施,控制鼠类的食物来源,清除鼠类的滋生场所,综合运用多种防治方法,其中抗凝血类杀鼠剂仍然占主导地位,将鼠类密度控制在不足为害的水平。目前新的杀鼠剂研制没有太大的突破,但杀鼠剂的剂型、毒饵盒、毒饵站以及鼠类监测设备品种繁多,取得相当大进步。鼠类对抗凝血杀鼠剂抗药性的研究取得了一定进展,从传统的摄食试验向测定抗凝血酶原时间和抗性基因检测转变。鼠类监测方法和密度控制水平、以及药效评价方法等国家标准的制定,使鼠类控制向科学化和规范化方面迈进了一大步。
The large scale rodents control in urban and rural areas in China was initiated in 1956. However, during1966-1976, the patriotic health campaign halted and rodents ' control was ignored and neglected. The first and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides emerged after 1976, meanwhile the researches on the commercialization and popularization of poisoning baits progressed obviously. And the scientific experiments of anticoagulant rodenticides were successfully performed. Since 1985, both the nationwide commensal rodents ' surveillance net and anticoagulant resistance surveillance net were established. Since 2000, the standard of low-density of rodents has become a prerequisite for the certification of National Health city,which byitself prompts integrated rodent management in China. The existing knowledge of the integrated rodent management, including environmental,physical and chemical methods of rodent control in China, is reviewed. Analyzing and identifying exterior sources of rodents, the extent and severity of an infestation, the location of rodent harborages and activity areas are essential elements to be determined in the complete inspection. On the basis of the rodent surveillance, rodent-proof devices in conjunction with sanitary efforts which may reduce rodent harborage, food sources and immigration, provide the best long-term management of commensal rodent infestation. Application of anticoagulant rodenticides, which provide a good solution to the rodent problems, is a major component of rodent control strategies in China. At present, new rodenticides have seen little breakthrough. However, rodenticide formulations, bait boxes and rodent monitoring equipments have experienced a great deal of variety. Study on anticoagulant resistance have made substantial progress, for example, the traditional lethal feeding period(LFP) testing having given way to the blood-clotting response(BCR) testing and DNA sequencing sequentially. GB criteria on the rodents monitoring methods, density levels and effectiveness evaluation methods of poisoning bait have been promulgated, which have made the rodents control a big step forward in both scientific and standardizing sense.
The large scale rodents control in urban and rural areas in China was initiated in 1956. However, during1966-1976, the patriotic health campaign halted and rodents ' control was ignored and neglected. The first and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides emerged after 1976, meanwhile the researches on the commercialization and popularization of poisoning baits progressed obviously. And the scientific experiments of anticoagulant rodenticides were successfully performed. Since 1985, both the nationwide commensal rodents ' surveillance net and anticoagulant resistance surveillance net were established. Since 2000, the standard of low-density of rodents has become a prerequisite for the certification of National Health city,which byitself prompts integrated rodent management in China. The existing knowledge of the integrated rodent management, including environmental,physical and chemical methods of rodent control in China, is reviewed. Analyzing and identifying exterior sources of rodents, the extent and severity of an infestation, the location of rodent harborages and activity areas are essential elements to be determined in the complete inspection. On the basis of the rodent surveillance, rodent-proof devices in conjunction with sanitary efforts which may reduce rodent harborage, food sources and immigration, provide the best long-term management of commensal rodent infestation. Application of anticoagulant rodenticides, which provide a good solution to the rodent problems, is a major component of rodent control strategies in China. At present, new rodenticides have seen little breakthrough. However, rodenticide formulations, bait boxes and rodent monitoring equipments have experienced a great deal of variety. Study on anticoagulant resistance have made substantial progress, for example, the traditional lethal feeding period(LFP) testing having given way to the blood-clotting response(BCR) testing and DNA sequencing sequentially. GB criteria on the rodents monitoring methods, density levels and effectiveness evaluation methods of poisoning bait have been promulgated, which have made the rodents control a big step forward in both scientific and standardizing sense.
引文
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[2]Bastian G Meerburg,Frans WA Brom,Aize Kijlstra.The ethics of rodent control[J].Pest Manag Sci,2008,64(12):1205-1211.
[3]Anita T Morzillo,Angela G Mertig.Urban resident attitudes toward rodents,rodent control products,and environmental effects[J].Urban Ecosysti,2011,14(2):243-260.
[4]Dario Capzzi,Sandro Bertolino,Alessio Mortelliti.Rating the rat:global patterns and research priorities in impacts and management of rodent pests[J].Mammal Review,2014,44(2):148-162.
[5]Jens Jacobs.Vertebrate pest management:science and application[J].Pest manag Sci,2013,69(3):321-322.
[6]邓址主编.啮齿动物动物的生态与防治[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1989.
[7]施大钊,王登,高灵旺.啮齿动物生物学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.
[8]王陇德主编.病媒生物防制实用指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2010.
[9]王祖望,张知彬主编.鼠害治理的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[10]汪诚信主编.有害生物治理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[11]郑智民,姜志宽,陈安国主编.啮齿动物学[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2008.
[12]王以燕,叶纪明,姜志宽,等.我国公共卫生用农药的发展概况[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2014,20(2):106-110.
[13]任东升,刘起勇.红外感应相机在鼠密度监测的应用[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2014,25(2):142-144.
[14]周溪乔.有害生物侦测与服务的智能化[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2015,21(1):94-95.
[15]Robert M.Corrigan Rodent Control——A Practical Guide For Pest Management Professionals,GIE Media[M].Cleveland OH USA:GIE Media,2001:75-93.