全海深海底沉积物力学特性原位测试技术
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摘要
海洋开发已经步入全海深时代,迫切需要获取全海深海底沉积物力学特性。由于海洋工程地质环境的特殊性,尤其是深海,常规取样难度较大,并且会扰动原状土体,海底沉积物原位测试成为海底工程勘察的重要手段。介绍了静力触探测试、十字板剪切测试和全流动贯入测试等海底沉积物力学特性的原位测试方法;归纳总结了影响原位测试结果的因素主要包括水深、底质类型以及解析方法等;重点介绍了一种全海深海洋探索技术"深海着陆器";展望了全海深沉积物力学特性原位测试技术面临的机遇与挑战。
As ocean exploitation has entered the era of full ocean depth,it is urgent to acquire mechanical properties of seabed sediments.Due to the complex marine engineering geological conditions,especially those in the deep ocean,it is rather difficult to collect high-quality undisturbed samples through conventional sampling techniques,and thus in-situ testing has become an only choice for submarine engineering survey.This paper aims to present a general introduction to the in-situ test methods,such as cone penetration test,vane shear test and full flow penetration test.And the factors that influence the in-situ test results are summarized,including water depth,sediment type and interpretation method.A deep sea exploration technology named"hadal lander technology"is introduced in details.A preliminary recommendation for development of in-situ measurement of sediment mechanical properties of full ocean depth is proposed.
As ocean exploitation has entered the era of full ocean depth,it is urgent to acquire mechanical properties of seabed sediments.Due to the complex marine engineering geological conditions,especially those in the deep ocean,it is rather difficult to collect high-quality undisturbed samples through conventional sampling techniques,and thus in-situ testing has become an only choice for submarine engineering survey.This paper aims to present a general introduction to the in-situ test methods,such as cone penetration test,vane shear test and full flow penetration test.And the factors that influence the in-situ test results are summarized,including water depth,sediment type and interpretation method.A deep sea exploration technology named"hadal lander technology"is introduced in details.A preliminary recommendation for development of in-situ measurement of sediment mechanical properties of full ocean depth is proposed.
引文
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[22] Linley T D,Gerringer M E,Yancey P H,et al.Fishes of the hadal zone including new species,in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2016,114:99-110.
[23] Jun C,Zhang Q,Zhang A,et al.7 000mlander design for hadal research[C]∥Oceans-St.John's,2014.
[24] Jun C,Zhang Q,Zhang A,et al.Sea trial and free-fall hydrodynamic research of a 7000-meter lander[C]∥Oceans 2015-MTS/IEEE Washington,2015.
[2] Cui W C,Hu Y,Guo W.On the development of a movable laboratory for hadal science:Some preliminary considerations[C]∥Oceans.IEEE,2014:1-7.
[3] Loe H E,Randolph M F.Strength measurement for nearseabed surface soft soil using manually operated miniature full-flow penetrometer[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering,2010,136(11):1565-1573.
[4] Ehlers C J,Chen J,Roberts H H,et al.The origin of near-seafloor“crust zones”in deepwater[C]∥Proc.,Int.Symp.on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics(ISFOG),Taylor and Francis,London,2005,927-934.
[5]郭绍曾,刘润.静力触探测试技术在海洋工程中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,2015,37(增刊1):207-211.
[6]季福东,贾永刚,刘晓磊,等.海底沉积物工程力学性质原位测量方法[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2016,36(3):191-200.
[7]姚首龙,郑喜耀.海上原位十字板剪切试验方法介绍[J].海岸工程,2015,34(2):67-73.
[8]吴鸿云,陈新明,高宇清,等.西矿区深海稀软底质剪切强度和贯入阻力原位测试[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2010,41(5):1801-1806.
[9] Randolph M F,Houlsby G T.Limiting pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive soil[J].Géotechnique,1984,34(4):613-623.
[10] Randolph M F,Martin C M,Hu Y.Limiting resistance of a spherical penetrometer in cohesive material[J].Géotechnique,2000,50(5):573-582.
[11] Stewart D P,Randolph M F.A new site investigation on tool for the centrifuge[C]∥Proc.Int.Conf.Centrifuge91,Boulder/Colorado,USA,1991,91:531-538.
[12] Borel D,Puech A,Dendani H,et al.Deepwatergeotechnical site investigation practice in the Gulf of Guinea[C]∥Proc.Int.Symp.on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics(ISFOG),Taylor and Francis,London,2005:921-926.
[13] Randolph M F,Hefer P A,Geise J M,et al.Improved seabed strength profiling using T-bar penetrometer[C]∥Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour—“New Frontiers”.London:Society for Underwater Technology,1998:221-235.
[14] Kelleher P J,Randolph M F.Seabed geotechnical characterisation with the portable remotely operated drill.[C]∥Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics(ISFOG),Perth,Australia,19-21September 2005.London:Taylor&Francis,2005:365-371.
[15]范宁,赵维,年廷凯,等.一种测试海底泥流强度的新型全流动贯入仪[J].上海交通大学学报,2017,54(4):456-461.
[16] Randolph M F,Gaudin C,Gourvenec S M,et al.Recent advances in offshore geotechnics for deep water oil and gas developments[J].Ocean Engineering,2011,38(7):818-834.
[17] Tom K,Sjursen M.Guidelines for offshore in situ testing and interpretation in deepwater soft clays[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2011,48(4):543-556.
[18] Dejong J,Yafrate F,Degroot D,et al.Recommended practice for full-flow penetrometer testing and analysis[J].ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal,2010,33(2):137-149.
[19]陈俊,张奇峰,李俊,等.深渊着陆器技术研究及马里亚纳海沟科考应用[J].海洋技术学报,2017(1):63-69.
[20] Jamieson A J,Fujii T,Solan M,et al.HADEEP:freefalling landers to the deepest places on Earth[J].Marine Technology Society Journal,2009,43(5):151-160.
[21] Hardy K,Cameron J,Herbst L,et al.Hadal landers:the deepsea challenge ocean trench free vehicles[C]∥Oceans-San Diego,2013.
[22] Linley T D,Gerringer M E,Yancey P H,et al.Fishes of the hadal zone including new species,in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2016,114:99-110.
[23] Jun C,Zhang Q,Zhang A,et al.7 000mlander design for hadal research[C]∥Oceans-St.John's,2014.
[24] Jun C,Zhang Q,Zhang A,et al.Sea trial and free-fall hydrodynamic research of a 7000-meter lander[C]∥Oceans 2015-MTS/IEEE Washington,2015.