中国石灰岩化学风化碳汇时空演变特征分析
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摘要
明确区域乃至全球碳酸盐岩化学风化碳汇的量级、空间格局及演变特征对解决陆地遗失碳汇难题、碳循环系统收支不平衡等问题具有极其重要的意义.为此,文章利用长时间高精度生态气象水文栅格数据以及中国和周边44个流域的监测数据,基于随机森林算法及碳酸盐岩最大潜在溶蚀模型,对中国碳酸盐岩中最主要的岩石类型即石灰岩在2000～2014年的化学风化碳汇进行估算,并对其空间格局、演变特征及趋势进行系统分析.结果显示:中国石灰岩区域Ca~(2+)及HCO_3离子活度系数高值主要分布于中国北方和西北区域,整体上呈现出由西北向东南逐渐减少的态势;中国2000～2014年石灰岩年均风化碳汇通量为4.28t C km~(-2)a~(-1),各区域差别较大,高值主要分布在中国东南岩溶区域,并且呈现出由西北向东南逐级递增的状态;在纬度上,中国南方28.14°N以南是通量波动最大的区域,整体上通量随着纬度的降低而呈现出增加的趋势;在气候带上,亚热带与热带区域是通量最大的区域,对于寒带、中温带、暖温带以及温带区域,荒漠气候带是这些气候类型中通量最小的区域,而草原气候带及阔叶林气候带是通量最大的区域;基于像元的趋势分析显示,中国石灰岩风化碳汇处于轻微增加的状态,其通量增长速率约为0.036t C km~(-2)a~(-1);全国石灰岩风化碳汇总量为7.07Tg C a~(-1),在研究期间处于波动的状态,在2002、2008及2010年为总量最大的三个年份,在2011年为最低,同样处于轻微增加的趋势,其增长速率约为0.06Tg C a~(-1);西藏自治区是中国石灰岩风化碳汇最大的行政区,总量达到了1.20Tg C a~(-1),南方岩溶区为中国石灰岩风化碳汇最大的岩溶分区,总量为4.95Tg C a~(-1),其碳汇占到中国石灰岩风化碳汇总量的70.01%;基于不同类型碳酸盐岩的风化碳循环差异及其关系估算得到中国碳酸盐岩的风化碳汇总量可达11.37Tg C a~(-1),其通量约为5.02t C km~(-2)a~(-1),碳酸盐岩风化碳汇总量相当于中国生物量碳汇的16.20%,这说明碳酸盐岩风化碳汇是中国碳汇系统的重要组成部分.此外,排除径流深为负值区域的干扰,中国碳酸盐岩风化碳汇通量可达6.54t C km~(-2)a~(-1).文章的研究模式对未来进一步改进全球尺度碳酸盐岩风化碳汇的精确估算具有重要的参考价值.
引文
曹建华,蒋忠诚,袁道先,夏日元,章程.2017.岩溶动力系统与全球变化研究进展.中国地质,44:874-900
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郭兆迪,胡会峰,李品,李怒云,方精云.2013.1977~2008年中国森林生物量碳汇的时空变化.中国科学:生命科学,43:421-431
蒋忠诚,覃小群,曹建华,蒋小珍,何师意,罗为群.2011.中国岩溶作用产生的大气CO2碳汇的分区计算.中国岩溶,30:363-367
李晶莹,张经.2003.黄河流域化学风化作用与大气CO2的消耗.海洋地质与第四纪地质,23:43-49
李佩成,郭曼,王丽霞,李启垒,徐斌,李军媛,郑飞敏.2011.近60年来中国大陆降水、气温动态及其相互关系的初步研究.中国工程科学,13:29-36
刘少华,严登华,王浩,李传哲,秦天玲,翁白莎,邢子强.2016.中国大陆流域分区TRMM降水质量评价.水科学进展,27:639-651
刘再华,Dreybrodt W,韩军,李华举.2005.CaCO3-CO2-H2O岩溶系统的平衡化学及其分析.中国岩溶,24:1-14
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马柱国,符淙斌.2005.中国干旱和半干旱带的10年际演变特征.地球物理学报,48:519-525
蒲俊兵,蒋忠诚,袁道先,章程.2015.岩石风化碳汇研究进展:基于IPCC第五次气候变化评估报告的分析.地球科学进展,30:1081-1090
邱冬生,庄大方,胡云锋,姚锐.2004.中国岩石风化作用所致的碳汇能力估算.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,29:177-182
宋贤威,高扬,温学发,郭大立,于贵瑞,何念鹏,张进忠.2016.中国喀斯特关键带岩石风化碳汇评估及其生态服务功能.地理学报,71:1926-1938
孙瑞,吴志祥,陈帮乾,杨川.2016.近55年海南岛气候要素时空分布与变化趋势.气象研究与应用,37:1-7
覃小群,刘朋雨,黄奇波,张连凯.2013.珠江流域岩石风化作用消耗大气/土壤CO2量的估算.地球学报,34:455-462
王静爱,左伟.2010.中国地理图集.北京:中国地图出版社.362
张连凯,覃小群,刘朋雨,黄奇波.2016.硫酸参与的长江流域岩石化学风化与大气CO2消耗.地质学报,90:1933-1944
张娜,金建新,佟长福,张红玲,屈忠义.2017.西藏参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征与影响因素.干旱区研究,34:1027-1034
Beaulieu E,Goddéris Y,Donnadieu Y,Labat D,Roelandt C.2012.High sensitivity of the continental-weathering carbon dioxide sink to future climate change.Nat Clim Change,2:346-349
Breiman L.1996.Bagging predictors.Machine Learn,24:123-140
Breiman L.2001.Random forest.Machine Learn,45:5-32
Brook G A,Folkoff M E,Box E O.2010.A world model of soil carbon dioxide.Earth Surf Process Landf,8:79-88
Chen M Y,Shi W,Xie P P,Silva V B S,Kousky V E,Higgins W R,Janowiak J E.2008.Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation.J Geophys Res,113:D04110
Dreybrodt W.1988.Processes in Karst Systems.Berlin:SpringerVerlag.288
Gaillardet J,DupréB,Louvat P,Allègre C J.1999.Global silicate weathering and CO2consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers.Chem Geol,159:3-30
Gombert P.2002.Role of karstic dissolution in global carbon cycle.Glob Planet Change,33:177-184
Ho T K.1998.The random subspace method for constructing decision forests.IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell,20:832-844
Li H W,Wang S J,Bai X Y,Luo W J,Tang H,Cao Y,Wu L H,Chen F,Li Q,Zeng C,Wang M M.2018.Spatiotemporal distribution and national measurement of the global carbonate carbon sink.Sci Total Environ,643:157-170
Liu Z H,Dreybrodt W,Wang H J.2010.A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2budget:Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution,the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms.Earth-Sci Rev,99:162-172
Liu Z H,Macpherson G L,Groves C,Martin J B,Yuan D X,Zeng S B.2018.Large and active CO2uptake by coupled carbonate weathering.Earth-Sci Rev,182:42-49
Liu Z,Zhao J.2000.Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2sink.Environ Geol,39:1053-1058
Martin J B.2016.Carbonate minerals in the global carbon cycle.Chem Geol,449:58-72
Plummer L N,Busenberg E.1982.The solubilities of calcite,aragonite and vaterite in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C,and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO3-CO2-H2O.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,46:1011-1040
Reshef D N,Reshef Y A,Finucane H K,Grossman S R,McVean G,Turnbaugh P J,Lander E S,Mitzenmacher M,Sabeti P C.2011.Detecting novel associations in large data sets.Science,334:1518-1524
Wissbrun K F,French D M,Patterson Jr A.1954.The true ionization constant of carbonic acid in aqueous solution from 5°to 45°.J Phys Chem,58:693-695
Yan H,Wang S Q,Wang J B,Lu H Q,Guo A H,Zhu Z C,Myneni R B,Shugart H H.2016.Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought in China and its impact on agriculture during 1982-2011 by using PDSI indices and agriculture drought survey data.J Geophys Res,121:2283-2298
Zeng S B,Jiang Y J,Liu Z H.2016.Assessment of climate impacts on the karst-related carbon sink in SW China using MPD and GIS.Glob Planet Change,144:171-181
Zhang H,Wu P B,Yin A J,Yang X H,Zhang M,Gao C.2017.Prediction of soil organic carbon in an intensively managed reclamation zone of eastern China:A comparison of multiple linear regressions and the random forest model.Sci Total Environ,592:704-713
Zhang J P,Zhang L B,Xu C,Liu W L,Qi Y,Wo X.2014.Vegetation variation of mid-subtropical forest based on MODIS NDVI data-Acase study of Jinggangshan City,Jiangxi Province.Acta Ecol Sin,34:7-12
曹建华,杨慧,康志强.2011.区域碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用碳汇通量估算初探:以珠江流域为例.科学通报,56:2181-2187
郭兆迪,胡会峰,李品,李怒云,方精云.2013.1977~2008年中国森林生物量碳汇的时空变化.中国科学:生命科学,43:421-431
蒋忠诚,覃小群,曹建华,蒋小珍,何师意,罗为群.2011.中国岩溶作用产生的大气CO2碳汇的分区计算.中国岩溶,30:363-367
李晶莹,张经.2003.黄河流域化学风化作用与大气CO2的消耗.海洋地质与第四纪地质,23:43-49
李佩成,郭曼,王丽霞,李启垒,徐斌,李军媛,郑飞敏.2011.近60年来中国大陆降水、气温动态及其相互关系的初步研究.中国工程科学,13:29-36
刘少华,严登华,王浩,李传哲,秦天玲,翁白莎,邢子强.2016.中国大陆流域分区TRMM降水质量评价.水科学进展,27:639-651
刘再华,Dreybrodt W,韩军,李华举.2005.CaCO3-CO2-H2O岩溶系统的平衡化学及其分析.中国岩溶,24:1-14
刘再华,Dreybrodt W.2012.碳酸盐风化碳汇与森林碳汇的对比--碳汇研究思路和方法变革的必要性.中国岩溶,31:345-348
马柱国,符淙斌.2005.中国干旱和半干旱带的10年际演变特征.地球物理学报,48:519-525
蒲俊兵,蒋忠诚,袁道先,章程.2015.岩石风化碳汇研究进展:基于IPCC第五次气候变化评估报告的分析.地球科学进展,30:1081-1090
邱冬生,庄大方,胡云锋,姚锐.2004.中国岩石风化作用所致的碳汇能力估算.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,29:177-182
宋贤威,高扬,温学发,郭大立,于贵瑞,何念鹏,张进忠.2016.中国喀斯特关键带岩石风化碳汇评估及其生态服务功能.地理学报,71:1926-1938
孙瑞,吴志祥,陈帮乾,杨川.2016.近55年海南岛气候要素时空分布与变化趋势.气象研究与应用,37:1-7
覃小群,刘朋雨,黄奇波,张连凯.2013.珠江流域岩石风化作用消耗大气/土壤CO2量的估算.地球学报,34:455-462
王静爱,左伟.2010.中国地理图集.北京:中国地图出版社.362
张连凯,覃小群,刘朋雨,黄奇波.2016.硫酸参与的长江流域岩石化学风化与大气CO2消耗.地质学报,90:1933-1944
张娜,金建新,佟长福,张红玲,屈忠义.2017.西藏参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征与影响因素.干旱区研究,34:1027-1034
Beaulieu E,Goddéris Y,Donnadieu Y,Labat D,Roelandt C.2012.High sensitivity of the continental-weathering carbon dioxide sink to future climate change.Nat Clim Change,2:346-349
Breiman L.1996.Bagging predictors.Machine Learn,24:123-140
Breiman L.2001.Random forest.Machine Learn,45:5-32
Brook G A,Folkoff M E,Box E O.2010.A world model of soil carbon dioxide.Earth Surf Process Landf,8:79-88
Chen M Y,Shi W,Xie P P,Silva V B S,Kousky V E,Higgins W R,Janowiak J E.2008.Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation.J Geophys Res,113:D04110
Dreybrodt W.1988.Processes in Karst Systems.Berlin:SpringerVerlag.288
Gaillardet J,DupréB,Louvat P,Allègre C J.1999.Global silicate weathering and CO2consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers.Chem Geol,159:3-30
Gombert P.2002.Role of karstic dissolution in global carbon cycle.Glob Planet Change,33:177-184
Ho T K.1998.The random subspace method for constructing decision forests.IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell,20:832-844
Li H W,Wang S J,Bai X Y,Luo W J,Tang H,Cao Y,Wu L H,Chen F,Li Q,Zeng C,Wang M M.2018.Spatiotemporal distribution and national measurement of the global carbonate carbon sink.Sci Total Environ,643:157-170
Liu Z H,Dreybrodt W,Wang H J.2010.A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2budget:Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution,the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms.Earth-Sci Rev,99:162-172
Liu Z H,Macpherson G L,Groves C,Martin J B,Yuan D X,Zeng S B.2018.Large and active CO2uptake by coupled carbonate weathering.Earth-Sci Rev,182:42-49
Liu Z,Zhao J.2000.Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2sink.Environ Geol,39:1053-1058
Martin J B.2016.Carbonate minerals in the global carbon cycle.Chem Geol,449:58-72
Plummer L N,Busenberg E.1982.The solubilities of calcite,aragonite and vaterite in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C,and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO3-CO2-H2O.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,46:1011-1040
Reshef D N,Reshef Y A,Finucane H K,Grossman S R,McVean G,Turnbaugh P J,Lander E S,Mitzenmacher M,Sabeti P C.2011.Detecting novel associations in large data sets.Science,334:1518-1524
Wissbrun K F,French D M,Patterson Jr A.1954.The true ionization constant of carbonic acid in aqueous solution from 5°to 45°.J Phys Chem,58:693-695
Yan H,Wang S Q,Wang J B,Lu H Q,Guo A H,Zhu Z C,Myneni R B,Shugart H H.2016.Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought in China and its impact on agriculture during 1982-2011 by using PDSI indices and agriculture drought survey data.J Geophys Res,121:2283-2298
Zeng S B,Jiang Y J,Liu Z H.2016.Assessment of climate impacts on the karst-related carbon sink in SW China using MPD and GIS.Glob Planet Change,144:171-181
Zhang H,Wu P B,Yin A J,Yang X H,Zhang M,Gao C.2017.Prediction of soil organic carbon in an intensively managed reclamation zone of eastern China:A comparison of multiple linear regressions and the random forest model.Sci Total Environ,592:704-713
Zhang J P,Zhang L B,Xu C,Liu W L,Qi Y,Wo X.2014.Vegetation variation of mid-subtropical forest based on MODIS NDVI data-Acase study of Jinggangshan City,Jiangxi Province.Acta Ecol Sin,34:7-12