鲁迅白话小说译作中句法欧化现象的历时变化——基于语料库的研究方法
|
摘要
鲁迅的译作对于现代汉语欧化研究具有重要意义,但对译作中欧化现象的探讨却很有限且常忽略其历时变化。本文以鲁迅白话小说译作为研究对象,考察四种典型欧化句法结构在译作中的历时变化,即,修饰语+"的"+人称代词、以"的"为标记的复杂定中结构、"被"字句、"是"+形容词+"的"结构。研究基于历时语料库,对译作中欧化句法结构的使用频率与用法进行定量与定性分析,从而概括其历时变化趋势。研究发现,所考察的四种典型欧化句法结构中,一类结构的使用频率上升,三类结构使用频率下降,去欧化趋势明显,用法上也出现一定程度的去欧化趋势,但欧化进程并未停止。鲁迅译作中四种典型欧化句法结构的历时变化揭示了句法欧化现象中的去欧化趋势,欧化与去欧化的共存为理解现代汉语历时演变的复杂性提供了独特视角。
Lu Xun's translation works are of great significance for the study on Europeanization in Chinese language. However,o nly a few researches have addressed the issue of Europeanization in Lu Xun's translation works, the diachronic change of which still remains under-explored. Focused on Lu Xun's vernacular fictional translation works, this study investigates the diachronic change of four typical Europeanized syntactic constructions in it,namely, the premodifier + "de"+ personal pronoun, the complex modifier-head construction marked by "de", the "bei" sentence,a nd the "shi ADJ de" construction. Based on diachronic corpora, the frequency and usage of these four Europeanized syntactic constructions have been analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively so as to sketch the diachronic trend. It is found that frequency has decreased for three of the four Europeanized syntactic constructions while increased for the other one, indicating the remarkable trend of de-Europeanization,which in certain degree is also embodied in the usage of Europeanized syntactic constructions,although Europeanization is still progressing. The diachronic change of these four Europeanized syntactic constructions in Lu Xun's translation works reveals the de-Europeanization trend in syntactic Europeanization. The coexistence of Europeanization and de-Europeanization offers a unique perspective for understanding the complexity in the development of modern Chinese language.
Lu Xun's translation works are of great significance for the study on Europeanization in Chinese language. However,o nly a few researches have addressed the issue of Europeanization in Lu Xun's translation works, the diachronic change of which still remains under-explored. Focused on Lu Xun's vernacular fictional translation works, this study investigates the diachronic change of four typical Europeanized syntactic constructions in it,namely, the premodifier + "de"+ personal pronoun, the complex modifier-head construction marked by "de", the "bei" sentence,a nd the "shi ADJ de" construction. Based on diachronic corpora, the frequency and usage of these four Europeanized syntactic constructions have been analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively so as to sketch the diachronic trend. It is found that frequency has decreased for three of the four Europeanized syntactic constructions while increased for the other one, indicating the remarkable trend of de-Europeanization,which in certain degree is also embodied in the usage of Europeanized syntactic constructions,although Europeanization is still progressing. The diachronic change of these four Europeanized syntactic constructions in Lu Xun's translation works reveals the de-Europeanization trend in syntactic Europeanization. The coexistence of Europeanization and de-Europeanization offers a unique perspective for understanding the complexity in the development of modern Chinese language.
引文
[1]Kubler,C.1985.A Study Of Europeanized Grammar in Modern Written Chinese[M].Taipei:Student Book Co.,Ltd.
[2]McEnery,T.,R.Xiao&Y.Tono.2006.Corpus-based Language Studies:An Advanced Resource Book[M].London&New York:Routledge.
[3]Saussure,F.1983/2013.R.Harris.(trans.).Course in General Linguistics[M].London:Bloomsbury.
[4]北京师范学院中文系汉语教研组.1959.五四以来汉语书面语言的变迁和发展[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[5]戴光荣.2013.译文源语透过效应研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[6]高玉.2001.“异化”与“归化”---论翻译文学对中国现代文学发生的影响及其限度[J].江汉论坛,(1):85-90.
[7]顾钧.2009.鲁迅翻译研究[M].福州:福建教育出版社.
[8]贺阳.2008.现代汉语欧化语法现象研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[9]黄立波.2014.基于语料库的翻译文体研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[10]黄乔生.2013.序言[A].北京鲁迅博物馆编.鲁迅翻译研究论文集[C].沈阳:春风文艺出版社.
[11]黄琼英.2007.鲁迅作品语言历时研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
[12]老志钧.2002.鲁迅(1881-1936)欧化文字研究[D].香港:香港大学.
[13]黎锦熙刘世儒.1959.汉语语法教材(第二编词类和构词法)[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[14]李丽.2010.鲁迅儿童文学译作中的欧化现象考察[J].湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),(6):94-97.
[15]李时.1934/2013.国学问题五百[M].合肥:安徽人民出版社.
[16]李颖玉.2012.基于语料库的欧化翻译研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.
[17]梁实秋.1933/1997.欧化文[A].黎照编注.鲁迅梁实秋论战实录[C].北京:华龄出版社.
[18]刘重德.1998.“欧化”辨析---兼评“归化”现象[J].外语与外语教学,(5):47-51.
[19]鲁迅.1931/2014a.关于翻译的通信[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第6卷1929-1932)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[20]鲁迅.1934/2014b.玩笑只当它玩笑(上)[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第8卷1934)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[21]鲁迅.1934/2014c.答曹聚仁先生信[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第8卷1934)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[22]鲁迅.1935/2014d.“题未定”草(一至三)[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第9卷1935)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[23]鲁迅.2008.北京鲁迅博物馆编.鲁迅译文全集[C].福州:福建教育出版社.
[24]王克非.2012.语料库翻译学探索[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[25]王力.1943/1985.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[26]王力.1944/2015.中国语法理论[M].北京:中华书局.
[27]王向远.2014.翻译文学史的理论与方法[A].坐而论道[C].北京:中央编译出版社.
[28]肖忠华.2012.英汉翻译中的汉语译文语料库研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[29]谢耀基.2001.汉语语法欧化综述[J].语文研究,(1):17-22.
[30]熊鹰.2012.翻译与文学叙事模式的转换---以鲁迅的直译为例[J].鲁迅研究月刊,(11):30-42.
[31]许家金.2014.许家金谈语料库语言学的本体与方法[J].语料库语言学,(2):35-44.
[32]余光中.1979/2014.早期作家笔下的西化中文[A].翻译乃大道[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[33]余光中.1996/2014.论的的不休[A].翻译乃大道[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[34]赵景深.1936.文人剪影[M].上海:北新书局.
[35]郑远汉.2004.修辞风格研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[36]朱一凡.2011.翻译与现代汉语的变迁(1905-1936)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
(1)助词“的”在定中结构中的使用频率不低于三次。
(2)参见鲁迅(2008)。文中所引译例均由语料库检索提取。
(3)Log-likelihood Ratio Calculator由北京外国语大学许家金教授开发。
[2]McEnery,T.,R.Xiao&Y.Tono.2006.Corpus-based Language Studies:An Advanced Resource Book[M].London&New York:Routledge.
[3]Saussure,F.1983/2013.R.Harris.(trans.).Course in General Linguistics[M].London:Bloomsbury.
[4]北京师范学院中文系汉语教研组.1959.五四以来汉语书面语言的变迁和发展[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[5]戴光荣.2013.译文源语透过效应研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[6]高玉.2001.“异化”与“归化”---论翻译文学对中国现代文学发生的影响及其限度[J].江汉论坛,(1):85-90.
[7]顾钧.2009.鲁迅翻译研究[M].福州:福建教育出版社.
[8]贺阳.2008.现代汉语欧化语法现象研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[9]黄立波.2014.基于语料库的翻译文体研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[10]黄乔生.2013.序言[A].北京鲁迅博物馆编.鲁迅翻译研究论文集[C].沈阳:春风文艺出版社.
[11]黄琼英.2007.鲁迅作品语言历时研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
[12]老志钧.2002.鲁迅(1881-1936)欧化文字研究[D].香港:香港大学.
[13]黎锦熙刘世儒.1959.汉语语法教材(第二编词类和构词法)[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[14]李丽.2010.鲁迅儿童文学译作中的欧化现象考察[J].湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),(6):94-97.
[15]李时.1934/2013.国学问题五百[M].合肥:安徽人民出版社.
[16]李颖玉.2012.基于语料库的欧化翻译研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.
[17]梁实秋.1933/1997.欧化文[A].黎照编注.鲁迅梁实秋论战实录[C].北京:华龄出版社.
[18]刘重德.1998.“欧化”辨析---兼评“归化”现象[J].外语与外语教学,(5):47-51.
[19]鲁迅.1931/2014a.关于翻译的通信[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第6卷1929-1932)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[20]鲁迅.1934/2014b.玩笑只当它玩笑(上)[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第8卷1934)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[21]鲁迅.1934/2014c.答曹聚仁先生信[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第8卷1934)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[22]鲁迅.1935/2014d.“题未定”草(一至三)[A].鲁迅全集(编年版)(第9卷1935)[C].北京:人民文学出版社.
[23]鲁迅.2008.北京鲁迅博物馆编.鲁迅译文全集[C].福州:福建教育出版社.
[24]王克非.2012.语料库翻译学探索[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[25]王力.1943/1985.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[26]王力.1944/2015.中国语法理论[M].北京:中华书局.
[27]王向远.2014.翻译文学史的理论与方法[A].坐而论道[C].北京:中央编译出版社.
[28]肖忠华.2012.英汉翻译中的汉语译文语料库研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社.
[29]谢耀基.2001.汉语语法欧化综述[J].语文研究,(1):17-22.
[30]熊鹰.2012.翻译与文学叙事模式的转换---以鲁迅的直译为例[J].鲁迅研究月刊,(11):30-42.
[31]许家金.2014.许家金谈语料库语言学的本体与方法[J].语料库语言学,(2):35-44.
[32]余光中.1979/2014.早期作家笔下的西化中文[A].翻译乃大道[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[33]余光中.1996/2014.论的的不休[A].翻译乃大道[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
[34]赵景深.1936.文人剪影[M].上海:北新书局.
[35]郑远汉.2004.修辞风格研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[36]朱一凡.2011.翻译与现代汉语的变迁(1905-1936)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
(1)助词“的”在定中结构中的使用频率不低于三次。
(2)参见鲁迅(2008)。文中所引译例均由语料库检索提取。
(3)Log-likelihood Ratio Calculator由北京外国语大学许家金教授开发。