Integrative herbal treatments of diabetes in Beni Mellal region of Morocco
|
摘要
Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most life-threatening chronic metabolic disorders and is considered a global health problem due to its prevalence and incidence. In Morocco, several herbal preparations are utilized to treat this disease. For this reason, the current study aimed to identify and to collect data about the medicinal plants utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in the Beni Mellal region of Morocco.Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 400 herbalists, competent villagers and traditional healers from the Beni Mellal region through direct interviews using a semistructured questionnaire.Results: Forty-five medicinal plants belonging to 25 families were identified for their use in diabetes treatment. Interview results showed that the most frequently used plants were Olea europaea, Salvia officinalis, Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with a relative frequency of citation values of24.3%, 23.0%, 22.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, the Fabaceae family was the most commonly reported plant family, and the leaves and roots were the most commonly used parts, for the treatment of diabetes.Conclusion: The Beni Mellal region of Morocco has an important floristic biodiversity of plants used to treat diabetes in traditional medicinal practice. This result provides a good database for pharmacological screenings in the search for plant-based antidiabetic medications.
Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most life-threatening chronic metabolic disorders and is considered a global health problem due to its prevalence and incidence. In Morocco, several herbal preparations are utilized to treat this disease. For this reason, the current study aimed to identify and to collect data about the medicinal plants utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in the Beni Mellal region of Morocco.Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 400 herbalists, competent villagers and traditional healers from the Beni Mellal region through direct interviews using a semistructured questionnaire.Results: Forty-five medicinal plants belonging to 25 families were identified for their use in diabetes treatment. Interview results showed that the most frequently used plants were Olea europaea, Salvia officinalis, Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with a relative frequency of citation values of24.3%, 23.0%, 22.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, the Fabaceae family was the most commonly reported plant family, and the leaves and roots were the most commonly used parts, for the treatment of diabetes.Conclusion: The Beni Mellal region of Morocco has an important floristic biodiversity of plants used to treat diabetes in traditional medicinal practice. This result provides a good database for pharmacological screenings in the search for plant-based antidiabetic medications.
Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most life-threatening chronic metabolic disorders and is considered a global health problem due to its prevalence and incidence. In Morocco, several herbal preparations are utilized to treat this disease. For this reason, the current study aimed to identify and to collect data about the medicinal plants utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in the Beni Mellal region of Morocco.Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 400 herbalists, competent villagers and traditional healers from the Beni Mellal region through direct interviews using a semistructured questionnaire.Results: Forty-five medicinal plants belonging to 25 families were identified for their use in diabetes treatment. Interview results showed that the most frequently used plants were Olea europaea, Salvia officinalis, Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with a relative frequency of citation values of24.3%, 23.0%, 22.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, the Fabaceae family was the most commonly reported plant family, and the leaves and roots were the most commonly used parts, for the treatment of diabetes.Conclusion: The Beni Mellal region of Morocco has an important floristic biodiversity of plants used to treat diabetes in traditional medicinal practice. This result provides a good database for pharmacological screenings in the search for plant-based antidiabetic medications.
引文
[1] American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classi?cation of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014;37(Suppl 1):S81–90.
[2] Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci2004;76:137–49.
[3] Sepici A, Gürbüz I,?evik C, Yesilada E. Hypoglycaemic effects of myrtle oil in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93(2–3):311–8.
[4] International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. Seventh Edition.(2015)[2018-06-12]. https://www.idf.org/component/attachments/attachments.html?id=1093&task=download.
[5] Keter LK, Mutiso PC. Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners in the management of diabetes in Lower Eastern Province, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;139(1):74–80.
[6] Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Djikpo Tchibozo MA, Abdoul-Rahaman S, Anani K,Koudouvo K, et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo. Pharm Biol 2011;49(12):1286–97.
[7] Agbodeka K, Gbekley HE, Karou SD, Anani K, Agbonon A, Tchacondo T, et al.Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in the plateau region, Togo. Pharmacognosy Res 2016;8(Suppl 1):S12–8.
[8] Seid MA, Tsegay BA. Ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants in Tehuledere district, South Wollo, Ethiopia. J Med Plants Res 2011;5(26):6233–42.
[9] El Azzouzi F, Zidane L. La?ore médicinale traditionnelle de la région de BéniMellal(Maroc). J Appl Biosci 2015;91:8493–502[French with abstract in English].
[10] Matheka DM, Demaio AR. Complementary and alternative medicine use among diabetic patients in Africa:a Kenyan perspective. Pan Afr Med J2013;15:110.
[11] Khalid H, Abdalla WE, Abdelgadir H, Opatz T, Efferth T. Gems from traditional north-African medicine:medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan. Nat Products Bioprospect 2012;2(3):92–103.
[12] Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Ra?eian-Kopaei M, Saki K. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia,Northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014;7(S1):S348–54.
[13] Olaokun OO, McGaw LJ, Awouafack MD, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. The potential role of GLUT4 transporters and insulin receptors in the hypoglycaemic activity of Ficus lutea acetone leaf extract. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:269.
[14] Ouhaddou H, Boubaker H, Msanda F, El Mousadik A. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane province(southwest Morocco).J Appl Biosci 2014;2015(84):7707–22.
[15] Barkaoui M, Katiri A, Boubaker H, Msanda F. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Chtouka Ait Baha and Tiznit(Western Anti-Atlas), Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol2017;198:338–50.
[16] Bellakhdar J. La Pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle, Médecine arabe ancienne et savoirs populaires. Casablanca:Ibis Press; 1997[French].
[17] Fennane M, Ibn Tattou M, Mathez J, Ouyahya A, EL Oualidi J. Practical?ora of Morocco:manual for the determination of vascular plants(volume I).Botanical Series 1999;36:1–558[French].
[18] Hmamouchi M. Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plants:use, biology,ecology, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, lexicons. Mohammedia:Edition Fédala; 1999[French].
[19] Yetein MH, Houessou LG, Lougbégnon TO, Teka O, Tente B. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in plateau of Allada, Benin(West Africa). J Ethnopharmacol 2013;146(1):154–63.
[20] Salhi S, Fadli M, Zidane L. Floristic and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Kénitra(Maroc). Lazaroa 2011;31(2010):133–43[French with abstract in English].
[21] Begossi A, Hanazaki N, Tamashiro JY. Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest(Brazil):knowledge, use, and conservation. Hum Ecol 2002;30(3):281–99.
[22] Ishola IO, Oreagba IA, Adeneye AA, Adirije C, Oshikoya KA, Ogunleye OO.Ethnopharmacological survey of herbal treatment of malaria in Lagos,Southwest Nigeria. J Herb Med 2014;4(4):224–34.
[23] Anyinam C. Ecology and ethnomedicine:exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices. Soc Sci Med 1995;40(3):321–9.
[24] Kpodar MS, Lawson-Evi P, Bakoma B, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Agbonon A,Aklikokou K, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in south of Togo(Maritime Region). J Herb Med 2015;5(3):147–52.
[25] Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, Ouahidi ML, Jouad H. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus,hypertension and cardiac diseases in the south-east region of Morocco(Ta?lalet). J Ethnopharmacol 2002;82(2–3):97–103.
[26] Kadir MF, Karmoker JR, Alam MR, Jahan SR, Mahbub S, Mia MM.Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by traditional healers and indigenous people in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, for the treatment of snakebite. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2015;2015:871675.
[27] Rahmatullah M, Azam MN, Khatun Z, Seraj S, Islam F, Rahman MA, et al.Medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes by the Marakh sect of the Garo tribe living in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. African J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2012;9(3):380–5.
[28] Pan SY, Zhou SF, Gao SH, Yu ZL, Zhang SF, Tang MK, et al. New perspectives on how to discover drugs from herbal medicines:CAM’s outstanding contribution to modern therapeutics. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2013;2013:627375.
[29] Orch H, Douira A, Zidane L.étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement du diabète, et des maladies cardiaques dans la région d’Izarène(Nord du Maroc). J Appl Biosci 2015;86(2015):7940–56[French with abstract in English].
[30] Hachi M, Hachi T, Belahbib N, Dahmani J, Zidane L. Contribution to the study and?oristic ethnobotany?ora medicinal use at the city of Khenifra(Morocco).Int J Innov Appl Stud 2015;11(3):754–70[French with abstract in English].
[31] Yaseen G, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Kayani S, Cetto AA, et al. Traditional management of diabetes in Pakistan:ethnobotanical investigation from traditional health practitioners. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;174:91–117.
[32] Tra Bi FH, Irie GM, N’Gaman K, Mahou CHB. Study of some therapeutic plants used to treat arterial hypertension and diabetes:two emergent diseases in C?te d’Ivoire. Sci Nat 2008;5(1):39–48[French with abstract in English].
[33] Fah L, KlotoéJR, Dougnon V, Koudokpon H, Fanou VBA, Dandjesso C, et al. An ethnobotanical study of plants used in the treatment of diabetes in pregnant women in Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi(Benin). J Anim Plant Sci 2013;18(1):2647–58[French with abstract in English].
[34] Benarba B, Belabid L, Righi K, Bekkar AA, Elouissi M, Khaldi A, et al.Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Mascara(North West of Algeria). J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:626–37.
[35] Semenya S, Potgieter M, Erasmus L. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi healers to treat diabetes mellitus in the Limpopo Province,South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141(1):440–5.
[36] Ei SN, Karakaya S. Olive tree(Olea europaea)leaves:potential bene?cial effects on human health. Nutr Rev 2009;67(11):632–8.
[37] Jaradat N. Ethnopharmacological survey of natural products in Palestine. AnNajah Univ J Res 2005;19(1):13–67.
[38] Eidi A, Eidi M, Darzi R. Antidiabetic effect of Olea europaea L. in normal and diabetic rats. Phyther Res 2009;23(3):347–50.
[39] Hamdi HK, Castellon R. Oleuropein, a non-toxic olive iridoid, is an anti-tumor agent and cytoskeleton disruptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;334(3):769–78.
[40] Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in southeastern Morocco(Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol 2007;110(1):105–17.
[41] Guarrera PM. Traditional phytotherapy in Central Italy(Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium). Fitoterapia 2005;76(1):1–25.
[42] Jaradat NA. Medical plants utilized in Palestinian folk medicine for treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. J Al-Aqsa Univ 2005;9:1–28.
[43] Eidi A, Eidi M. Antidiabetic effects of sage(Salvia officinalis L.)leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev2009;3(1):40–4.
[44] Behradmanesh S, Derees F, Kopaei MR. Effect of Salvia officinalis on diabetic patients. J Ren Inj Prev 2013;2:51–4.
[45] Ghorbani A, Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J Tradit Complement Med 2017;7(4):433–40.
[46] Moss L, Rouse M, Wesnes KA, Moss M. Differential effects of the aromas of Salvia species on memory and mood. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25(5):388–96.
[47] Kianbakht S, Abasi B, Perham M. Hashem Dabaghian F. Antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract in patients with hyperlipidemia:a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phyther Res2011;25(12):1849–53.
[48] SáCM, Ramos AA, Azevedo MF, Lima CF, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Sage tea drinking improves lipid pro?le and antioxidant defences in humans. Int J Mol Sci 2009;10(9):3937–50.
[49] Kianbakht S, Dabaghian FH. Improved glycemic control and lipid pro?le in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract:a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med2013;21(5):441–6.
[50] Umashanker M, Shruti S. Traditional Indian herbal medicine used as antipyretic, antiulcer, anti-diabetic and anticancer:a review. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2011;1(4):1152–9.
[51] Ahmad M, Qureshi R, Arshad M, Ajab Khan M, Zafar M. Traditional herbal remedies used for the treatment of diabetes from district Attock(Pakistan).Pakistan J Bot 2009;41(6):2777–82.
[52] Gbolade AA. Inventory of antidiabetic plants in selected districts of Lagos State,Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;121(1):135–9.
[53] Al-Ramahi R, Jaradat N, Zaid AN, Vincieri FF, Asmaa M. Medicinal herbs and methodologies for their pharmaceutical compounding in the West Bank/Palestine. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2014;20(4):280–4.
[54] Thomson M, Al-Amin ZM, Al-Qattan KK, Shaban LH, Ali M. Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of garlic(Allium sativum)in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Metab 2007;15:108–15.
[55] Ozougwu JC, Eyo JE. Studies on the anti-diabetic activity of Allium sativum(garlic)aqueous extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic albino rat.Pharmacologyonline 2010;2:1079–88.
[56] Eidi A, Eidi M, Esmaeili E. Antidiabetic effect of garlic(Allium sativum L.)in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 2006;13(9–10):624–9.
[57] Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I. Garlic(Allium sativum)supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pakistan J Pharmacol Sci 2011;24(4):565–70.
[58] Sukandar EY, Permana H, Adnyana IK, Sigit JI, Ilyas RA, Hasimun P, et al.Clinical study of turmeric(Curcuma longa L.)and garlic(Allium sativum L.)extracts as antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic agent in type-2diabetes-dyslipidemia patients. Int J Pharmacol 2010;6(4):438–45.
[59] Borrelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA. Garlic(Allium sativum L.):adverse effects and drug interactions in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51(11):1386–97.
[60] Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-?avored milk on the nursling’s behavior. Pediatr Res 1993;34(6):805–8.
[61] Hamdan II, A??FU. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic activities of some medicinal plants used in treatment of diabetes in Jordanian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93(1):117–21.
[62] Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989;10(2):69–73.
[63] Chhetri DR, Parajuli P, Subba GC. Antidiabetic plants used by Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan tribes, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;99(2):199–202.
[64] Jaradat NA, Shawahna R, Hussein F, Al-Lahham S. Analysis of the antioxidant potential in aerial parts of Trigonella arabica and Trigonella berythea grown widely in Palestine:a comparative study. Eur J Integr Med 2016;8(5):623–30.
[65] Raju J, Gupta D, Rao AR, Yadava PK, Baquer NZ. Trigonellafoenum graecum(fenugreek)seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;224(1–2):45–51.
[66] Hannan JM, Ali L, Rokeya B, Khaleque J, Akhter M, Flatt PR, et al. Soluble dietary?bre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum(fenugreek)seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br J Nutr2007;97(3):514–21.
[67] Lu FR, Shen L, Qin Y, Gao L, Li H, Dai Y. Clinical observation on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins in combination with sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin J Integr Med 2008;14(1):56–60.
[68] Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Mirhosseini M, Mesripour A, Ra?eian-Kopaei M. A review on ethnobotanical and therapeutic uses of fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graceum L). J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2016;21(1):53–62.
[2] Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci2004;76:137–49.
[3] Sepici A, Gürbüz I,?evik C, Yesilada E. Hypoglycaemic effects of myrtle oil in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93(2–3):311–8.
[4] International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. Seventh Edition.(2015)[2018-06-12]. https://www.idf.org/component/attachments/attachments.html?id=1093&task=download.
[5] Keter LK, Mutiso PC. Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners in the management of diabetes in Lower Eastern Province, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;139(1):74–80.
[6] Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Djikpo Tchibozo MA, Abdoul-Rahaman S, Anani K,Koudouvo K, et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo. Pharm Biol 2011;49(12):1286–97.
[7] Agbodeka K, Gbekley HE, Karou SD, Anani K, Agbonon A, Tchacondo T, et al.Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in the plateau region, Togo. Pharmacognosy Res 2016;8(Suppl 1):S12–8.
[8] Seid MA, Tsegay BA. Ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants in Tehuledere district, South Wollo, Ethiopia. J Med Plants Res 2011;5(26):6233–42.
[9] El Azzouzi F, Zidane L. La?ore médicinale traditionnelle de la région de BéniMellal(Maroc). J Appl Biosci 2015;91:8493–502[French with abstract in English].
[10] Matheka DM, Demaio AR. Complementary and alternative medicine use among diabetic patients in Africa:a Kenyan perspective. Pan Afr Med J2013;15:110.
[11] Khalid H, Abdalla WE, Abdelgadir H, Opatz T, Efferth T. Gems from traditional north-African medicine:medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan. Nat Products Bioprospect 2012;2(3):92–103.
[12] Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Ra?eian-Kopaei M, Saki K. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia,Northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014;7(S1):S348–54.
[13] Olaokun OO, McGaw LJ, Awouafack MD, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. The potential role of GLUT4 transporters and insulin receptors in the hypoglycaemic activity of Ficus lutea acetone leaf extract. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:269.
[14] Ouhaddou H, Boubaker H, Msanda F, El Mousadik A. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane province(southwest Morocco).J Appl Biosci 2014;2015(84):7707–22.
[15] Barkaoui M, Katiri A, Boubaker H, Msanda F. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Chtouka Ait Baha and Tiznit(Western Anti-Atlas), Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol2017;198:338–50.
[16] Bellakhdar J. La Pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle, Médecine arabe ancienne et savoirs populaires. Casablanca:Ibis Press; 1997[French].
[17] Fennane M, Ibn Tattou M, Mathez J, Ouyahya A, EL Oualidi J. Practical?ora of Morocco:manual for the determination of vascular plants(volume I).Botanical Series 1999;36:1–558[French].
[18] Hmamouchi M. Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plants:use, biology,ecology, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, lexicons. Mohammedia:Edition Fédala; 1999[French].
[19] Yetein MH, Houessou LG, Lougbégnon TO, Teka O, Tente B. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in plateau of Allada, Benin(West Africa). J Ethnopharmacol 2013;146(1):154–63.
[20] Salhi S, Fadli M, Zidane L. Floristic and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Kénitra(Maroc). Lazaroa 2011;31(2010):133–43[French with abstract in English].
[21] Begossi A, Hanazaki N, Tamashiro JY. Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest(Brazil):knowledge, use, and conservation. Hum Ecol 2002;30(3):281–99.
[22] Ishola IO, Oreagba IA, Adeneye AA, Adirije C, Oshikoya KA, Ogunleye OO.Ethnopharmacological survey of herbal treatment of malaria in Lagos,Southwest Nigeria. J Herb Med 2014;4(4):224–34.
[23] Anyinam C. Ecology and ethnomedicine:exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices. Soc Sci Med 1995;40(3):321–9.
[24] Kpodar MS, Lawson-Evi P, Bakoma B, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Agbonon A,Aklikokou K, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in south of Togo(Maritime Region). J Herb Med 2015;5(3):147–52.
[25] Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, Ouahidi ML, Jouad H. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus,hypertension and cardiac diseases in the south-east region of Morocco(Ta?lalet). J Ethnopharmacol 2002;82(2–3):97–103.
[26] Kadir MF, Karmoker JR, Alam MR, Jahan SR, Mahbub S, Mia MM.Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by traditional healers and indigenous people in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, for the treatment of snakebite. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2015;2015:871675.
[27] Rahmatullah M, Azam MN, Khatun Z, Seraj S, Islam F, Rahman MA, et al.Medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes by the Marakh sect of the Garo tribe living in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. African J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2012;9(3):380–5.
[28] Pan SY, Zhou SF, Gao SH, Yu ZL, Zhang SF, Tang MK, et al. New perspectives on how to discover drugs from herbal medicines:CAM’s outstanding contribution to modern therapeutics. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2013;2013:627375.
[29] Orch H, Douira A, Zidane L.étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement du diabète, et des maladies cardiaques dans la région d’Izarène(Nord du Maroc). J Appl Biosci 2015;86(2015):7940–56[French with abstract in English].
[30] Hachi M, Hachi T, Belahbib N, Dahmani J, Zidane L. Contribution to the study and?oristic ethnobotany?ora medicinal use at the city of Khenifra(Morocco).Int J Innov Appl Stud 2015;11(3):754–70[French with abstract in English].
[31] Yaseen G, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Kayani S, Cetto AA, et al. Traditional management of diabetes in Pakistan:ethnobotanical investigation from traditional health practitioners. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;174:91–117.
[32] Tra Bi FH, Irie GM, N’Gaman K, Mahou CHB. Study of some therapeutic plants used to treat arterial hypertension and diabetes:two emergent diseases in C?te d’Ivoire. Sci Nat 2008;5(1):39–48[French with abstract in English].
[33] Fah L, KlotoéJR, Dougnon V, Koudokpon H, Fanou VBA, Dandjesso C, et al. An ethnobotanical study of plants used in the treatment of diabetes in pregnant women in Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi(Benin). J Anim Plant Sci 2013;18(1):2647–58[French with abstract in English].
[34] Benarba B, Belabid L, Righi K, Bekkar AA, Elouissi M, Khaldi A, et al.Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Mascara(North West of Algeria). J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:626–37.
[35] Semenya S, Potgieter M, Erasmus L. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi healers to treat diabetes mellitus in the Limpopo Province,South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141(1):440–5.
[36] Ei SN, Karakaya S. Olive tree(Olea europaea)leaves:potential bene?cial effects on human health. Nutr Rev 2009;67(11):632–8.
[37] Jaradat N. Ethnopharmacological survey of natural products in Palestine. AnNajah Univ J Res 2005;19(1):13–67.
[38] Eidi A, Eidi M, Darzi R. Antidiabetic effect of Olea europaea L. in normal and diabetic rats. Phyther Res 2009;23(3):347–50.
[39] Hamdi HK, Castellon R. Oleuropein, a non-toxic olive iridoid, is an anti-tumor agent and cytoskeleton disruptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;334(3):769–78.
[40] Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in southeastern Morocco(Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol 2007;110(1):105–17.
[41] Guarrera PM. Traditional phytotherapy in Central Italy(Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium). Fitoterapia 2005;76(1):1–25.
[42] Jaradat NA. Medical plants utilized in Palestinian folk medicine for treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. J Al-Aqsa Univ 2005;9:1–28.
[43] Eidi A, Eidi M. Antidiabetic effects of sage(Salvia officinalis L.)leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev2009;3(1):40–4.
[44] Behradmanesh S, Derees F, Kopaei MR. Effect of Salvia officinalis on diabetic patients. J Ren Inj Prev 2013;2:51–4.
[45] Ghorbani A, Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J Tradit Complement Med 2017;7(4):433–40.
[46] Moss L, Rouse M, Wesnes KA, Moss M. Differential effects of the aromas of Salvia species on memory and mood. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25(5):388–96.
[47] Kianbakht S, Abasi B, Perham M. Hashem Dabaghian F. Antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract in patients with hyperlipidemia:a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phyther Res2011;25(12):1849–53.
[48] SáCM, Ramos AA, Azevedo MF, Lima CF, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Sage tea drinking improves lipid pro?le and antioxidant defences in humans. Int J Mol Sci 2009;10(9):3937–50.
[49] Kianbakht S, Dabaghian FH. Improved glycemic control and lipid pro?le in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract:a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med2013;21(5):441–6.
[50] Umashanker M, Shruti S. Traditional Indian herbal medicine used as antipyretic, antiulcer, anti-diabetic and anticancer:a review. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2011;1(4):1152–9.
[51] Ahmad M, Qureshi R, Arshad M, Ajab Khan M, Zafar M. Traditional herbal remedies used for the treatment of diabetes from district Attock(Pakistan).Pakistan J Bot 2009;41(6):2777–82.
[52] Gbolade AA. Inventory of antidiabetic plants in selected districts of Lagos State,Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;121(1):135–9.
[53] Al-Ramahi R, Jaradat N, Zaid AN, Vincieri FF, Asmaa M. Medicinal herbs and methodologies for their pharmaceutical compounding in the West Bank/Palestine. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2014;20(4):280–4.
[54] Thomson M, Al-Amin ZM, Al-Qattan KK, Shaban LH, Ali M. Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of garlic(Allium sativum)in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Metab 2007;15:108–15.
[55] Ozougwu JC, Eyo JE. Studies on the anti-diabetic activity of Allium sativum(garlic)aqueous extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic albino rat.Pharmacologyonline 2010;2:1079–88.
[56] Eidi A, Eidi M, Esmaeili E. Antidiabetic effect of garlic(Allium sativum L.)in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 2006;13(9–10):624–9.
[57] Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I. Garlic(Allium sativum)supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pakistan J Pharmacol Sci 2011;24(4):565–70.
[58] Sukandar EY, Permana H, Adnyana IK, Sigit JI, Ilyas RA, Hasimun P, et al.Clinical study of turmeric(Curcuma longa L.)and garlic(Allium sativum L.)extracts as antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic agent in type-2diabetes-dyslipidemia patients. Int J Pharmacol 2010;6(4):438–45.
[59] Borrelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA. Garlic(Allium sativum L.):adverse effects and drug interactions in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51(11):1386–97.
[60] Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-?avored milk on the nursling’s behavior. Pediatr Res 1993;34(6):805–8.
[61] Hamdan II, A??FU. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic activities of some medicinal plants used in treatment of diabetes in Jordanian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93(1):117–21.
[62] Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989;10(2):69–73.
[63] Chhetri DR, Parajuli P, Subba GC. Antidiabetic plants used by Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan tribes, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;99(2):199–202.
[64] Jaradat NA, Shawahna R, Hussein F, Al-Lahham S. Analysis of the antioxidant potential in aerial parts of Trigonella arabica and Trigonella berythea grown widely in Palestine:a comparative study. Eur J Integr Med 2016;8(5):623–30.
[65] Raju J, Gupta D, Rao AR, Yadava PK, Baquer NZ. Trigonellafoenum graecum(fenugreek)seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;224(1–2):45–51.
[66] Hannan JM, Ali L, Rokeya B, Khaleque J, Akhter M, Flatt PR, et al. Soluble dietary?bre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum(fenugreek)seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br J Nutr2007;97(3):514–21.
[67] Lu FR, Shen L, Qin Y, Gao L, Li H, Dai Y. Clinical observation on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins in combination with sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin J Integr Med 2008;14(1):56–60.
[68] Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Mirhosseini M, Mesripour A, Ra?eian-Kopaei M. A review on ethnobotanical and therapeutic uses of fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graceum L). J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2016;21(1):53–62.