VN复合渗层的制备及对45~#耐磨性能的影响
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摘要
目的对45~#强化处理,提高其强韧性和耐磨性。方法采用热反应扩散法(TRD)对45~#基体进行了3种不同的处理,分别为单渗钒、先渗氮后渗钒及先渗钒后渗氮处理。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪进行了微观形貌和物相组成的分析,采用维氏硬度计和旋转摩擦仪对渗层的硬度及耐磨性能进行分析。结果 TRD法处理后,在45~#表面形成一层均匀致密的渗层,其中单渗钒层的厚度为3.86μm,先渗氮后渗钒渗层(先渗氮层)厚度为6.02μm,先渗钒后渗氮渗层(先渗钒层)厚度为8.44μm。单渗钒层的硬度值在1306.6HV左右,而氮化钒渗层的硬度在1549.2~1710.4HV左右,均比处理前试样的硬度(295HV)有明显提高。单渗钒层是由α-Fe和VC相组成,而复合渗层是由VN、α-Fe、Fe_3N和Fe_2C相组成。渗层与基体之间的界面明显,且存在过渡层。单渗钒层试样的平均摩擦系数为0.22,先渗氮层的平均摩擦系数为0.18,先渗钒层的平均摩擦系数为0.20,均小于45~#基体的摩擦系数(为0.29)。结论 TRD法处理后形成的VC、VN渗层能提高钢基体的表面硬度和耐磨性,且钒元素和氮元素渗入的先后顺序对渗层的力学性能有影响。先渗氮层试样效果最佳,往复摩擦实验表明,试样的耐磨性顺序为:先渗氮层>先渗钒层>单渗钒层>45~#基体。
The work aims to improve toughness and wear resistance of 45~# steel by performing surface strengthening treatment. Three different kinds of treatment were performed to 45~# steel substrate in TRD method, which were single-osmosis vanadation, penetration vanadation after first nitriding and nitriding pre-infiltration. Microstructure, phase composition and hardness of the layer were analyzed with scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. Wear resistance of the coating was analyzed with ball-on-disk configuration. After TRD treatment, a uniform and dense layer took shape on the 45~# steel, the single vanadium layer was 3.86 μm thick, the penetrated vanadium layer after first nitriding(first nitriding layer) was 6.02 μm thick, and the nitrided layer after first penetrated vanadium(first vanadizing layer) was 8.44 μm thick. Hardness of single-osmosis vanadium was about 1306.6 HV, while that of vanadium nitride layer was 1549.2~ 1710.4 HV, obviously higher than that of the pre-treatment sample(295 HV). The single-permeable vanadium diffusion layer was composed of α-Fe and VC, while the composite layer was composed of VN, α-Fe, Fe_3N and Fe_2C. There was visible interface between the diffusion layer and the substrate, and there was transition layer as well. Average friction coefficient of single vanadium sample was 0.22, that of first nitriding layer was 0.18, and that of the first vanadizing layer was 0.20, which were all below that of 45~# steel substrate(0.29). The VC and VN layers forming after TRD treatment could improve surface hardness and wear resistance of the substrate. Order of element penetration has effects on mechanical properties of the layer. The reciprocating friction experiment shows that the order of wear resistance is as follows: first nitriding layer>first vanadizing layer>single vanadium layer>45~# steel substrate.
The work aims to improve toughness and wear resistance of 45~# steel by performing surface strengthening treatment. Three different kinds of treatment were performed to 45~# steel substrate in TRD method, which were single-osmosis vanadation, penetration vanadation after first nitriding and nitriding pre-infiltration. Microstructure, phase composition and hardness of the layer were analyzed with scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. Wear resistance of the coating was analyzed with ball-on-disk configuration. After TRD treatment, a uniform and dense layer took shape on the 45~# steel, the single vanadium layer was 3.86 μm thick, the penetrated vanadium layer after first nitriding(first nitriding layer) was 6.02 μm thick, and the nitrided layer after first penetrated vanadium(first vanadizing layer) was 8.44 μm thick. Hardness of single-osmosis vanadium was about 1306.6 HV, while that of vanadium nitride layer was 1549.2~ 1710.4 HV, obviously higher than that of the pre-treatment sample(295 HV). The single-permeable vanadium diffusion layer was composed of α-Fe and VC, while the composite layer was composed of VN, α-Fe, Fe_3N and Fe_2C. There was visible interface between the diffusion layer and the substrate, and there was transition layer as well. Average friction coefficient of single vanadium sample was 0.22, that of first nitriding layer was 0.18, and that of the first vanadizing layer was 0.20, which were all below that of 45~# steel substrate(0.29). The VC and VN layers forming after TRD treatment could improve surface hardness and wear resistance of the substrate. Order of element penetration has effects on mechanical properties of the layer. The reciprocating friction experiment shows that the order of wear resistance is as follows: first nitriding layer>first vanadizing layer>single vanadium layer>45~# steel substrate.
引文
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[2]董洪亮,李国军,崔学军.高性能陶瓷涂层的制备技术与发展趋势[J].材料导报,2008,22(s2):183-186.DONG Hong-liang,LI Guo-jun,CUI Xue-jun.Preparation and Development Trend of High Performance Ceramic Coatings[J].Materials Review,2008,22(s2):183-186.
[3]李辉.化学气相沉积氮化钒涂层的基础研究[D].上海:华东交通大学,2015.LI Hui.The Basic Research of Vanadium Nitride Coatings by Chemical Vapor Deposition[D].Shanghai:East China Jiaotong University,2015.
[4]邹积峰.AZ31B合金热喷涂陶瓷涂层制备工艺及性能研究[D].阜新:辽宁工程技术大学,2011.ZOU Ji-feng.Study on the Preparation and Properties of Composite Ceramic Coating on AZ31B Alloy by Thermal Spraying[D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technology University,2011.
[5]TRIPATHY P K,ARYA A,BOSE D K.Preparation of Vanadium Nitride and Its Subsequent Metallization by Thermal Decomposition[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,1994,209(1-2):175-180.
[6]CORBIERE T C M,RESSNIG D,GIORDANO C,et al.Focused Radiation Heating for Controlled High Temperature Chemistry,Exemplified with the Preparation of Vanadium Nitride Nanoparticles[J].RSC Advances,2013,3(35):15337-15343.
[7]WANG X,CHEN B Z,XIAO W D.et al.Preparation Technology of Vanadium Nitride by Microwave.Heating[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2010,39(5):924-927.
[8]徐重.有关材料表面工程技术分类的商榷[J].热处理,2010,25(2):74-76.XU Zhong.Discussion on Classification of Surface Engineering Technology of Materials[J].Heat Treatment,2010,25(2):74-76.
[9]孔德军,周朝政.TD处理制备碳化钒(VC)涂层的摩擦磨损性能[J].摩擦学学报,2011,31(4):335-339.KONG De-jun,ZHOU Chao-zheng.The Friction and Wear Properties of VC Coating Prepared by a TD Process[J].Tribology,2011,31(4):335-339.
[10]刘秀娟,王华昌.不同基体材料TD法盐浴渗钒层的组织及硬度[J].材料热处理学报,2010,31(1):150-154.LIU Xiu-juan,WANG Hua-chang.Microstructure and Hardness of Vanadium Carbide Coatings Prepared by Thermal Diffusion Process on Different Steel Substrate[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2010,31(1):150-154.
[11]王国阳.碳钢硼钒稀土共渗工艺与组织性能研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.WANG Guo-yang.Study on Process and Microstructure Property of RE-Boron-Vanadizing for Carbon Steel[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2006.
[12]孔德军,周朝政,吴永忠.TD处理制备VC涂层-基体元素扩散与界面特征[J].材料热处理学报,2012,33(8):140-146.KONG De-jun,ZHOU Chao-zhen,WU Yong-zhong.Element Diffusion and Interface Characteristics of VC Coating on Die Steel Prepared by TD Process[J].Transactions of Materials And Heat Treatment,2012,33(8):140-146.
[13]张进,吴思博,王浩宇,等.预渗处理对预渗碳20钢盐浴钒铬共渗层结构及性能的影响[J].热加工工艺,2016(14):120-123.ZHANG Jin,WU Si-bo,WANG Hao-yu,et al.Effect of Pre-treatment on Structure and Properties of Chromium-Vanadium Penetrating Layer on Pre-carbided 20Steel by Molten-salt Bath Technique[J].Hot Working Technology,2016(14):120-123.
[14]倪宏昕,单丽云,王超,等.预先氮碳共渗对渗铬和渗钒的影响[J].金属热处理,1999(6):13-15.NI Hong-xin,SHAN Li-yun,WANG Chao,et al.Influence of Pre Nitrocarburizing on Chromizing and Vana-dizing[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,1999(6):13-15.
[15]游涛,黄大伟,刘时兵,等.钛合金电火花表面渗碳研究[J].铸造,2007,56(3):239-241.YOU Tao,HUANG Da-wei,LIU Shi-bing,et al.Research of Surface Carburizing on Titanium Alloys by Electrospark Deposition[J].Foundry,2007,56(3):239-241.
[16]胡蓉.影响渗氮质量的工艺参数[J].装备制造技术,2015(9):82-84.HU Rong.The Process Parameters Affecting the Quality of Nitriding[J].Equipment Manufacturing Technology,2015(9):82-84.
[17]李爱农,王秋领,王华昌.Cr12钢TD盐浴渗钒组织与性能研究[J].热加工工艺,2010,39(6):116-118.LI Ai-nong,WANG Qiu-ling,WANG Hua-chang.Research on Microstructure and Properties of Cr12 Steel after TD Salt-bath Vanadizing[J].Heat Treatment,2010,39(6):116-118.
[18]王维,余际星,黄娜.模具钢的TD法盐浴渗金属表面强化[J].热处理,2012,27(3):28-33.WANG Wei,YU Ji-xing,HUANG Na.Surface Strengthening of Die Steels Using TD Salt Bath Metal Cementation[J].Heat Treatment,2012,27(3):28-33.
[19]刘秀娟.模具钢表面TD法制备碳化钒覆层的研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2007.LIU Xiu-juan.Study on Vanadium Carbide Coating on Die Steels by Thermal Diffusion Process[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2007.
[20]向俊,李承洋,王浩宇,等.模具钢表面盐浴渗钛层的制备及性能研究[J].工具技术,2016,50(9):27-30.XIANG Jun,LI Cheng-yang,WANG Hao-yu,et al.Microstructure and Properties of Titanizing Layer on Die Steels by Salt Bath Metal Cementation[J].Tool Engineering,2016,50(9):27-30.