降雨年型变化及竞争对反枝苋和大豆生长的影响
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摘要
为探索不同降雨年型及栽培方式下外来杂草与本地作物的竞争机制,为未来全球变化背景下控制外来杂草提供理论依据,本研究以广泛入侵东北农田生态系统的外来杂草反枝苋(Amaranthusretroflexus)和本地作物大豆(Glycine max)为研究对象,在遮雨棚内人工模拟正常、欠缺、丰沛三种降雨年型,采用盆栽实验的方法,研究两种植物在单种和混种条件下的生长季节动态。结果表明,降雨丰沛年两种植物的株高和总生物量均大于降雨正常年,降雨欠缺年则均小于降雨正常年。生长季初期两种植物的根冠比均在降雨欠缺年最高,说明两种植物均可通过增大根系的生物量分配,减少地上生物量的分配来适应干旱环境。在三种降雨年型下,混种时大豆的株高、相对生长速率及总生物量均显著小于单种大豆,而反枝苋则相反,尽管有时不显著,说明种间竞争抑制大豆生长而促进反枝苋的生长,两种植物之间的竞争是不对称竞争。总的来看,降雨增加有利于提高大豆的竞争能力,降雨减少有利于提高反枝苋的竞争能力,随着生长发育的推移,这种现象更明显。反枝苋可以在较广的降雨变化范围内保持较高的株高、相对生长速率及生物量,这很可能是其成为全球范围成功入侵的外来杂草的重要原因之一;干旱更有利于反枝苋入侵大豆田。
Global climate change will alter temporal and spatial distributions of precipitation patterns. The effects of precipitation changes on crop seed germination and growth have been previously investigated, however, there has been limited research on effects of precipitation changes on how invasive weeds compete with crops. Exploring competition between exotic weeds and native crops under different annual precipitation patterns and cultivation modes will provide a theoretical basis to control alien weeds with impending changes to the global climate. In this study, we assessed how precipitation alters competitive dynamics between two plants, Amaranthus retroflexus, a widespread invasive weed in agricultural ecosystem in Northeastern China, and Glycine max, one of the most important native crops in China. We conducted pot experiments under three patterns of annual precipitation: the average annual precipitation pattern(the average total precipitation amount of growing season of the recent 30 years), the deficient annual precipitation pattern(20% lower than the average value), and the plentiful annual precipitation pattern(20% higher than the average value). The pots were placed underneath a rainout shelter, and the two plants were seeded as two plants of the same species per pot(sole species) or two plants of different species per pot(mixed species). We found that the plant height and total biomass of A. retroflexus and G. max in the average precipitation annual pattern were higher than those of deficient precipitation annual pattern, but lower than those of the abundance precipitation annual pattern. The root to shoot ratio of the two plants at the early growing season were all highest in the deficient precipitation annual pattern, indicating that both plants could adapt to the arid environment by increasing the root biomass allocation and decreasing the shoot biomass allocation. Under all the annual precipitation patterns, plant height, relative growth rate and total biomass of mixture G. max were significantly less than sole planted G. max, while A. retroflexus showed the opposite trend. These results indicate that interspecific competition significantly inhibited the growth of G. max, but promoted the growth of A. retroflexus, suggesting asymmetric competition between the species. In general, the competitive ability of G. max increased with higher precipitation, while that of A. retroflexus increased when precipitation declined. The results indicated that A. retroflexus can successfully invade G. max cropland under all three precipitation scenarios, and maintain a high plant height, relative growth rate, and biomass over a wide range of annual precipitation variation. These biological characters of A. retroflexus may allow it to become a successfully globally invasive weed, and drought may favor its invasion of G. max cropland.
Global climate change will alter temporal and spatial distributions of precipitation patterns. The effects of precipitation changes on crop seed germination and growth have been previously investigated, however, there has been limited research on effects of precipitation changes on how invasive weeds compete with crops. Exploring competition between exotic weeds and native crops under different annual precipitation patterns and cultivation modes will provide a theoretical basis to control alien weeds with impending changes to the global climate. In this study, we assessed how precipitation alters competitive dynamics between two plants, Amaranthus retroflexus, a widespread invasive weed in agricultural ecosystem in Northeastern China, and Glycine max, one of the most important native crops in China. We conducted pot experiments under three patterns of annual precipitation: the average annual precipitation pattern(the average total precipitation amount of growing season of the recent 30 years), the deficient annual precipitation pattern(20% lower than the average value), and the plentiful annual precipitation pattern(20% higher than the average value). The pots were placed underneath a rainout shelter, and the two plants were seeded as two plants of the same species per pot(sole species) or two plants of different species per pot(mixed species). We found that the plant height and total biomass of A. retroflexus and G. max in the average precipitation annual pattern were higher than those of deficient precipitation annual pattern, but lower than those of the abundance precipitation annual pattern. The root to shoot ratio of the two plants at the early growing season were all highest in the deficient precipitation annual pattern, indicating that both plants could adapt to the arid environment by increasing the root biomass allocation and decreasing the shoot biomass allocation. Under all the annual precipitation patterns, plant height, relative growth rate and total biomass of mixture G. max were significantly less than sole planted G. max, while A. retroflexus showed the opposite trend. These results indicate that interspecific competition significantly inhibited the growth of G. max, but promoted the growth of A. retroflexus, suggesting asymmetric competition between the species. In general, the competitive ability of G. max increased with higher precipitation, while that of A. retroflexus increased when precipitation declined. The results indicated that A. retroflexus can successfully invade G. max cropland under all three precipitation scenarios, and maintain a high plant height, relative growth rate, and biomass over a wide range of annual precipitation variation. These biological characters of A. retroflexus may allow it to become a successfully globally invasive weed, and drought may favor its invasion of G. max cropland.
引文
Bai X,Ta L,Zhao MW,Liu CC,Wei GY,Cui LT,Zeng GJ,Qin J(2016)New research progress on alien invasive plant Amaranthus retroflexus L.from 2010 to 2015.Crops,173(4),12-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)[柏祥,塔莉,赵美微,刘传才,魏国印,崔力拓,曾广娟,秦津(2016)外来入侵植物反枝苋的最新研究进展.作物杂志,173(4),12-19.]
Bazzaz FA,Garbutt K,Reekie EG,Williams WE(1989)Using growth analysis to interpret competition between a C3 and a C4 annual under ambient and elevated CO2.Oecologia,79,223-235.
Blumenthal D,Chimner RA,Welker JM,Morgan JA(2008)Increased snow facilitates plant invasion in mixed grass prairie.New Phytologist,179,440-448.
Bonifas KD,Lindqiust JL(2009)Effects of nitrogen supply on the root morphology of corn and velvetleaf.Journal of Plant Nutrition,32,1371-1382.
Bradley BA,Blumenthal DM,Wilcove DS,Ziska DS(2010)Predicting plant invasions in an era of global change.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,25,310-318.
Caplan JS,Yeakley JA(2010)Water relations advantages for invasive Rubus armeniacus over two native ruderal congeners.Plant Ecology,210,169-179.
Cong X,Wu Y,Lu P,Xu NT,Liang H,Tian QY,Wang P,Zhang DX(2013)The effects of nitrogen fluctuation on the maximum net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)and soybean(Glycine max).Crops,152(1),81-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)[丛雪,吴岩,鲁萍,徐宁彤,梁慧,田秋阳,王鹏,张东旭(2013)氮素波动对反枝苋和大豆最大净光合速率和光合氮利用效率的影响.作物杂志,152(1),81-85.]
Daehler CC(2003)Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants:Implications for conservation and restoration.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,34,183-211.
Davis MA,Grime JP,Thompson K(2000)Fluctuating resources in plant communities:A general theory of invasibility.Journal of Ecology,88,528-534.
Dawson W,Rohr RP,Kleunen MV,Fischer M(2012)Alien plant species with a wider global distribution are better able to capitalize on increased resource availability.New Phytologist,194,859-867.
Dong QZ,Yang XY,Zhang Y,Xue H,Liu LL(2006)Effect of inadequate rainfall on yield and relative traits in soybean.Soybean Science&Technology,(3),5-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)[董全中,杨兴勇,张勇,薛红,刘玲玲(2006)降雨量不足对大豆产量及农艺性状影响的研究.大豆科技,(3),5-8.]
Dukes J,Mooney H(1999)Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?Trends in Ecology&Evolution,14,135-139.
Dunbar KR,Facelli JM(1999)The impact of a novel invasive species,Orbea variegata(African carrion flower),on the chenopod shrublands of South Australia.Journal of Arid Environments,41,37-48.
Ewe SM,Sternberg LDSL(2002)Seasonal water-use by the invasive exotic,Schinus terebinthifolius,in native and disturbed communities.Oecologia,133,441-448.
Funk JL,Vitousek PM(2007)Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems.Nature,446,1079-1081.
Hao CY,Zhao W,Zhao TQ(2011)Comparative research on regional respond to global climate change in China.Area Research and Development,30(3),56-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郝成元,赵伟,赵同谦(2011)全球气候变化背景下中国敏感区区域响应比较.地域研究与开发,30(3),56-61.]
Harrington R,Brown B,Reich P(1989)Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin.Oecologia,80,356-367.
Huntington TG(2006)Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle:Review and synthesis.Journal of Hydrology,319,83-95.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)(2012)Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation:Report of a Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the IPCC.Summary for Policymakers.http://www.ipcc.ch.(accessed on 2018-01-01)
Knezevic SZ,Weise SF,Swanton CJ(2017)Interference of redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)in corn(Zea mays).Weed Science,42,568-573.
Lovelli S,Perniola M,Ferrara A,Amato M,Tommaso TD(2010)Photosynthetic response to water stress of pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)in a southern-mediterranean area.Weed Science,58,126-131.
Lu P,Jin CG,Zhang X,Jiang BW,Yan NN,Xiao TY,Bai YM,Li JX,Chen R,Li J(2017)The responses of the ecophysiological characteristics of Amaranthus retroflexus and Glycine max to seasonal rainfall fluctuations.Crops,177(2),119-125.(in Chinese with English abstract)[鲁萍,金成功,张茜,姜佰文,闫南南,肖同玉,白雅梅,李景欣,陈睿,李静(2017)反枝苋和大豆对降雨季节波动的生理生态响应.作物杂志,177(2),119-125.]
Lu P,Li JX,Jin CG,Jiang BW,Bai YM(2016)Different growth responses of an invasive weed and a native crop to nitrogen pulse and competition.PLoS ONE,11,e0156285.
Lu P,Liang H,Wang HY,Bai YM,Gao FJ,Song G,Wu Y,Tian QY(2010)Research progress on exotic invasive weed Amaranthus retroflexus.Chinese Journal of Ecology,29,1662-1670.(in Chinese with English abstract)[鲁萍,梁慧,王宏燕,白雅梅,高凤杰,宋戈,吴岩,田秋阳(2010)外来入侵杂草反枝苋的研究进展.生态学杂志,29,1662-1670.]
Mc Connaughay KDM,Coleman JS(1999)Biomass allocation in plants:Ontogeny or optimality?A test along three resource gradients.Ecology,80,2581-2593.
Poorter L(1999)Growth response of 15 rain forest tree species to a light gradient:The relative importance of morphological and physiological traits.Functional Ecology,13,396-410.
Vaughn LG,Bernards ML,Arkebauer TJ,Lindqiust JL(2016)Corn and velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrasti)growth and transpiration efficiency under varying water supply.Weed Science,64,596-604.
Xu GH,Wang HY,Liu J(2009)Effects of RRS on the amount and diversity of bacteria in rhizospheric soil.Acta Ecologica Sinica,29,4535-4541.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐广惠,王宏燕,刘佳(2009)抗草甘膦转基因大豆(RRS)对根际土壤细菌数量和多样性的影响.生态学报,29,4535-4541.]
Yang LH,Bastow JL,Spence KO,Wright AN(2008)What can we learn from resource pulse.Ecology,89,621-634.
Zheng YL,Feng YL,Liu WX,Liao ZY(2009)Growth,biomass allocation,morphology,and photosynthesis of invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and its native congeners grown at four irradiances.Plant Ecology,203,263-271.
Zou WX,Han XZ,Jiang H,Yang CB(2009)Characteristics of precipitation in black soil region and response of soil moisture dynamics in Northeast China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,27(9),196-202.(in Chinese with English abstract)[邹文秀,韩晓增,江恒,杨春葆(2009)东北黑土区降水特征及其对土壤水分的影响.农业工程学报,27(9),196-202.]
(1)张茜(2016)降雨期和降雨量变化对不同栽培模式下反枝苋光合特性的影响.硕士学位论文,东北农业大学,哈尔滨.
(1)张茜(2016)降雨期和降雨量变化对不同栽培模式下反枝苋光合特性的影响.硕士学位论文,东北农业大学,哈尔滨.
Bazzaz FA,Garbutt K,Reekie EG,Williams WE(1989)Using growth analysis to interpret competition between a C3 and a C4 annual under ambient and elevated CO2.Oecologia,79,223-235.
Blumenthal D,Chimner RA,Welker JM,Morgan JA(2008)Increased snow facilitates plant invasion in mixed grass prairie.New Phytologist,179,440-448.
Bonifas KD,Lindqiust JL(2009)Effects of nitrogen supply on the root morphology of corn and velvetleaf.Journal of Plant Nutrition,32,1371-1382.
Bradley BA,Blumenthal DM,Wilcove DS,Ziska DS(2010)Predicting plant invasions in an era of global change.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,25,310-318.
Caplan JS,Yeakley JA(2010)Water relations advantages for invasive Rubus armeniacus over two native ruderal congeners.Plant Ecology,210,169-179.
Cong X,Wu Y,Lu P,Xu NT,Liang H,Tian QY,Wang P,Zhang DX(2013)The effects of nitrogen fluctuation on the maximum net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)and soybean(Glycine max).Crops,152(1),81-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)[丛雪,吴岩,鲁萍,徐宁彤,梁慧,田秋阳,王鹏,张东旭(2013)氮素波动对反枝苋和大豆最大净光合速率和光合氮利用效率的影响.作物杂志,152(1),81-85.]
Daehler CC(2003)Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants:Implications for conservation and restoration.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,34,183-211.
Davis MA,Grime JP,Thompson K(2000)Fluctuating resources in plant communities:A general theory of invasibility.Journal of Ecology,88,528-534.
Dawson W,Rohr RP,Kleunen MV,Fischer M(2012)Alien plant species with a wider global distribution are better able to capitalize on increased resource availability.New Phytologist,194,859-867.
Dong QZ,Yang XY,Zhang Y,Xue H,Liu LL(2006)Effect of inadequate rainfall on yield and relative traits in soybean.Soybean Science&Technology,(3),5-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)[董全中,杨兴勇,张勇,薛红,刘玲玲(2006)降雨量不足对大豆产量及农艺性状影响的研究.大豆科技,(3),5-8.]
Dukes J,Mooney H(1999)Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?Trends in Ecology&Evolution,14,135-139.
Dunbar KR,Facelli JM(1999)The impact of a novel invasive species,Orbea variegata(African carrion flower),on the chenopod shrublands of South Australia.Journal of Arid Environments,41,37-48.
Ewe SM,Sternberg LDSL(2002)Seasonal water-use by the invasive exotic,Schinus terebinthifolius,in native and disturbed communities.Oecologia,133,441-448.
Funk JL,Vitousek PM(2007)Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems.Nature,446,1079-1081.
Hao CY,Zhao W,Zhao TQ(2011)Comparative research on regional respond to global climate change in China.Area Research and Development,30(3),56-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郝成元,赵伟,赵同谦(2011)全球气候变化背景下中国敏感区区域响应比较.地域研究与开发,30(3),56-61.]
Harrington R,Brown B,Reich P(1989)Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin.Oecologia,80,356-367.
Huntington TG(2006)Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle:Review and synthesis.Journal of Hydrology,319,83-95.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)(2012)Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation:Report of a Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the IPCC.Summary for Policymakers.http://www.ipcc.ch.(accessed on 2018-01-01)
Knezevic SZ,Weise SF,Swanton CJ(2017)Interference of redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)in corn(Zea mays).Weed Science,42,568-573.
Lovelli S,Perniola M,Ferrara A,Amato M,Tommaso TD(2010)Photosynthetic response to water stress of pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexus)in a southern-mediterranean area.Weed Science,58,126-131.
Lu P,Jin CG,Zhang X,Jiang BW,Yan NN,Xiao TY,Bai YM,Li JX,Chen R,Li J(2017)The responses of the ecophysiological characteristics of Amaranthus retroflexus and Glycine max to seasonal rainfall fluctuations.Crops,177(2),119-125.(in Chinese with English abstract)[鲁萍,金成功,张茜,姜佰文,闫南南,肖同玉,白雅梅,李景欣,陈睿,李静(2017)反枝苋和大豆对降雨季节波动的生理生态响应.作物杂志,177(2),119-125.]
Lu P,Li JX,Jin CG,Jiang BW,Bai YM(2016)Different growth responses of an invasive weed and a native crop to nitrogen pulse and competition.PLoS ONE,11,e0156285.
Lu P,Liang H,Wang HY,Bai YM,Gao FJ,Song G,Wu Y,Tian QY(2010)Research progress on exotic invasive weed Amaranthus retroflexus.Chinese Journal of Ecology,29,1662-1670.(in Chinese with English abstract)[鲁萍,梁慧,王宏燕,白雅梅,高凤杰,宋戈,吴岩,田秋阳(2010)外来入侵杂草反枝苋的研究进展.生态学杂志,29,1662-1670.]
Mc Connaughay KDM,Coleman JS(1999)Biomass allocation in plants:Ontogeny or optimality?A test along three resource gradients.Ecology,80,2581-2593.
Poorter L(1999)Growth response of 15 rain forest tree species to a light gradient:The relative importance of morphological and physiological traits.Functional Ecology,13,396-410.
Vaughn LG,Bernards ML,Arkebauer TJ,Lindqiust JL(2016)Corn and velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrasti)growth and transpiration efficiency under varying water supply.Weed Science,64,596-604.
Xu GH,Wang HY,Liu J(2009)Effects of RRS on the amount and diversity of bacteria in rhizospheric soil.Acta Ecologica Sinica,29,4535-4541.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐广惠,王宏燕,刘佳(2009)抗草甘膦转基因大豆(RRS)对根际土壤细菌数量和多样性的影响.生态学报,29,4535-4541.]
Yang LH,Bastow JL,Spence KO,Wright AN(2008)What can we learn from resource pulse.Ecology,89,621-634.
Zheng YL,Feng YL,Liu WX,Liao ZY(2009)Growth,biomass allocation,morphology,and photosynthesis of invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and its native congeners grown at four irradiances.Plant Ecology,203,263-271.
Zou WX,Han XZ,Jiang H,Yang CB(2009)Characteristics of precipitation in black soil region and response of soil moisture dynamics in Northeast China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,27(9),196-202.(in Chinese with English abstract)[邹文秀,韩晓增,江恒,杨春葆(2009)东北黑土区降水特征及其对土壤水分的影响.农业工程学报,27(9),196-202.]
(1)张茜(2016)降雨期和降雨量变化对不同栽培模式下反枝苋光合特性的影响.硕士学位论文,东北农业大学,哈尔滨.
(1)张茜(2016)降雨期和降雨量变化对不同栽培模式下反枝苋光合特性的影响.硕士学位论文,东北农业大学,哈尔滨.