机电复合增压技术研究进展综述
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摘要
传统内燃机近30%的燃油能量被排气带走而浪费,因而高效的余热利用技术是实现内燃机节能减排的核心举措。机电复合增压是基于涡轮增压技术、具有较高潜力的内燃机余热回收技术之一,针对机电复合增压技术的国内外研究进展进行了详细分析。阐述了现有机电复合增压技术的方案布局及其特点、适用范围,讨论分析了该技术与内燃机的匹配方法及控制策略研究进展,介绍了机电复合增压的主要部件(涡轮、压气机和电动机/发电机)研究概况,综述了机电复合增压技术在内燃机节能减排中的优势、发展趋势和须要重点关注的技术难点。
Around 30% of fuel energy was not utilized due to being taken away by exhaust gas in traditional internal combustion engines(ICE),Waste heat recovery(WHR) technology with high efficiency was hence the key to achieving energy conservation and emission reduction. Electromechanical compound turbocharging technology was one of the most potential WHR technologies based on the traditional turbocharging technologies. A detailed investigation of research progress on the electromechanical compound turbocharging technology was conducted. Different layouts and characteristics together with the potential applications of electromechanical compound turbocharging technology were first overviewed and analyzed. Then the research progress of matching method and control strategy of electromechanical compound turbocharging technology for ICE was discussed and the research state of main components including turbine, compressor and electric motor/generator(M/G) was analyzed. Finally, the advantages of energy conservation and emission reduction, development trends and technical difficulties for electromechanical compound turbocharging technology were summarized.
Around 30% of fuel energy was not utilized due to being taken away by exhaust gas in traditional internal combustion engines(ICE),Waste heat recovery(WHR) technology with high efficiency was hence the key to achieving energy conservation and emission reduction. Electromechanical compound turbocharging technology was one of the most potential WHR technologies based on the traditional turbocharging technologies. A detailed investigation of research progress on the electromechanical compound turbocharging technology was conducted. Different layouts and characteristics together with the potential applications of electromechanical compound turbocharging technology were first overviewed and analyzed. Then the research progress of matching method and control strategy of electromechanical compound turbocharging technology for ICE was discussed and the research state of main components including turbine, compressor and electric motor/generator(M/G) was analyzed. Finally, the advantages of energy conservation and emission reduction, development trends and technical difficulties for electromechanical compound turbocharging technology were summarized.
引文
[1] 苏万华,张众杰,刘瑞林,等.车用内燃机技术发展趋势[J].国工程科学,2018,20(1):97-103.
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[3] Keiichi S,Yoshihisa O.Hybrid Turbocharger with integrated High Speed Motor-generator[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2007,44(1):1-3.
[4] Keiichi S,Yoshihisa O,Kiyoko S.Development of Large Marine Hybrid Turbocharger for Generating Electric Power with Exhaust Gas from the Main Engine[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2010,47(3):53-58.
[5] Yoshihisa O,Keiichi S,Yamashita Y.Application of a Large Hybrid Turbocharger for Marine Electric-power Generation[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2012,49(1):29-33.
[6] Zhuge W,Huang L,Wei W,et al.Optimization of an electric turbo compounding system for gasoline engine exhaust energy recovery[C].SAE Paper 2011-01-0377.
[7] Wei W,Zhuge W,Zhang Y,et al.Comparative Study on Electric Turbo-Compounding Systems for Gasoline Engine Exhaust Energy Recovery[C]. ASME Paper GT2010-223204.
[8] Yamashita Y,Ibaraki S,Ogita H.Development of electrically assisted turbocharger for diesel engine[C]//8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging.Netherlands:Elsevier,2006:147-155.
[9] Owen Ryder,Herbert Sutter,Laurentius Jaeger.The Design and Testing of An Electrically Assisted Turbocharger for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines[C]//8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging.Netherlands:Elsevier,2006:157-166.
[10] Terdich N,Copeland C,Martinez-Botas R F,et al.Off-road diesel engine transient response improvement by electrically assisted turbocharging[C].SAE Paper 2011-24-0127.
[11] Terdich N,Martinez-Botas R F,Romagnoli A,et al.Mild hybridization via electrification of the air system:electrically assisted and variable geometry turbocharging impact on an off-road diesel engine [J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2014,136(3):031703.
[12] Terdich N,Martinez-Botas R.Experimental efficiency characterization of an electrically assisted turbocharger[C].SAE Paper 2013-24-0122.
[13] Burke R D.A numerical study of the benefits of electrically assisted boosting systems[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2016,138(9):092808.
[14] Katrasnik T,Rodman S,Irene F,et al.Improvement of the Dynamic Characterisric of an Automotive Engine by a Turbocharger Assisted by an Electric Motor[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines & Power,2003,125(2):590-595.
[15] Briggs I,McCullough G,Spence S,et al.A Parametric Study of an Exhaust Recovery Turbogenerator on a Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus[C].ASME Paper GT2013-94492.
[16] Vitek O,Macek J.Thermodynamic Potential of Electrical Turbocharging for the Case of Small Passenger Car ICE under Steady Operation[C].SAE Paper 2017-01-0526.
[17] Zhang Q Q,Lu P P,Dimitriou P,et al.Implementing Full Electric Turbocharging Systems on Highly Boosted Gasoline Engines[C].ASME Paper GT2017-64960.
[18] Bumby J R,Spooner E S,Carter J,et al.Electrical machines for use in electrically assisted turbochargers[C]//Second International Conference on Power Electronics,Machines and Drives (PEMD 2004).Edinburgh:IEEE,2004:344-349.
[19] Shiraishi K,Yoshihisa O,Yamashita Y,et al.Energy Savings through Electric-assist Turbocharger for Marine Diesel Engines[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2015,52(1):36-41.
[20] Shiraishi K Krishnan V.Electro-assist turbo for marine turbocharged diesel engines[C]//Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2014:Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition.[S.l.]:ASME,2014:1-7.
[21] Pasini G,Frigo S,Antonelli M.Electric turbo compounding applied to a ci engine:a numerical evaluation of different layouts[C].ASME Paper ICEF 2016-9429.
[22] 朱大鑫.涡轮增压与涡轮增压器[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992.
[23] 顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1998.
[24] 张发政,乔信起,顾骏.轴流式增压器与船用低速柴油机的匹配[J].舰船电子工程,2016,36(12):174-179.
[25] Dimitriou P,Burke R,Zhang Q,et al.Electric turbocharging for energy regeneration and increased efficiency at real driving conditions[J].Applied Sciences,2017,7(4):350-375.
[26] Marcelo Algrain.Controlling an Electric Turbo Compound System for Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery in a Diesel Engine[C]//2005 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology.Lincoln:IEEE,2005:1-6.
[27] Hopmann,Ulrich,Marcelo C Algrain.Diesel engine electric turbo compound technology[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-2294.
[28] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.Characterisation,control,and energy management of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2017,135(1):416-433.
[29] Zhao D,Liu C,Stobart R,et al.An Explicit Model Predictive Control Framework for Turbocharged Diesel Engines[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2014,61(7):3540-3552.
[30] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.An Integrated Framework on Characterization,Control,and Testing of an Electrical Turbocharger Assist[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2018,65(6):4897-4908.
[31] Zhao D,Stobart R.Systematic control on energy recovery of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[C]//2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).Osaka:IEEE,2015:1527-1532.
[32] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.Decoupling control of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[C]//2016 American Control Conference (ACC).Boston:IEEE,2016:4207-4212.
[33] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.Robust control of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[C]//2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).Las Vegas:IEEE,2016:734-739.
[34] Mamat A M I B,Martinez-Botas R F,Rajoo S,et al.Design methodology of a low pressure turbine for waste heat recovery via electric turbocompounding[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,107(1):1166-1182.
[35] Mamat A M I,Padzillah M H,Romagnoli A,et al.A high performance low pressure ratio turbine for engine electric turbocompounding[C].ASME Paper GT2011-45541.
[36] Kant M,Romagnoli A,Mamat A M I,et al.Heavy-duty engine electric turbocompounding[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part D:Journal of Automobile Engineering,2015,229(4):457-472.
[37] Yang M Y,Martinez-Botas R F,Zhuge W L,et al.Centrifugal compressor design for electrically assisted boost[C]//IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering.Beijing:IOP,2013.
[38] 邱智凌,郑新前,张扬军.车载燃料电池低比转速离心压气机设计[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(5):872-874.
[39] Wang P,Zangeneh M,Richards B,et al.Redesign of a Compressor Stage for a High-Performance Electric Supercharger in a Heavily Downsized Engine [J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2018,140(4):042602.
[40] Xue X,Rutledge J.Potentials of electrical assist and variable geometry turbocharging system for heavy-duty diesel engine downsizing[C].SAE Paper 2017-01-1035.
[41] Kattwinkel T,Weiss R,Boeschlin J P.Mechatronic solution for electronic turbocharger[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-0712.
[2] Mamat A M I B,Martinez-Botas R F,Rajoo S,et al.Waste heat recovery using a novel high performance low pressure turbine for electric turbocompounding in downsized gasoline engines:Experimental and computational analysis[J].Energy,2015,90(1):218-234.
[3] Keiichi S,Yoshihisa O.Hybrid Turbocharger with integrated High Speed Motor-generator[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2007,44(1):1-3.
[4] Keiichi S,Yoshihisa O,Kiyoko S.Development of Large Marine Hybrid Turbocharger for Generating Electric Power with Exhaust Gas from the Main Engine[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2010,47(3):53-58.
[5] Yoshihisa O,Keiichi S,Yamashita Y.Application of a Large Hybrid Turbocharger for Marine Electric-power Generation[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2012,49(1):29-33.
[6] Zhuge W,Huang L,Wei W,et al.Optimization of an electric turbo compounding system for gasoline engine exhaust energy recovery[C].SAE Paper 2011-01-0377.
[7] Wei W,Zhuge W,Zhang Y,et al.Comparative Study on Electric Turbo-Compounding Systems for Gasoline Engine Exhaust Energy Recovery[C]. ASME Paper GT2010-223204.
[8] Yamashita Y,Ibaraki S,Ogita H.Development of electrically assisted turbocharger for diesel engine[C]//8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging.Netherlands:Elsevier,2006:147-155.
[9] Owen Ryder,Herbert Sutter,Laurentius Jaeger.The Design and Testing of An Electrically Assisted Turbocharger for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines[C]//8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging.Netherlands:Elsevier,2006:157-166.
[10] Terdich N,Copeland C,Martinez-Botas R F,et al.Off-road diesel engine transient response improvement by electrically assisted turbocharging[C].SAE Paper 2011-24-0127.
[11] Terdich N,Martinez-Botas R F,Romagnoli A,et al.Mild hybridization via electrification of the air system:electrically assisted and variable geometry turbocharging impact on an off-road diesel engine [J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2014,136(3):031703.
[12] Terdich N,Martinez-Botas R.Experimental efficiency characterization of an electrically assisted turbocharger[C].SAE Paper 2013-24-0122.
[13] Burke R D.A numerical study of the benefits of electrically assisted boosting systems[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2016,138(9):092808.
[14] Katrasnik T,Rodman S,Irene F,et al.Improvement of the Dynamic Characterisric of an Automotive Engine by a Turbocharger Assisted by an Electric Motor[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines & Power,2003,125(2):590-595.
[15] Briggs I,McCullough G,Spence S,et al.A Parametric Study of an Exhaust Recovery Turbogenerator on a Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus[C].ASME Paper GT2013-94492.
[16] Vitek O,Macek J.Thermodynamic Potential of Electrical Turbocharging for the Case of Small Passenger Car ICE under Steady Operation[C].SAE Paper 2017-01-0526.
[17] Zhang Q Q,Lu P P,Dimitriou P,et al.Implementing Full Electric Turbocharging Systems on Highly Boosted Gasoline Engines[C].ASME Paper GT2017-64960.
[18] Bumby J R,Spooner E S,Carter J,et al.Electrical machines for use in electrically assisted turbochargers[C]//Second International Conference on Power Electronics,Machines and Drives (PEMD 2004).Edinburgh:IEEE,2004:344-349.
[19] Shiraishi K,Yoshihisa O,Yamashita Y,et al.Energy Savings through Electric-assist Turbocharger for Marine Diesel Engines[J].Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review,2015,52(1):36-41.
[20] Shiraishi K Krishnan V.Electro-assist turbo for marine turbocharged diesel engines[C]//Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2014:Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition.[S.l.]:ASME,2014:1-7.
[21] Pasini G,Frigo S,Antonelli M.Electric turbo compounding applied to a ci engine:a numerical evaluation of different layouts[C].ASME Paper ICEF 2016-9429.
[22] 朱大鑫.涡轮增压与涡轮增压器[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992.
[23] 顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1998.
[24] 张发政,乔信起,顾骏.轴流式增压器与船用低速柴油机的匹配[J].舰船电子工程,2016,36(12):174-179.
[25] Dimitriou P,Burke R,Zhang Q,et al.Electric turbocharging for energy regeneration and increased efficiency at real driving conditions[J].Applied Sciences,2017,7(4):350-375.
[26] Marcelo Algrain.Controlling an Electric Turbo Compound System for Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery in a Diesel Engine[C]//2005 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology.Lincoln:IEEE,2005:1-6.
[27] Hopmann,Ulrich,Marcelo C Algrain.Diesel engine electric turbo compound technology[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-2294.
[28] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.Characterisation,control,and energy management of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2017,135(1):416-433.
[29] Zhao D,Liu C,Stobart R,et al.An Explicit Model Predictive Control Framework for Turbocharged Diesel Engines[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2014,61(7):3540-3552.
[30] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.An Integrated Framework on Characterization,Control,and Testing of an Electrical Turbocharger Assist[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2018,65(6):4897-4908.
[31] Zhao D,Stobart R.Systematic control on energy recovery of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[C]//2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).Osaka:IEEE,2015:1527-1532.
[32] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.Decoupling control of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[C]//2016 American Control Conference (ACC).Boston:IEEE,2016:4207-4212.
[33] Zhao D,Winward E,Yang Z,et al.Robust control of electrified turbocharged diesel engines[C]//2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).Las Vegas:IEEE,2016:734-739.
[34] Mamat A M I B,Martinez-Botas R F,Rajoo S,et al.Design methodology of a low pressure turbine for waste heat recovery via electric turbocompounding[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,107(1):1166-1182.
[35] Mamat A M I,Padzillah M H,Romagnoli A,et al.A high performance low pressure ratio turbine for engine electric turbocompounding[C].ASME Paper GT2011-45541.
[36] Kant M,Romagnoli A,Mamat A M I,et al.Heavy-duty engine electric turbocompounding[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part D:Journal of Automobile Engineering,2015,229(4):457-472.
[37] Yang M Y,Martinez-Botas R F,Zhuge W L,et al.Centrifugal compressor design for electrically assisted boost[C]//IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering.Beijing:IOP,2013.
[38] 邱智凌,郑新前,张扬军.车载燃料电池低比转速离心压气机设计[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(5):872-874.
[39] Wang P,Zangeneh M,Richards B,et al.Redesign of a Compressor Stage for a High-Performance Electric Supercharger in a Heavily Downsized Engine [J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2018,140(4):042602.
[40] Xue X,Rutledge J.Potentials of electrical assist and variable geometry turbocharging system for heavy-duty diesel engine downsizing[C].SAE Paper 2017-01-1035.
[41] Kattwinkel T,Weiss R,Boeschlin J P.Mechatronic solution for electronic turbocharger[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-0712.