生物炭对砂土水肥保持及苹果生长的影响研究
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摘要
为解决砂土易漏水漏肥的问题,以富士/平邑甜茶为试材,探讨了生物炭在砂土苹果园中的应用效果。结果表明,生物炭与化肥配合穴施增加了优质果率,提高了单果质量与单株产量,分别达到70.21%、261.92 g和59.62 kg,较传统单独穴施化肥的对照分别增加了43.40%、15.21%和36.06%;可溶性固形物和维生素C含量较对照提高了7.10%和30.30%,果实品质得到改善;土壤速效氮和速效钾含量分别达153.58和142.2 mg·kg~(-1),较对照提升15.69%和33.27%;在降水后第3天生物炭施用土层土壤含水量较上、下土层分别高36.65%和27.92%,1个月后仍然分别高56.65%和45.79%。结果显示,生物炭与化肥配合穴施的方法在砂土苹果园中对其肥水的保持及苹果产量和品质的提高均有显著效果。
In order to solve the problem of low water and nutrient conserving capacity of sandy soil,five-year-old Fuji/Malus hupeheusis Rehd. was taken as material to study the effects of biochar and compost on soil water and nutrient conserving capacity and apple growth. The results showed the percentage of high quality fruit,single apple fruit weight and apple yield of biochar combined with chemical fertilizer were 70.21%,261.92 g and 59.62 kg,respectively,increasing by 43.40%,15.21% and 36.06%,respectively,compared with the single hole application of chemical fertilizer treatment(control). The content of fruit soluble solids and vitamin C increased by 7.10% and 30.30%,respectively. Biochar combined with chemical fertilizer increased soil available nitrogen,available potassium,being 153.58 and 142.2 mg · kg~(-1),respectively,which increased by 15.69% and 33.27%,compared with the conventional fertilization treatment. On the third days after precipitation,soil water content of biochar application was 36.65% and 27.92% higher than that of upper and lower soil layers respectively. After one month evaporation,the soil water was still 56.65% and 45.79% higher than the upper and lower soil layers,respectively. The results showed that the combination of biochar and chemical fertilizer had significanteffects on soil water,nutrient content,yield and quality of apple fruit in sandy soil.
In order to solve the problem of low water and nutrient conserving capacity of sandy soil,five-year-old Fuji/Malus hupeheusis Rehd. was taken as material to study the effects of biochar and compost on soil water and nutrient conserving capacity and apple growth. The results showed the percentage of high quality fruit,single apple fruit weight and apple yield of biochar combined with chemical fertilizer were 70.21%,261.92 g and 59.62 kg,respectively,increasing by 43.40%,15.21% and 36.06%,respectively,compared with the single hole application of chemical fertilizer treatment(control). The content of fruit soluble solids and vitamin C increased by 7.10% and 30.30%,respectively. Biochar combined with chemical fertilizer increased soil available nitrogen,available potassium,being 153.58 and 142.2 mg · kg~(-1),respectively,which increased by 15.69% and 33.27%,compared with the conventional fertilization treatment. On the third days after precipitation,soil water content of biochar application was 36.65% and 27.92% higher than that of upper and lower soil layers respectively. After one month evaporation,the soil water was still 56.65% and 45.79% higher than the upper and lower soil layers,respectively. The results showed that the combination of biochar and chemical fertilizer had significanteffects on soil water,nutrient content,yield and quality of apple fruit in sandy soil.
引文
An Yan,Ji Qiang,Zhao Shi-xiang,Wang Xu-dong.2016.Effect of biochar application on soil aggregates distribution and moisture retention in orchard soil.Environmental Science,37(1):293-300.(in Chinese)安艳,姬强,赵世翔,王旭东.2016.生物质炭对果园土壤团聚体分布及保水性的影响.环境科学,37(1):293-300.
Bai Jian,Li Na,Fu Chun-xia,Zhang Zhi-yuan,Wang Yan-an,Shu Huai-rui.2016.Effect of micro-environment regulation mqode around root zone on the soil property and root growth of apple trees.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,43(5):829-840.(in Chinese)白健,李娜,付春霞,张志远,王衍安,束怀瑞.2016.苹果根域调控对土壤理化性质和根系生长的影响.园艺学报,43(5):829-840.
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Cao Hui,Xu Xue-feng,Han Zhen-hai,Wang Xiao-wei,Guo Tu-qiang.2004.Changes of physiological characteristic on photosynthesis in Malus seedling leaves during water stress.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,31(3):285-290.(in Chinese)曹慧,许雪峰,韩振海,王孝威,郭图强.2004.水分胁迫下抗旱性不同的两种苹果属植物光合特性的变化.园艺学报,31(3):285-290.
Chen Wen-fu,Zhang Wei-ming,Meng Jun.2013.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,46(16):3324-3333.(in Chinese)陈温福,张伟明,孟军.2013.农用生物炭研究进展与前景.中国农业科学,46(16):3324-3333.
Ding Yan-li,Liu Jie,Wang Ying-ying.2013.Effects of biochar on microbial ecology in agriculture soil:a review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(11):3311-3317.(in Chinese)丁艳丽,刘杰,王莹莹.2013.生物炭对农田土壤微生物生态的影响研究进展.应用生态学报,24(11):3311-3317.
Li Cheng,Li Xiaoping.2015.Effect of biochar preparation and its application amount on soil carbon pool and plant growth.Journal of Southern Agriculture,46(10):1786-1791.(in Chinese)李程,李小平.2015.生物质炭制备及不同施用量对土壤碳库和植物生长的影响.南方农业学报,46(10):1786-1791.
Li Guang-qing,Xie Zhu-jie,Yao Xue-qin,Chen Xue-hao.2010.Studies on the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and cold tolerance of cauliflower.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,37(12):2001-2006.(in Chinese)李光庆,谢祝捷,姚雪琴,陈学好.2010.花椰菜叶绿素荧光参数与耐寒性的关系研究.园艺学报,37(12):2001-2006.
Yang Kai,Hao Feng-zhen,Xu Hai-hong,Guo Xiang-hong,Zhang Peng-fei.2015.Research progress of the root distribution.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,31(22):130-135.(in Chinese)杨凯,郝锋珍,续海红,郭向红,张鹏飞.2015.果树根系分布研究进展.中国农学通报,31(22):130-135.
Shu Huai-rui,Zhou Hong-wei,Gu San-liang,Xu Qiu-quan,Zhao Yong-rui,Liu Shu-lan.1984.Experiment on planting technique of mulch covered with plastic film for storage of fertilizer in water and drought.Deciduous Fruits,(4):1-7.(in Chinese)束怀瑞,周宏伟,顾三良,许秋泉,赵永瑞,刘淑兰.1984.地膜覆盖穴贮肥水旱栽技术试验.落叶果树,(4):1-7.
Wang Juan,Han Dengwu,Ren Gang,Guo Jinqiang,Zhang Yongshuai,Wei Changzhou.2006.A study on relation between SPAD value,chlorophyll and nitrogen content in cotton.Xinjiang Agricultural Science,43(3):167-170.(in Chinese)王娟,韩登武,任岗,郭金强,张永帅,危常州.2006.SPAD值与棉花叶绿素和含氮量关系的研究.新疆农业科学,43(3):167-170.
Yan Li-juan,Yang Hong-qiang,Su Qian,Men Xiu-jin,Zhang Wei-wei.2014.Effects of carbonized powder of apple branch on the growth and root architecture of Malus hupehensis.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,41(7):1436-1442.(in Chinese)闫丽娟,杨洪强,苏倩,门秀巾,张玮玮.2014.施用炭化苹果枝粉末对平邑甜茶生长及根系构型的影响.园艺学报,41(7):1436-1442.
Yao Ling-dan,Cheng Guang-huan,Wang Li-xiao,Chen Huan-yu,Lou Li-ping.2016.Effects of biochar application to microorganisms in soil.Environmental Chemistry,(4):697-704.(in Chinese)姚玲丹,程广焕,王丽晓,陈环宇,楼莉萍.2016.施用生物炭对土壤微生物的影响.环境化学,(4):697-704.
Zhang Ai-ping,Liu Ru-liang,Gao Ji,Zhang Qing-wen,Chen Zhe,Hui Jin-zhuo.2015.Effects of biochar on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the ningxia yellow river irrigation region.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilize,21(5):1352-1360.(in Chinese)张爱平,刘汝亮,高霁,张晴雯,陈哲,惠锦卓.2015.生物炭对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,21(5):1352-1360.
Zhang Bin,Liu Xiao-yu,Pan Gen-xing,Zheng Ju-feng,Chi Zhong-zhi,Li Lian-qing.2012.Changes in soil properties,yield and trace gas emission from a paddy after biochar amendment in two consecutive rice growing cycles.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(23):4844-4853.(in Chinese)张斌,刘晓雨,潘根兴,郑聚锋,池忠志,李恋卿.2012.施用生物质炭后稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和痕量温室气体排放的变化.中国农业科学,45(23):4844-4853.
Zhao Guo-dong,Wei Qin-ping,Zhang Qiang,Wang Xiao-wei,Liu Song-zhong,Liu Jun.2010.Effects of 1/4 root zone applying organic manure on growth of young apple trees in organic glass box.Journal of Fruit Science,27(2):179-182.(in Chinese)赵国栋,魏钦平,张强,王小伟,刘松忠,刘军.2010.砂土1/4根域施用有机肥对苹果幼树生长的影响.果树学报,27(2):179-182.
Bai Jian,Li Na,Fu Chun-xia,Zhang Zhi-yuan,Wang Yan-an,Shu Huai-rui.2016.Effect of micro-environment regulation mqode around root zone on the soil property and root growth of apple trees.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,43(5):829-840.(in Chinese)白健,李娜,付春霞,张志远,王衍安,束怀瑞.2016.苹果根域调控对土壤理化性质和根系生长的影响.园艺学报,43(5):829-840.
Bao Shi-dan.2000.Soil agrochemical analysis.3rd Edition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press.(in Chinese)鲍士旦.2000.土壤农化分析.第3版.北京:中国农业出版社.
Basso A S,Miguez F E,Laird D A,Horton R,Westgate M.2013.Assessing potential of biochar for increasing water-holding capacity of sandy soils.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,5(2):132-143.
Cao Hui,Xu Xue-feng,Han Zhen-hai,Wang Xiao-wei,Guo Tu-qiang.2004.Changes of physiological characteristic on photosynthesis in Malus seedling leaves during water stress.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,31(3):285-290.(in Chinese)曹慧,许雪峰,韩振海,王孝威,郭图强.2004.水分胁迫下抗旱性不同的两种苹果属植物光合特性的变化.园艺学报,31(3):285-290.
Chen Wen-fu,Zhang Wei-ming,Meng Jun.2013.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,46(16):3324-3333.(in Chinese)陈温福,张伟明,孟军.2013.农用生物炭研究进展与前景.中国农业科学,46(16):3324-3333.
Ding Yan-li,Liu Jie,Wang Ying-ying.2013.Effects of biochar on microbial ecology in agriculture soil:a review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(11):3311-3317.(in Chinese)丁艳丽,刘杰,王莹莹.2013.生物炭对农田土壤微生物生态的影响研究进展.应用生态学报,24(11):3311-3317.
Li Cheng,Li Xiaoping.2015.Effect of biochar preparation and its application amount on soil carbon pool and plant growth.Journal of Southern Agriculture,46(10):1786-1791.(in Chinese)李程,李小平.2015.生物质炭制备及不同施用量对土壤碳库和植物生长的影响.南方农业学报,46(10):1786-1791.
Li Guang-qing,Xie Zhu-jie,Yao Xue-qin,Chen Xue-hao.2010.Studies on the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and cold tolerance of cauliflower.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,37(12):2001-2006.(in Chinese)李光庆,谢祝捷,姚雪琴,陈学好.2010.花椰菜叶绿素荧光参数与耐寒性的关系研究.园艺学报,37(12):2001-2006.
Yang Kai,Hao Feng-zhen,Xu Hai-hong,Guo Xiang-hong,Zhang Peng-fei.2015.Research progress of the root distribution.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,31(22):130-135.(in Chinese)杨凯,郝锋珍,续海红,郭向红,张鹏飞.2015.果树根系分布研究进展.中国农学通报,31(22):130-135.
Shu Huai-rui,Zhou Hong-wei,Gu San-liang,Xu Qiu-quan,Zhao Yong-rui,Liu Shu-lan.1984.Experiment on planting technique of mulch covered with plastic film for storage of fertilizer in water and drought.Deciduous Fruits,(4):1-7.(in Chinese)束怀瑞,周宏伟,顾三良,许秋泉,赵永瑞,刘淑兰.1984.地膜覆盖穴贮肥水旱栽技术试验.落叶果树,(4):1-7.
Wang Juan,Han Dengwu,Ren Gang,Guo Jinqiang,Zhang Yongshuai,Wei Changzhou.2006.A study on relation between SPAD value,chlorophyll and nitrogen content in cotton.Xinjiang Agricultural Science,43(3):167-170.(in Chinese)王娟,韩登武,任岗,郭金强,张永帅,危常州.2006.SPAD值与棉花叶绿素和含氮量关系的研究.新疆农业科学,43(3):167-170.
Yan Li-juan,Yang Hong-qiang,Su Qian,Men Xiu-jin,Zhang Wei-wei.2014.Effects of carbonized powder of apple branch on the growth and root architecture of Malus hupehensis.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,41(7):1436-1442.(in Chinese)闫丽娟,杨洪强,苏倩,门秀巾,张玮玮.2014.施用炭化苹果枝粉末对平邑甜茶生长及根系构型的影响.园艺学报,41(7):1436-1442.
Yao Ling-dan,Cheng Guang-huan,Wang Li-xiao,Chen Huan-yu,Lou Li-ping.2016.Effects of biochar application to microorganisms in soil.Environmental Chemistry,(4):697-704.(in Chinese)姚玲丹,程广焕,王丽晓,陈环宇,楼莉萍.2016.施用生物炭对土壤微生物的影响.环境化学,(4):697-704.
Zhang Ai-ping,Liu Ru-liang,Gao Ji,Zhang Qing-wen,Chen Zhe,Hui Jin-zhuo.2015.Effects of biochar on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the ningxia yellow river irrigation region.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilize,21(5):1352-1360.(in Chinese)张爱平,刘汝亮,高霁,张晴雯,陈哲,惠锦卓.2015.生物炭对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,21(5):1352-1360.
Zhang Bin,Liu Xiao-yu,Pan Gen-xing,Zheng Ju-feng,Chi Zhong-zhi,Li Lian-qing.2012.Changes in soil properties,yield and trace gas emission from a paddy after biochar amendment in two consecutive rice growing cycles.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(23):4844-4853.(in Chinese)张斌,刘晓雨,潘根兴,郑聚锋,池忠志,李恋卿.2012.施用生物质炭后稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和痕量温室气体排放的变化.中国农业科学,45(23):4844-4853.
Zhao Guo-dong,Wei Qin-ping,Zhang Qiang,Wang Xiao-wei,Liu Song-zhong,Liu Jun.2010.Effects of 1/4 root zone applying organic manure on growth of young apple trees in organic glass box.Journal of Fruit Science,27(2):179-182.(in Chinese)赵国栋,魏钦平,张强,王小伟,刘松忠,刘军.2010.砂土1/4根域施用有机肥对苹果幼树生长的影响.果树学报,27(2):179-182.