层理对页岩纵波特性的影响
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摘要
研究层理性页岩声波响应特征有助于利用声波测井资料指导页岩气井安全钻井。采集四川盆地长宁地区下志留统龙马溪组露头页岩岩样,并沿不同角度钻取页岩岩心。基于多频声波测试系统,开展了多层理角度下页岩声波实验,分析了层理角度对纵波速度、衰减系数、时域、频域等特性的影响。开展了数值模拟实验,分析了岩心端面垂直时平行层理面、层理密度对波速、衰减的影响。结果表明:随着层理角度增大声波时差、声波衰减系数均线性增大;声波速度存在频散现象,测试频率不同,声波速度不同;声波速度与层理密度呈线性负相关;层理角度对页岩声波主频没有影响。该研究结果为页岩气井安全钻井及压裂改造等工程设计提供了参考。
Studying the acoustic characteristics of layered shales contributes to applying acoustic logging to guide drilling safely. The shale samples were collected from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Changning area of Sichuan Basin,and drilled into cores along different orientation relative to the bedding plane. Based on multi-frequency ultrasonic wave testing system,acoustic wave experiments of shale samples were carried out and the influences of bedding angle on acoustic wave velocity,attenuation coefficient,time domain and frequency domain were analyzed. Numerical simulation experiments were carried out to analyze the influences of bedding density on wave velocity and attenuation in parallel and vertical core end faces. The results show that the interval transit time and the attenuation coefficient increase linearly with the increase of bedding angle. Frequency dispersion phenomenon exists,which shows that the acoustic velocity varies with the testing frequency. Acoustic velocity is negatively correlated with bedding density,and bedding angle has no effect on the dominant frequency of shale acoustic waves. The results provide a reference for the drilling and fracturing engineering of shale gas wells.
Studying the acoustic characteristics of layered shales contributes to applying acoustic logging to guide drilling safely. The shale samples were collected from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Changning area of Sichuan Basin,and drilled into cores along different orientation relative to the bedding plane. Based on multi-frequency ultrasonic wave testing system,acoustic wave experiments of shale samples were carried out and the influences of bedding angle on acoustic wave velocity,attenuation coefficient,time domain and frequency domain were analyzed. Numerical simulation experiments were carried out to analyze the influences of bedding density on wave velocity and attenuation in parallel and vertical core end faces. The results show that the interval transit time and the attenuation coefficient increase linearly with the increase of bedding angle. Frequency dispersion phenomenon exists,which shows that the acoustic velocity varies with the testing frequency. Acoustic velocity is negatively correlated with bedding density,and bedding angle has no effect on the dominant frequency of shale acoustic waves. The results provide a reference for the drilling and fracturing engineering of shale gas wells.
引文
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[13]邓智,程礼军,潘林华,等.层理倾角对页岩三轴应力应变测试和纵横波速度的影响.东北石油大学学报,2016,40(1):33-39.DENG Z,CHENG L J,PAN L H,et al.Effect of bedding angle on shale triaxial stress,testing and velocity of P-wave and S-wave.Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2016,40(1):33-39.
[14]何建华,丁文龙,付景龙,等.页岩微观孔隙成因类型研究.岩性油气藏,2014,26(5):30-35.HE J H,DING W L,FU J L,et al.Study on genetic type of micropore in shale reservoir.Lithologic Reservoirs,2014,26(5):30-35.
[15]李可,王兴志,张馨艺,等.四川盆地东部下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层特征及影响因素.岩性油气藏,2016,28(5):52-58.LI K,WANG X Z,ZHANG X Y,et al.Shale reservoir characteristics and influencing factors of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin.Lithologic Reservoirs,2016,28(5):52-58.
[16]刘向君,熊健,梁利喜.龙马溪组硬脆性页岩水化实验研究.西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(3):178-186.LIU X J,XIONG J,LIANG L X.Hydration experiment of hard brittle shale of the Longmaxi Formation.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2016,38(3):178-186.
[17]沈瑞,胡志明,郭和坤,等.四川盆地长宁龙马溪组页岩赋存空间及含气规律.岩性油气藏,2018,30(5):11-17.SHEN R,HU Z M,GUO H K,et al.Storage space and gas content law of Longmaxi shale in Changning area,Sichuan Basin.Lithologic Reservoirs,2018,30(5):11-17.
[18]LAI B T,LI H,ZHANG J L,et al.Water-content effects on dynamic elastic properties of organic-rich shale.SPE Journal,2016,21(2):1-25.
[19]范翔宇,段美恒,张千贵,等.页岩层理与含水率对声波传播影响的实验研究.西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(2):53-61.FAN X Y,DUAN M H,ZHANG Q G,et al.An experimental study on the effects of shale stratification and hydration on the transmission of acoustic waves.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2017,39(2):53-61.
[20]陈乔,刘向君,刘洪,等.层理性页岩地层超声波透射实验.天然气工业,2013,33(8):140-144.CHEN Q,LIU X J,LIU H,et al.An experimental study of ultrasonic penetration through bedding shale reservoirs.Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(8):140-144.
[21]熊健,梁利喜,刘向君,等.川南地区龙马溪组页岩岩石声波透射实验研究.地下空间与工程学报,2014,10(5):1071-1077.XIONG J,LIANG L X,LIU X J,et al.Experimental study on acoustic penetration through the Longmaxi Formation shale rock in south region of Sichuan Basin.Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2014,10(5):1071-1077.
[22]杨征.页岩的物理力学各向异性及拉伸剪切破裂特征研究.北京:北京交通大学,2016.YANG Z.Study on physical and mechanical anisotropy of shale and failure characteristics in tension-shear state.Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016.
[23]陈乔,刘向君,梁利喜,等.裂缝模型声波衰减系数的数值模拟.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):2044-2052.CHEN Q,LIU X J,LIANG L X,et al.Numerical simulation of the fractured model acoustic attenuation coefficient.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(6):2044-2052.
[2]董大忠,高世葵,黄金亮,等.论四川盆地页岩气资源勘探开发前景.天然气工业,2014,34(12):1-15.DONG D Z,GAO S K,HUANG J L,et al.A discussion on the shale gas exploration&development prospect in Sichuan Basin.Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(12):1-15.
[3]张晓明,石万忠,徐清海,等.四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩气储层特征及控制因素.石油学报,2015,36(8):926-939.ZHANG X M,SHI W Z,XU Q H,et al.Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of shale gas in Jiaoshiba area,Sichuan Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(8):926-939.
[4]位云生,贾爱林,何东博,等.中国页岩气与致密气开发特征与开发技术异同.天然气工业,2017,37(11):43-52.WEI Y S,JIA A L,HE D B,et al.Comparative analysis of development characteristics and technologies between shale gas and tight gas in China.Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(11):43-52.
[5]马天寿,陈平.页岩层理对水平井井壁稳定的影响.西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(5):97-104.MA T S,CHEN P.Influence of shale bedding plane on wellbore stability for horizontal wells.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2014,36(5):97-104.
[6]赵凯,袁俊亮,邓金根,等.层理产状对页岩气水平井井壁稳定性的影响.科学技术与工程,2013,13(3):580-583.ZHAO K,YUAN J L,DENG J G,et al.Effect of bedding plane occurrence on horizontal shale gas wellbore stability.Science Technology and Engineering,2013,13(3):580-583.
[7]夏宏泉,史亚红,王瀚玮,等.页岩水平井井眼轨迹方位与层理面产状的关系.断块油气田,2018,25(3):371-375.XIA H Q,SHI Y H,WANG H W,et al.Relationship between shale horizontal well track orientation and bedding plane occurrence.Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2018,25(3):371-375.
[8]丁乙,刘向君,罗平亚,等.硬脆性泥页岩地层井壁稳定性研究.中国海上油气,2018,30(1):142-149.DING Y,LIU X J,LUO P Y,et al.Research on wellbore stability for hard brittle shale.China Offshore Oil and Gas,2018,30(1):142-149.
[9]王森,刘洪,陈乔,等.渝东南下志留统龙马溪组页岩理化性能实验.石油学报,2014,35(2):245-252.WANG S,LIU H,CHEN Q,et al.Physical and chemical properties experiment on shale in Longmaxi Formation of Lower Silurian,southwest Chongqing.Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(2):245-252.
[10]陈乐求.焦石坝页岩声学、气体吸附和孔渗特性实验研究.广州:华南理工大学,2016.CHEN L Q.Experiment study on the characteristics of acoustic,gas adsorption and seepage flow of shale in Jiaoshiba.Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2016.
[11]康毅力,白佳佳,游利军.有机质含量对页岩声波传播特性的影响.天然气地球科学,2017,28(9):1341-1349.KANG Y L,BAI J J,YOU L J.Influence of organic content on acoustic wave propagation characteristic of organic-rich shale.Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,28(9):1341-1349.
[12]王跃鹏,刘向君,梁利喜.页岩力学特性的层理效应及脆性预测.岩性油气藏,2018,30(4):149-160.WANG Y P,LIU X J,LIANG L X.Influence of bedding planes on mechanical properties and prediction method of brittleness index in shale.Lithologic Reservoirs,2018,30(4):149-160.
[13]邓智,程礼军,潘林华,等.层理倾角对页岩三轴应力应变测试和纵横波速度的影响.东北石油大学学报,2016,40(1):33-39.DENG Z,CHENG L J,PAN L H,et al.Effect of bedding angle on shale triaxial stress,testing and velocity of P-wave and S-wave.Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2016,40(1):33-39.
[14]何建华,丁文龙,付景龙,等.页岩微观孔隙成因类型研究.岩性油气藏,2014,26(5):30-35.HE J H,DING W L,FU J L,et al.Study on genetic type of micropore in shale reservoir.Lithologic Reservoirs,2014,26(5):30-35.
[15]李可,王兴志,张馨艺,等.四川盆地东部下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层特征及影响因素.岩性油气藏,2016,28(5):52-58.LI K,WANG X Z,ZHANG X Y,et al.Shale reservoir characteristics and influencing factors of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin.Lithologic Reservoirs,2016,28(5):52-58.
[16]刘向君,熊健,梁利喜.龙马溪组硬脆性页岩水化实验研究.西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(3):178-186.LIU X J,XIONG J,LIANG L X.Hydration experiment of hard brittle shale of the Longmaxi Formation.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2016,38(3):178-186.
[17]沈瑞,胡志明,郭和坤,等.四川盆地长宁龙马溪组页岩赋存空间及含气规律.岩性油气藏,2018,30(5):11-17.SHEN R,HU Z M,GUO H K,et al.Storage space and gas content law of Longmaxi shale in Changning area,Sichuan Basin.Lithologic Reservoirs,2018,30(5):11-17.
[18]LAI B T,LI H,ZHANG J L,et al.Water-content effects on dynamic elastic properties of organic-rich shale.SPE Journal,2016,21(2):1-25.
[19]范翔宇,段美恒,张千贵,等.页岩层理与含水率对声波传播影响的实验研究.西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(2):53-61.FAN X Y,DUAN M H,ZHANG Q G,et al.An experimental study on the effects of shale stratification and hydration on the transmission of acoustic waves.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2017,39(2):53-61.
[20]陈乔,刘向君,刘洪,等.层理性页岩地层超声波透射实验.天然气工业,2013,33(8):140-144.CHEN Q,LIU X J,LIU H,et al.An experimental study of ultrasonic penetration through bedding shale reservoirs.Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(8):140-144.
[21]熊健,梁利喜,刘向君,等.川南地区龙马溪组页岩岩石声波透射实验研究.地下空间与工程学报,2014,10(5):1071-1077.XIONG J,LIANG L X,LIU X J,et al.Experimental study on acoustic penetration through the Longmaxi Formation shale rock in south region of Sichuan Basin.Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2014,10(5):1071-1077.
[22]杨征.页岩的物理力学各向异性及拉伸剪切破裂特征研究.北京:北京交通大学,2016.YANG Z.Study on physical and mechanical anisotropy of shale and failure characteristics in tension-shear state.Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016.
[23]陈乔,刘向君,梁利喜,等.裂缝模型声波衰减系数的数值模拟.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):2044-2052.CHEN Q,LIU X J,LIANG L X,et al.Numerical simulation of the fractured model acoustic attenuation coefficient.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(6):2044-2052.