论保持占有原则的适用条件
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摘要
保持占有原则产生于西班牙统治下的美洲国家的非殖民化运动,是与殖民地独立相联系的国际法原则。该原则旨在将殖民地时期同一宗主国内部的行政边界转化为国际边界。殖民地边界的具体位置,应由殖民当局的法律文件或者殖民时期的有效控制进行确定。在根据该原则确定争议岛屿归属时,相关法律文件证据必须明确提及争议岛屿。保持占有原则在我国与周边国家的南海争端和东海争端问题上不具有可适用性。
The uti possidetis principle stems from the decolonization movement of the Latin American states under the colonial power of Spain. It is an international law principle linked to colonial independence. The uti possidetis principle aims to transform the administrative boundaries within the same colonial power into international boundaries. The specific location of the colonial boundaries should be determined by the legal documents of the colonial authorities or by the effective control in the colonial period. When determining the attribution of the disputed islands in accordance with the uti possidetis principle,the relevant legal document must explicitly refer to the disputed island. The uti possidetis principle is not applicable in the South China Sea and the East China Sea disputes.
The uti possidetis principle stems from the decolonization movement of the Latin American states under the colonial power of Spain. It is an international law principle linked to colonial independence. The uti possidetis principle aims to transform the administrative boundaries within the same colonial power into international boundaries. The specific location of the colonial boundaries should be determined by the legal documents of the colonial authorities or by the effective control in the colonial period. When determining the attribution of the disputed islands in accordance with the uti possidetis principle,the relevant legal document must explicitly refer to the disputed island. The uti possidetis principle is not applicable in the South China Sea and the East China Sea disputes.
引文
(1)Chas W. Freeman,Diplomacy on the Rocks:China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea[EB/OL].http://chasfreeman. net/diplomacy-on-the-rocks-china-and-other-claimants-in-the-south-china-sea/,2015-04-10.
(2)James Kraska,“The legal rationale for going inside 12”,https://amti. csis. org/the-legal-rationale-forgoing-inside-12/,转引自王森.论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利[J].太平洋学报,2018,(3).
(3)See Muhammad Waqas,China,Japan clash over East China Sea[EB/OL]. https://www. ogj. com/articles/ogfj/print/volume-12/issue-12/features/china-japan-clash-over-east-china-sea. html,2015-12-17.
(1)Constantine Antonopoulos. The principle of uti possidetis iuris in contemporary international law[J]. Revue Hellenique de Droit International,1996,(49).
(2)Joshua Castellino and Steve Allen. Title to Territory in International Law:a Temporal Analysis[J]. American Journal of International Law,2003,(4).
(3)Giuseppe Nesi,Uti possidetis Doctrine,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[EB/OL]. http://ezproxy-prd. bodleian. ox. ac. uk:2345/view/10. 1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1125? rskey=YZ7sQw&result=1&prd=EPIL,2018-02.
(4)Steven Ratner. Drawing a Better Line:Uti Possidetis and the Borders of New States[J]. American Journal of International Law,1996,(90).
(5)L. D. M. Nelson. The Arbitration of Boundary Disputes in Latin America[J]. Netherlands International Law Review,1973,(20).
(6)Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v Honduras)(Merit)[2007]ICJ Rep 659,p. 706,para. 154.
(7)哥伦比亚和委内瑞拉在1881年9月14日做出的仲裁协议并指出“争端双方都承认保持占有原则的适用”。危地马拉和洪都拉斯之间的1970年7月16日仲裁协议的第5条规定:“缔约双方同意,1821年的保持占有原则是唯一一个在双方国家都成立的司法原则(juridical line)。”
(8)L. D. M. Nelson. The Arbitration of Boundary Disputes in Latin America[J]. Netherlands International Law Review,1973,(20).
(1)L. D. M. Nelson. The Arbitration of Boundary Disputes in Latin America[J]. Netherlands International Law Review,1973,(20).
(2)据苏联非洲问题专家葛罗米柯统计,非洲边界44%是按经线和纬线、30%是用直线或曲线的几何方法划分的,只有26%是由河流、湖泊和山脉所构成的自然边界线。转引自路征远.非洲统一组织与非洲国家边界问题[J].安徽农业大学学报,2008,(5).
(3)Enver Hasani. Uti Possidetis Juris:From Rome to Kosovo[J]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,2003,(27).
(4)Suzanne Lalonde. Uti Possidetis:Its Colonial Past Revisited[J]. Belgian review of international law,2001,(34).
(5)Suzanne Lalonde. Uti Possidetis:Its Colonial Past Revisited[J]. Belgian review of international law,2001,(34).
(1)Steven Ratner. Drawing a Better Line:Uti Possidetis and the Borders of New States[J]. American Journal of International Law,1996,(4).
(2)Giuseppe Nesi,Uti possidetis Doctrine,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[EB/OL]. http://ezproxy-prd. bodleian. ox. ac. uk:2345/view/10. 1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1125? rskey=YZ7sQw&result=1&prd=EPIL,2018-02.
(3)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 565,para. 20.
(1)Enver Hasani. Uti Possidetis Juris:From Rome to Kosovo[J]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,2003,(2).
(2)Tomas Bartos,Uti Possidetis:Quo Vadis[J]. Australian Yearbook of International Law,1997,(18),转引自王森.论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利[J].太平洋学报,2018,(3).
(3)例如以下两篇文章:Enver Hasani. Uti Possidetis Juris:From Rome to Kosovo[J]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,2003,(2),Peter Radan. The borders of a Future Independent Quebec:Dose the principle of Uti Possidetis Juris Apply?[J]. Australian International Law Journal,1997,(11).
(4)Constantine Antonopoulos. The principle of uti possidetis iuris in contemporary international law[J]. Revue Hellenique de Droit International,1996,(49).
(5)Peter Radan. The borders of a Future Independent Quebec:Dose the principle of Uti Possidetis Juris Apply?[J]. Australian International Law Journal,1997,(11).
(6)王森.论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利[J].太平洋学报,2018,(3).
(7)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 565,para. 20.
(8)Case concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel(Argentina/Chile)(1977)21 RIAA 53,p. 81,para. 9.
(1)Giuseppe Nesi,Uti possidetis Doctrine,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[EB/OL]. http://ezproxy-prd. bodleian. ox. ac. uk:2345/view/10. 1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1125? rskey=YZ7sQw&result=1&prd=EPIL,2018-02.
(2)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 566,para. 23,24.
(3)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 565,para. 22.
(1)Honduras borders(Guatemala/Honduras)(1933)2 RIAA 1307,p. 1324.
(2)例如,在“布基纳法索诉马里案”中,双方提出的证据包括1919年建立上沃尔塔殖民地的法令、1922年改组廷巴克图地区(法属苏丹)的命令、1927年法属西非总督关于尼日尔与上沃尔特殖民地边界的命令、1932年撤销上沃尔特殖民地的法令以及1947年重建上沃尔塔殖民地的法国法律,参见Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 568.
(3)例如,在1992年“陆地、岛屿和海上边界争端案”中,西班牙国王赠予土地的地契(“Titles”)以及地方政府授予印第安部落和私人土地的地契也被作为证明殖民边界的证据,这里的地契就是仲裁庭在1933年洪都拉斯边界仲裁案中所说的“殖民当局颁布的证件”,参见Case concerning the Land,Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute(El Salvador/Honduras:Nicaragua intervening)(Merits)[1992] ICJ Rep 351,p. 388.
(4)例如,“布基纳法索诉马里案”中提出的1935年法属西非总统和尼日尔与法属苏丹总统之间关于尼日尔和法属苏丹边界的往来信件; 2001年“卡塔尔诉巴林案”中英国政治代表1947年2月13日递交给卡塔尔和巴林的有关其对两国海底划界问题立场信件; 2005年“边界争端案”的1901年法国殖民部长致法属西非总督的第163号信件、1914年7月3日加亚指挥官致摩恩-尼日尔指挥官的第54号信件以及1954年8月27日尼日尔总督通知加亚官员的第3722/APA号信件,参见Frontier Dispute(Benin/Niger)(Merits)[2005]ICJ Rep 90,pp. 114~115.
(5)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 586.
(6)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,pp. 586~587.
(7)See Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v Honduras)(Merit)[2007] ICJ Rep 659,p. 710,para. 165.
(1)Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v Honduras)(Merit)[2007]ICJ Rep 659,p. 708,para. 161.
(2)Territorial and Maritime Dispute(Nicaragua v. Colombia)(Merit)[2012] ICJ Rep 624,p. 651,para. 65.
(3)Chas W. Freeman,Diplomacy on the Rocks:China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea[EB/OL]. http://chasfreeman. net/diplomacy-on-the-rocks-china-and-other-claimants-in-the-south-china-sea/,2015-04-10.
(2)James Kraska,“The legal rationale for going inside 12”,https://amti. csis. org/the-legal-rationale-forgoing-inside-12/,转引自王森.论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利[J].太平洋学报,2018,(3).
(3)See Muhammad Waqas,China,Japan clash over East China Sea[EB/OL]. https://www. ogj. com/articles/ogfj/print/volume-12/issue-12/features/china-japan-clash-over-east-china-sea. html,2015-12-17.
(1)Constantine Antonopoulos. The principle of uti possidetis iuris in contemporary international law[J]. Revue Hellenique de Droit International,1996,(49).
(2)Joshua Castellino and Steve Allen. Title to Territory in International Law:a Temporal Analysis[J]. American Journal of International Law,2003,(4).
(3)Giuseppe Nesi,Uti possidetis Doctrine,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[EB/OL]. http://ezproxy-prd. bodleian. ox. ac. uk:2345/view/10. 1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1125? rskey=YZ7sQw&result=1&prd=EPIL,2018-02.
(4)Steven Ratner. Drawing a Better Line:Uti Possidetis and the Borders of New States[J]. American Journal of International Law,1996,(90).
(5)L. D. M. Nelson. The Arbitration of Boundary Disputes in Latin America[J]. Netherlands International Law Review,1973,(20).
(6)Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v Honduras)(Merit)[2007]ICJ Rep 659,p. 706,para. 154.
(7)哥伦比亚和委内瑞拉在1881年9月14日做出的仲裁协议并指出“争端双方都承认保持占有原则的适用”。危地马拉和洪都拉斯之间的1970年7月16日仲裁协议的第5条规定:“缔约双方同意,1821年的保持占有原则是唯一一个在双方国家都成立的司法原则(juridical line)。”
(8)L. D. M. Nelson. The Arbitration of Boundary Disputes in Latin America[J]. Netherlands International Law Review,1973,(20).
(1)L. D. M. Nelson. The Arbitration of Boundary Disputes in Latin America[J]. Netherlands International Law Review,1973,(20).
(2)据苏联非洲问题专家葛罗米柯统计,非洲边界44%是按经线和纬线、30%是用直线或曲线的几何方法划分的,只有26%是由河流、湖泊和山脉所构成的自然边界线。转引自路征远.非洲统一组织与非洲国家边界问题[J].安徽农业大学学报,2008,(5).
(3)Enver Hasani. Uti Possidetis Juris:From Rome to Kosovo[J]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,2003,(27).
(4)Suzanne Lalonde. Uti Possidetis:Its Colonial Past Revisited[J]. Belgian review of international law,2001,(34).
(5)Suzanne Lalonde. Uti Possidetis:Its Colonial Past Revisited[J]. Belgian review of international law,2001,(34).
(1)Steven Ratner. Drawing a Better Line:Uti Possidetis and the Borders of New States[J]. American Journal of International Law,1996,(4).
(2)Giuseppe Nesi,Uti possidetis Doctrine,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[EB/OL]. http://ezproxy-prd. bodleian. ox. ac. uk:2345/view/10. 1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1125? rskey=YZ7sQw&result=1&prd=EPIL,2018-02.
(3)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 565,para. 20.
(1)Enver Hasani. Uti Possidetis Juris:From Rome to Kosovo[J]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,2003,(2).
(2)Tomas Bartos,Uti Possidetis:Quo Vadis[J]. Australian Yearbook of International Law,1997,(18),转引自王森.论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利[J].太平洋学报,2018,(3).
(3)例如以下两篇文章:Enver Hasani. Uti Possidetis Juris:From Rome to Kosovo[J]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,2003,(2),Peter Radan. The borders of a Future Independent Quebec:Dose the principle of Uti Possidetis Juris Apply?[J]. Australian International Law Journal,1997,(11).
(4)Constantine Antonopoulos. The principle of uti possidetis iuris in contemporary international law[J]. Revue Hellenique de Droit International,1996,(49).
(5)Peter Radan. The borders of a Future Independent Quebec:Dose the principle of Uti Possidetis Juris Apply?[J]. Australian International Law Journal,1997,(11).
(6)王森.论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利[J].太平洋学报,2018,(3).
(7)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 565,para. 20.
(8)Case concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel(Argentina/Chile)(1977)21 RIAA 53,p. 81,para. 9.
(1)Giuseppe Nesi,Uti possidetis Doctrine,Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law[EB/OL]. http://ezproxy-prd. bodleian. ox. ac. uk:2345/view/10. 1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1125? rskey=YZ7sQw&result=1&prd=EPIL,2018-02.
(2)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 566,para. 23,24.
(3)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 565,para. 22.
(1)Honduras borders(Guatemala/Honduras)(1933)2 RIAA 1307,p. 1324.
(2)例如,在“布基纳法索诉马里案”中,双方提出的证据包括1919年建立上沃尔塔殖民地的法令、1922年改组廷巴克图地区(法属苏丹)的命令、1927年法属西非总督关于尼日尔与上沃尔特殖民地边界的命令、1932年撤销上沃尔特殖民地的法令以及1947年重建上沃尔塔殖民地的法国法律,参见Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 568.
(3)例如,在1992年“陆地、岛屿和海上边界争端案”中,西班牙国王赠予土地的地契(“Titles”)以及地方政府授予印第安部落和私人土地的地契也被作为证明殖民边界的证据,这里的地契就是仲裁庭在1933年洪都拉斯边界仲裁案中所说的“殖民当局颁布的证件”,参见Case concerning the Land,Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute(El Salvador/Honduras:Nicaragua intervening)(Merits)[1992] ICJ Rep 351,p. 388.
(4)例如,“布基纳法索诉马里案”中提出的1935年法属西非总统和尼日尔与法属苏丹总统之间关于尼日尔和法属苏丹边界的往来信件; 2001年“卡塔尔诉巴林案”中英国政治代表1947年2月13日递交给卡塔尔和巴林的有关其对两国海底划界问题立场信件; 2005年“边界争端案”的1901年法国殖民部长致法属西非总督的第163号信件、1914年7月3日加亚指挥官致摩恩-尼日尔指挥官的第54号信件以及1954年8月27日尼日尔总督通知加亚官员的第3722/APA号信件,参见Frontier Dispute(Benin/Niger)(Merits)[2005]ICJ Rep 90,pp. 114~115.
(5)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,p. 586.
(6)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)(Merits)[1986] ICJ Rep 554,pp. 586~587.
(7)See Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v Honduras)(Merit)[2007] ICJ Rep 659,p. 710,para. 165.
(1)Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v Honduras)(Merit)[2007]ICJ Rep 659,p. 708,para. 161.
(2)Territorial and Maritime Dispute(Nicaragua v. Colombia)(Merit)[2012] ICJ Rep 624,p. 651,para. 65.
(3)Chas W. Freeman,Diplomacy on the Rocks:China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea[EB/OL]. http://chasfreeman. net/diplomacy-on-the-rocks-china-and-other-claimants-in-the-south-china-sea/,2015-04-10.