摘要
近两百年来,广州方言正反问句发展演变的总趋势是:1)宾语后移;2)带可能补语正反问句中省略第一个动词后的补语结构;3)"VPneg"式中,除"VP未"外,其余格式皆消退。20世纪20年代到40年代是广州方言正反问句演变的重要阶段。其发展演变的动因除了"疑问焦点愈来愈凸显""更加符合人们的认知思维习惯"等语言内部因素外,受汉语的影响是其重要的外部因素之一。
In nearly 200 years,the general development tendency of positive-and-negative questions in Cantonese is: the Object moved from after the first Verb to the second one; the first potential complement was omitted; such makes the positive and negative forms closer to each other,and so more focus on the questions.The third tendency is,except the "VP wei( 未) ",all the rest VP neg vanished. 1920 s to 40 s is the most important period for the development of Cantonese Positive-and-Negative Questions. There are two reasons for this development: the internal reason is grammatical construction coming to closer and closer,and the exterior reason is influenced by common Chinese.
引文
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[1]为行文方便,本文在引用表1中所列文献时,以出版时间代替具体书目,同一年的作品在时间后附上作者姓氏,如1888 Fulton,1888 Ball。现代文献亦如此,以保持全文引用文献标注的一致性。
[2]为忠实地再现原文面貌,文中用例后面直接引用原文献的英文解释(无英文翻译的则用中文解释);引例后括号内第一个数字是表1中所列文献的出版年份,用于代替文献名称,冒号后是该用例在文献中的页码,原作品无页码则标明其课序或标题。
[3]有些文献中将“冇”写成“无”,二者当时读音完全相同,如“你有见过熊冇(nee you keen kwaw hoong mō)”(1854:9),“有洗身盆无(you sīshun poon mō)”(1854:9),同一作者在同一作品的同一页将同一个读音写成两个不同的形体,且二者的语法和语义功能完全相同,可见是同一个词的不同书写形式。本文根据绝大部分文献资料,将其统一写成“冇”。
[4]汉语共同语主要依据邵敬敏和朱彦(2002),傅惠钧(2004,2010)等。