青海湖流域湿地小气候特征
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摘要
利用青海湖流域小泊湖湿地和瓦颜山湿地的气象观测资料,分析了湿地小气候特征。结果表明:青海湖流域是太阳辐射较强的区域,反射辐射最大值出现在4月,总辐射、大气长波辐射、地面长波辐射、净辐射和土壤热通量均表现为夏季高、冬季低。瓦颜山湿地年平均地表反照率为0. 26,夏季平均地表反照率为0. 2,低于隆宝湿地、西大滩和五道梁。瓦颜山和小泊湖站比湿最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季,降水主要集中在5—9月,占全年降水量的90%以上。2站气温和5 cm地温最高值出现在8月,最低值出现在1月,受湖陆热力性质差异的影响,小泊湖站全年白天盛行西风和偏西风,夜晚盛行东风;瓦颜山站则受地形影响,全年盛行西南风。
In this paper,the characteristics of microclimate in an alpine wetland were analyzed based on the meteorological data observed by Wanyanshan and Xiaobohu weather stations in the alpine wetland ecosystem in the Qinghai Lake Basin. The results showed that the solar radiation in the Qinghai Lake Basin was high. The maximum value of reflected radiation occurred in April,and the values of global radiation,atmospheric long wave radiation,surface long wave radiation,net radiation and soil heat flux were all high in summer but low in winter. The annual surface albedo in the Wayanshan wetland was 0. 26,and the average surface albedo in summer was 0. 2 and lower than that in the Longbao wetland and at Xidatan and Wudaoliang. The maximum values of specific humidity at Wayanshan and Xiaobohu weather stations occurred in summer,and the minimum ones in winter. Precipitation occurred mainly in the period from May to September,accounting for more than 90% of the annual precipitation. The maximum values of air temperature and 5 cm deep ground temperature at the two stations occurred in August,and the lowest ones in January. Influenced by the difference of thermal properties between the lake and land,the prevailing wind at Xiaobohu Weather Station was westerly wind in daytime and east wind at night all the year round. Affected by the topography,however,the prevailing wind at Wayanshan Weather Station was southwest wind all the year round.
In this paper,the characteristics of microclimate in an alpine wetland were analyzed based on the meteorological data observed by Wanyanshan and Xiaobohu weather stations in the alpine wetland ecosystem in the Qinghai Lake Basin. The results showed that the solar radiation in the Qinghai Lake Basin was high. The maximum value of reflected radiation occurred in April,and the values of global radiation,atmospheric long wave radiation,surface long wave radiation,net radiation and soil heat flux were all high in summer but low in winter. The annual surface albedo in the Wayanshan wetland was 0. 26,and the average surface albedo in summer was 0. 2 and lower than that in the Longbao wetland and at Xidatan and Wudaoliang. The maximum values of specific humidity at Wayanshan and Xiaobohu weather stations occurred in summer,and the minimum ones in winter. Precipitation occurred mainly in the period from May to September,accounting for more than 90% of the annual precipitation. The maximum values of air temperature and 5 cm deep ground temperature at the two stations occurred in August,and the lowest ones in January. Influenced by the difference of thermal properties between the lake and land,the prevailing wind at Xiaobohu Weather Station was westerly wind in daytime and east wind at night all the year round. Affected by the topography,however,the prevailing wind at Wayanshan Weather Station was southwest wind all the year round.
引文
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[12]Ranzi R,Rosso R.Distributed estimation of incoming direct solar radiation over a drainage basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,1995,166(3):461-478.
[13]周秉荣,李凤霞,颜亮东,等.青海省太阳总辐射估算模型研究[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(4):495-499.[Zhou Bingrong,Li Fengxia,Yan Liangdong,et al.Research on model of solar radiation estimation in Qinghai province[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(4):495-499.]
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[15]王少影,张宇,吕世华,等.玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节变化[J].高原气象,2012,31(3):605-614.[Wang Shaoying,Zhang Yu,Lv Shihua,et al.Seasonal variation characteristics of radiation and energy budgets in alpine meadow ecosystem in Maqu grassland[J].Plateau Meteorology,2012,31(3):605-614.]
[16]保广裕,张静,周丹,等.青海省太阳辐射强度时空变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(3):563-571.[Bao Guangyu,Zhang Jing,Zhou Dan,et al.Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of solar radiation intensity in Qinghai province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(3):563-571.]
[17]张果,周广胜,阳伏林.内蒙古荒漠草原地表反照率变化特征[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6 943-6 951.[Zhang Guo,Zhou Guangsheng,Yang Fulin.Analysis on dynamic characteristics of surface albedo over a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6 943-6 951.]
[18]肖瑶,赵林,李韧,等.藏北高原多年冻土区地表反照率特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(3):480-488.[Xiao Yao,Zhao Lin,Li Ren,et al.The characteristics of surface albedo in permafrost regions of northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(3):480-488.]
[19]张乐乐,赵林,李韧,等.青藏高原唐古拉地区暖季土壤水分对地表反照率及其土壤热参数的影响[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(2):351-358.[Zhang Lele,Zhao Lin,Li Ren,et al.Investigating the influence of soil moisture on albedo and soil thermodynamic parameters during the warm season in Tanggula Range,Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(2):351-358.]
[20]谷良雷,姚济敏,胡泽勇,等.藏北高原典型季节冻土区和多年冻土区小气候特征对比研究[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1 482-1 490.[Gu Lianglei,Yao Jimin,Hu Zeyong,et al.A comparison study of the microclimate characteristics between the typical seasonally frozen ground regions and permafrost regions in the Northern Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2016,38(6):1 482-1 490.]
[21]王玉玉,姚济敏,韩海东,等.天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):546-554.[Wang Yuyu,Yao Jimin,Han Haidong,et al.Analysis of the microclimatic characteristics in the debris-covered area of the Koxkar Glacier on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2014,36(3):546-554.]
[22]盛裴轩,毛杰泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.[Pei Shengxuan,Mao Jietai,Li Jianguo,et al.The Atmosphere Physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2003.]
[2]张江北,李德旺,杨寅群.三峡库区小气候变化对陆生植物影响的初步研究[J].人民长江,2013,44(11):31-34.[Zhang Jiangbei,Li Dewang,Yang Yinqun.Preliminary study on influence of microclimate change in Three Gorges Reservoir area on terrestrial plants[J].Yangtze River,2013,44(11):31-34.]
[3]张一平,刘玉洪,马友鑫,等.热带森林不同生长时期的小气候特征[J].南京林业大学学报,2002,26(1):83-87.[Zhang Yiping,Liu Yuhong,Ma Youxin,et al.A preliminary study on microclimate in the process of the different growth phases of tropical forest[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry Unversity,2002,26(1):83-87.]
[4]庞营军,雷加强,曾凡江,等.新疆维吾尔自治区策勒县绿洲-沙漠过渡带小气候特征[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(5):240-245.[Pang Yingjun,Lei Jiaqiang,Zeng Fanjiang,et al.Microclimatic characteristics of oasis-desert transitional zone in Qira County of Xinjiang Wei Autonoumous Region[J].Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation,2011,31(5):240-245.]
[5]崔丽娟,康晓明,赵欣胜,等.北京典型城市湿地小气候效应时空变化特征[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(1):212-218.[Cui Lijuan,Kang Xiaoming,Zhao Xinsheng,et al.Spatiotemporal variation in the microclimate effects of typical urban wetland in Beijing[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(1):212-218.]
[6]冯起,司建华,张艳武,等.极端干旱地区绿洲小气候特征及其生态意义[J].地理学报,2006,61(1):99-108.[Feng Qi,Si Jianhua,Zhang Yanwu,et al.Microclimatic characteristics of the Heihe oasis in the hyperarid zone of China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2006,61(1):99-108.]
[7]缑倩倩,屈建军,韩致文.极端干旱区荒漠-湿地生态系统小气候特征与碳通量变化季节对比[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1 119-1 127.[Gou Qianqian,Qu Jianjun,Han Zhiwen.Contrastive analysis of microclimate and CO2flux in different season in Xihu desert wetland of extreme arid region[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1 119-1 127.]
[8]张金龙,陈英,葛劲松,等.1977-2010年青海湖环湖区土地利用/覆盖变化与土地资源管理[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1 256-1 266.[Zhang Jinlong,Chen Ying,Ge Jinsong,et al.Land use/cover change and land resources management in the area around the Qinghai Lake of China in 1977-2010[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1 256-1 266.]
[9]孙永亮,李小雁,汤佳,等.青海湖流域气候变化及其水文效应[J].资源科学,2008,30(3):354-362.[Sun Yongliang,Li Xiaoyan,Tang Jia,et al.Climate change and hydrological response in the watershed of Qinghai Lake[J].Resources Science,2008,30(3):354-362.]
[10]高黎明,张乐乐,陈克龙,等.青海湖流域高寒湿地光合有效辐射特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):50-56.[Gao Liming,Zhang Lele,Chen Kelong,et al.Photosynthetically active radiation in alpine wetland in the Qinghai Lake watershed[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):50-56.]
[11]纪文真,陈先刚,姚平,等.滇西北高原未干扰湖滨湿地小气候特征[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014(11):90-97.[Ji Wenzhen,Chen Xiangang,Yao Ping,et al.Microclimate characteristics of lakeside undisturbed wetlands in northwest plateau of Yunnan province[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2014(11):90-97.]
[12]Ranzi R,Rosso R.Distributed estimation of incoming direct solar radiation over a drainage basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,1995,166(3):461-478.
[13]周秉荣,李凤霞,颜亮东,等.青海省太阳总辐射估算模型研究[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(4):495-499.[Zhou Bingrong,Li Fengxia,Yan Liangdong,et al.Research on model of solar radiation estimation in Qinghai province[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(4):495-499.]
[14]张海宏,祁栋林,苏文将.长江源区高寒湿地辐射变化特征[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(31):262-267.[Zhang Haihong,Qi Donglin,Su Wenjiang.Radiation change features at alpine wet land in source region of the Yangtze river[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(31):262-267.]
[15]王少影,张宇,吕世华,等.玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节变化[J].高原气象,2012,31(3):605-614.[Wang Shaoying,Zhang Yu,Lv Shihua,et al.Seasonal variation characteristics of radiation and energy budgets in alpine meadow ecosystem in Maqu grassland[J].Plateau Meteorology,2012,31(3):605-614.]
[16]保广裕,张静,周丹,等.青海省太阳辐射强度时空变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(3):563-571.[Bao Guangyu,Zhang Jing,Zhou Dan,et al.Analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of solar radiation intensity in Qinghai province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(3):563-571.]
[17]张果,周广胜,阳伏林.内蒙古荒漠草原地表反照率变化特征[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6 943-6 951.[Zhang Guo,Zhou Guangsheng,Yang Fulin.Analysis on dynamic characteristics of surface albedo over a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6 943-6 951.]
[18]肖瑶,赵林,李韧,等.藏北高原多年冻土区地表反照率特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(3):480-488.[Xiao Yao,Zhao Lin,Li Ren,et al.The characteristics of surface albedo in permafrost regions of northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(3):480-488.]
[19]张乐乐,赵林,李韧,等.青藏高原唐古拉地区暖季土壤水分对地表反照率及其土壤热参数的影响[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(2):351-358.[Zhang Lele,Zhao Lin,Li Ren,et al.Investigating the influence of soil moisture on albedo and soil thermodynamic parameters during the warm season in Tanggula Range,Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(2):351-358.]
[20]谷良雷,姚济敏,胡泽勇,等.藏北高原典型季节冻土区和多年冻土区小气候特征对比研究[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1 482-1 490.[Gu Lianglei,Yao Jimin,Hu Zeyong,et al.A comparison study of the microclimate characteristics between the typical seasonally frozen ground regions and permafrost regions in the Northern Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2016,38(6):1 482-1 490.]
[21]王玉玉,姚济敏,韩海东,等.天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):546-554.[Wang Yuyu,Yao Jimin,Han Haidong,et al.Analysis of the microclimatic characteristics in the debris-covered area of the Koxkar Glacier on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2014,36(3):546-554.]
[22]盛裴轩,毛杰泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.[Pei Shengxuan,Mao Jietai,Li Jianguo,et al.The Atmosphere Physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2003.]