上海宁波两港集装箱航运网络研究(2004～2015年)
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摘要
港口之间的竞争不仅仅是对陆向腹地货源的竞争,还是对海向腹地特别是航线的争夺。选取上海和宁波为样本,以网络分析软件Gephi和Arc GIS为基本工具,通过复杂网络指标分析上海宁波两港2004~2015年航运地位的变化,以航区为海向腹地的基本空间单元,刻画上海、宁波两港海向腹地市场的变动格局。研究发现:上海港一直保持中国航运网络中的中心地位,近年来,宁波港的网络地位明显上升,中心性与中介性在中国大陆各港口中仅落后于上海港而排在第二位;两港口市场覆盖范围不断扩张,宁波港在近洋航线上不如上海港,但在远洋航线的地中海、西北欧、南亚、北美东西两岸、南美东西两岸、非洲东西两岸等两港覆盖的港口数旗鼓相当;两港口在各航区的首位联系港具有一致性,但至2015年,上海港与美国东部纽约等港口的主要联系被宁波港所取代。在研究数据选取上,采用了航线数据,突破了现有研究以吞吐量数据为主的限制,在研究方法上采用了可视化网络分析软件,将定性数据进行了定量化转化,大大提升了研究成果的可靠性。
Competition among the ports is not only the competition for the supply of land to the hinterland but also that to the foreland,especially contending for shipping routes. Therefore,the routes become a kind of important data for statistical analyzing,which can visualize the shipping network and perform the statistical change of Ports by social network analysis software,such as Gephi and Arcgis. This paper chooses Shanghai port and Ningbo port as the cases to analyze and compare, the results as follows: 1) The network centrality and betweenness centrality of Shanghai Port are highest in China shipping network in recent years,those indexes of Ningbo Port are ranked the second,only behind Shanghai in mainland China. 2) The port coverage of two ports continue to enlarge. Shanghai port is larger than Ningbo ports in the port coverage of near-sea shipping line,but Ningbo port is nearly close to Shanghai port in the port coverage of ocean shipping line to Mediterranean Sea,north-western Europe,South Asia,North America,South America and Africa. 3) The primate ports are almost same which have close connectivity with Ningbo port and Shanghai port in each navigation areas,but the main connection between Shanghai port and Eastern America such as New York port has been replaced by the connection between Ningbo port and Eastern America port since 2015.
Competition among the ports is not only the competition for the supply of land to the hinterland but also that to the foreland,especially contending for shipping routes. Therefore,the routes become a kind of important data for statistical analyzing,which can visualize the shipping network and perform the statistical change of Ports by social network analysis software,such as Gephi and Arcgis. This paper chooses Shanghai port and Ningbo port as the cases to analyze and compare, the results as follows: 1) The network centrality and betweenness centrality of Shanghai Port are highest in China shipping network in recent years,those indexes of Ningbo Port are ranked the second,only behind Shanghai in mainland China. 2) The port coverage of two ports continue to enlarge. Shanghai port is larger than Ningbo ports in the port coverage of near-sea shipping line,but Ningbo port is nearly close to Shanghai port in the port coverage of ocean shipping line to Mediterranean Sea,north-western Europe,South Asia,North America,South America and Africa. 3) The primate ports are almost same which have close connectivity with Ningbo port and Shanghai port in each navigation areas,but the main connection between Shanghai port and Eastern America such as New York port has been replaced by the connection between Ningbo port and Eastern America port since 2015.
引文
[1]ROBINSON R.Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems:the new paradigm[J].Maritime Policy and Management,2002,29(3):241-255.
[2]NOTTEBOOM T E,RODRIQUE J P.Port regionalization:towards a new phase in port development[J].Maritime Policy and Management,2005,32(3):297-313.
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[8]王成金,金凤君.中国海上集装箱运输的组织网络研究[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):392-401.[WANG C J,JIN F J.Organization networks of chinese marine container transportation[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):392-401.]
[9]王缉宪.中国港口城市的互动与发展[M].东南大学出版社,2010:59-67.[WANG J X.The interaction and development of China’s port cities[M].Publishing House of Southeast University,2010:59-67.]
[10]韩增林,安筱鹏,王利,等.中国国际集装箱运输网络的布局与优化[J].地理学报,2002,57(4):479-488.[HAN Z L,AN X P,WANG L,et al.Distribution and optimization of container transportation network in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(4):479-488.]
[11]CESAR D,THEO N.The worldwide maritime network of container shipping:spatial structure and regional dynamics[J].Global Networks,2012:1-37.
[12]DENG W B,GUO L,LI W,et al.Worldwide Marine transportation network:efficiency and container throughput[J].CHIN PHYS LETT,2009,26(11):118901.
[13]HU Y H,ZHU D L.Empirical analysis of the worldwide maritime transportation network[J].Physica A,2009,399:2061-2071.
[14]田炜,邓贵仕,武佩剑,等.世界航运网络复杂性分析[J].连理工大学学报,2007,47(4):605-609.[TIAN W,DENG G S,WU P J,et al.Analysis of complexity in global shipping network[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,2007,47(4):605-609.]
[15]田炜,邓贵仕,武佩剑.具有无标度特性的港航系统网络效应分析[J].管理学报,2008,5(3):381-384.[TIAN W,DEN G G,WU P J.Analysis of network effect in port and shipping system characterized by scale-free network[J].Chinese Journal of Management,2008,5(3):381-384.]
[16]KALUZA P,KLZSCH A,GASTNER M T,et al.The complex network of global cargo ship movements[J].Journal of the Royal Society Interface,2010,7(48):1093-1103.
[17]宗刚,胡蓓蓓,韩建飞.中国沿海港口网络空间结构的复杂性研究[J].中国软科学,2012(12):171-178.[ZONG G,HU B B,HAN J F.Complexity research on spatial structural characteristics of china’s coastal port network[J].China Soft Science,2012(12):171-178.]
[18]王成金.集装箱港口网络形成演化与发展机制[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:327.[WANG C J.The evolution and development mechanism of the coastal container port network of China[M].Beijing:science press Ltd.,2012:327.]
[19]RIMMER P J.The Asia-Pacific rim’s transport and telecommunications systems:spatial structure and corporate control since the mid-1980s[J].Geo Journal,1999,48:43-65.
[20]NOTTEBOOM T E.Consolidation and contestability in the European container handling industry[J].Maritime Policy and Management,2002,29:257-269.
[21]DUCRUET C,ROZENBLAT C,ZAIDI F.Ports in multi-level maritime networks:evidence from the Atlantic(1996-2006)[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2010,18(4):508-518.
[22]王列辉.上海宁波两港空间关系研究[J].地理研究,2007,26(6):1209-1220.[WANG L H.The port spatial relationship between Shanghai and Ningbo,[J].Geographical Research,2007,26(6):1209-1220.]
[23]VEENSTRA A W,MULDER H M,SELS R A.Analysing container flows in the Caribben[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2005,13:295-305.
[24]熊文海.世界航运网络的结构特性及其动力学行为研究[D].青岛大学博士学位论文,2009:44.[XIONG W H.The structure properties and dynamical behavior of global shipping network[D].Doctoral Dissertation of Qingdao University,2009:44.]
[25]卢鹏丽.图谱理论与复杂网络相关算法[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2013:31.
(1)2006年1月1日原宁波港和舟山港正式合并,但舟山港的集装箱吞吐量较少,下文仍简称为宁波港.
[2]NOTTEBOOM T E,RODRIQUE J P.Port regionalization:towards a new phase in port development[J].Maritime Policy and Management,2005,32(3):297-313.
[3]MERK O.The competitiveness of global port-cities:synthesis report.OECE report:www.oecd.org/regional/portcities,2013:48.
[4]COMTOIS C,RIMMER P J.China’s complete push for global trade:port system development and the role of COSCO[R],in Pinder D and Slack B.(eds)Shipping and Ports in the 21st Century,London,Routledge,2004:40-62.
[5]RIMMER P J,COMTOIS C.China`s extra and intra-Asian liner shipping connections 1990-2000[J].Journal of International Logistics and Trade,2005,3(1):75-97.
[6]FREMONT A.Global maritime networks,the case of maersk[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2007,15(4):431-442.
[7]王成金.全球集装箱航运的空间组织网络[J].地理研究,2008,27(3):636-648.[WANG C J.Spatial organization networks of world marine container transportation[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(3):636-648.]
[8]王成金,金凤君.中国海上集装箱运输的组织网络研究[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):392-401.[WANG C J,JIN F J.Organization networks of chinese marine container transportation[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):392-401.]
[9]王缉宪.中国港口城市的互动与发展[M].东南大学出版社,2010:59-67.[WANG J X.The interaction and development of China’s port cities[M].Publishing House of Southeast University,2010:59-67.]
[10]韩增林,安筱鹏,王利,等.中国国际集装箱运输网络的布局与优化[J].地理学报,2002,57(4):479-488.[HAN Z L,AN X P,WANG L,et al.Distribution and optimization of container transportation network in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(4):479-488.]
[11]CESAR D,THEO N.The worldwide maritime network of container shipping:spatial structure and regional dynamics[J].Global Networks,2012:1-37.
[12]DENG W B,GUO L,LI W,et al.Worldwide Marine transportation network:efficiency and container throughput[J].CHIN PHYS LETT,2009,26(11):118901.
[13]HU Y H,ZHU D L.Empirical analysis of the worldwide maritime transportation network[J].Physica A,2009,399:2061-2071.
[14]田炜,邓贵仕,武佩剑,等.世界航运网络复杂性分析[J].连理工大学学报,2007,47(4):605-609.[TIAN W,DENG G S,WU P J,et al.Analysis of complexity in global shipping network[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,2007,47(4):605-609.]
[15]田炜,邓贵仕,武佩剑.具有无标度特性的港航系统网络效应分析[J].管理学报,2008,5(3):381-384.[TIAN W,DEN G G,WU P J.Analysis of network effect in port and shipping system characterized by scale-free network[J].Chinese Journal of Management,2008,5(3):381-384.]
[16]KALUZA P,KLZSCH A,GASTNER M T,et al.The complex network of global cargo ship movements[J].Journal of the Royal Society Interface,2010,7(48):1093-1103.
[17]宗刚,胡蓓蓓,韩建飞.中国沿海港口网络空间结构的复杂性研究[J].中国软科学,2012(12):171-178.[ZONG G,HU B B,HAN J F.Complexity research on spatial structural characteristics of china’s coastal port network[J].China Soft Science,2012(12):171-178.]
[18]王成金.集装箱港口网络形成演化与发展机制[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:327.[WANG C J.The evolution and development mechanism of the coastal container port network of China[M].Beijing:science press Ltd.,2012:327.]
[19]RIMMER P J.The Asia-Pacific rim’s transport and telecommunications systems:spatial structure and corporate control since the mid-1980s[J].Geo Journal,1999,48:43-65.
[20]NOTTEBOOM T E.Consolidation and contestability in the European container handling industry[J].Maritime Policy and Management,2002,29:257-269.
[21]DUCRUET C,ROZENBLAT C,ZAIDI F.Ports in multi-level maritime networks:evidence from the Atlantic(1996-2006)[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2010,18(4):508-518.
[22]王列辉.上海宁波两港空间关系研究[J].地理研究,2007,26(6):1209-1220.[WANG L H.The port spatial relationship between Shanghai and Ningbo,[J].Geographical Research,2007,26(6):1209-1220.]
[23]VEENSTRA A W,MULDER H M,SELS R A.Analysing container flows in the Caribben[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2005,13:295-305.
[24]熊文海.世界航运网络的结构特性及其动力学行为研究[D].青岛大学博士学位论文,2009:44.[XIONG W H.The structure properties and dynamical behavior of global shipping network[D].Doctoral Dissertation of Qingdao University,2009:44.]
[25]卢鹏丽.图谱理论与复杂网络相关算法[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2013:31.
(1)2006年1月1日原宁波港和舟山港正式合并,但舟山港的集装箱吞吐量较少,下文仍简称为宁波港.