近两百年来广州方言正反问句的发展演变
|
摘要
近两百年来,广州方言正反问句发展演变的总趋势是:1)宾语后移;2)带可能补语正反问句中省略第一个动词后的补语结构;3)"VPneg"式中,除"VP未"外,其余格式皆消退。20世纪20年代到40年代是广州方言正反问句演变的重要阶段。其发展演变的动因除了"疑问焦点愈来愈凸显""更加符合人们的认知思维习惯"等语言内部因素外,受汉语的影响是其重要的外部因素之一。
In nearly 200 years,the general development tendency of positive-and-negative questions in Cantonese is: the Object moved from after the first Verb to the second one; the first potential complement was omitted; such makes the positive and negative forms closer to each other,and so more focus on the questions.The third tendency is,except the "VP wei( 未) ",all the rest VP neg vanished. 1920 s to 40 s is the most important period for the development of Cantonese Positive-and-Negative Questions. There are two reasons for this development: the internal reason is grammatical construction coming to closer and closer,and the exterior reason is influenced by common Chinese.
In nearly 200 years,the general development tendency of positive-and-negative questions in Cantonese is: the Object moved from after the first Verb to the second one; the first potential complement was omitted; such makes the positive and negative forms closer to each other,and so more focus on the questions.The third tendency is,except the "VP wei( 未) ",all the rest VP neg vanished. 1920 s to 40 s is the most important period for the development of Cantonese Positive-and-Negative Questions. There are two reasons for this development: the internal reason is grammatical construction coming to closer and closer,and the exterior reason is influenced by common Chinese.
引文
Chao,Yuen-ren.1947.Character Text for Cantonese Primer.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Chen,Huiying(陈慧英),&Wenyi Ma(马文谊).2000.Guangzhouhua Rumen广州话入门[Introduction to Cantonese].Beijing:Beijing Yuyan Daxue Chubanshe北京:北京语言大学出版社[Beijing:Beijing Language and Culture University Press].
Fu,Huijun(傅惠钧).2004.Mingqing hanyu zhengfanwen de fenbu jiqi fazhan明清汉语正反问的分布及其发展[The location and development of the positive and negative alternative questions in Ming and Qing dynasties].Gu Hanyu Yanjiu古汉语研究[Research in Ancient Chinese Language]2004.2:62-66.
Fu,Huijun(傅惠钧).2010.Lüe lun jindai hanyu“Vneg VP”zhengfanwen略论近代汉语“Vneg VP”正反问[On“Vneg VP”questions in Modern Chinese].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Research]2010.5:42-49.
Liang,Rongsheng(梁荣声).2006.Shiyong Yueyu实用粤语[Practical Cantonese].Nanjing:Dongnan Daxue Yinxiang Chubanshe南京:东南大学音像出版社[Nanjing:Southeast University Press].
Mai,Yun(麦耘),&Buyun Tan(谭步云).(eds.)1997.Shiyong Guangzhouhua Fenlei Cidian实用广州话分类词典[Classification Dictionary of Cantonese].Guangzhou:Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe广州:广东人民出版社[Guangzhou:People of Guangdong Press].
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏),&Yan Zhu(朱彦).2002.“Shibushi VP”wenju de kendingxing qingxiang jiqi leixingxue yiyi“是不是VP”问句的肯定性倾向及其类型学意义[The affirmative inclination of the“shi-bu-shi VP”question and its typological significance].Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue世界汉语教学[Chinese Teaching in the World]2002.3:23-36.
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏).2014.Xiandai Hanyu Yiwenju Yanjiu(zengding ben)现代汉语疑问句研究(增订本)[Research on Interrogative Sentence in Modern Chinese(enlarged edition)].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏),Juan Zhou(周娟),Xiaochuan Peng(彭小川),Yi Shao(邵宜),Yu-en Gan(甘于恩),&Yiping Zeng(曾毅平).2010.Hanyu Fangyan Yiwen Fanchou Bijiao Yanjiu汉语方言疑问范畴比较研究[Comparison Study on Interrogatives in Chinese Dialects].Guangzhou:Ji’nan Daxue Chubanshe广州:暨南大学出版社[Ji’nan University Press].
Tan,Jiqiang(谭季强).1930.Fenlei Tongxing Guangzhouhua分类通行广州话[Cantonese in Classification].Taibei:Taiwan Wenhai Chubanshe台北:台湾文海出版社[Taipei:Taiwan Wenhai Press].
Wang,Li(王力).1957.Guangzhouhua Qianshuo广州话浅说[Easy Cantonese].Beijing:Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe北京:文字改革出版社[Beijing:Characters Reformation Press].
Wang,Yongping(王永平).2013.Guangzhou fazhan jishi广州发展纪事[Guangzhou Chronicle in History].Guangzhou:Guangdong Jingji Chubanshe广州:广东经济出版社[Guangzhou:Guangdong Ecnomic Press].
Wu,Wei(伍巍),&Weiqiang Chen(陈卫强).2008.Yibainianlai guangzhouhua fanfu wenju yanbian guocheng chutan一百年来广州话反复问句演变过程初探[Analysis on the transformation of tag-question in Cantonese].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]2008.3:72-88.
[1]为行文方便,本文在引用表1中所列文献时,以出版时间代替具体书目,同一年的作品在时间后附上作者姓氏,如1888 Fulton,1888 Ball。现代文献亦如此,以保持全文引用文献标注的一致性。
[2]为忠实地再现原文面貌,文中用例后面直接引用原文献的英文解释(无英文翻译的则用中文解释);引例后括号内第一个数字是表1中所列文献的出版年份,用于代替文献名称,冒号后是该用例在文献中的页码,原作品无页码则标明其课序或标题。
[3]有些文献中将“冇”写成“无”,二者当时读音完全相同,如“你有见过熊冇(nee you keen kwaw hoong mō)”(1854:9),“有洗身盆无(you sīshun poon mō)”(1854:9),同一作者在同一作品的同一页将同一个读音写成两个不同的形体,且二者的语法和语义功能完全相同,可见是同一个词的不同书写形式。本文根据绝大部分文献资料,将其统一写成“冇”。
[4]汉语共同语主要依据邵敬敏和朱彦(2002),傅惠钧(2004,2010)等。
Chen,Huiying(陈慧英),&Wenyi Ma(马文谊).2000.Guangzhouhua Rumen广州话入门[Introduction to Cantonese].Beijing:Beijing Yuyan Daxue Chubanshe北京:北京语言大学出版社[Beijing:Beijing Language and Culture University Press].
Fu,Huijun(傅惠钧).2004.Mingqing hanyu zhengfanwen de fenbu jiqi fazhan明清汉语正反问的分布及其发展[The location and development of the positive and negative alternative questions in Ming and Qing dynasties].Gu Hanyu Yanjiu古汉语研究[Research in Ancient Chinese Language]2004.2:62-66.
Fu,Huijun(傅惠钧).2010.Lüe lun jindai hanyu“Vneg VP”zhengfanwen略论近代汉语“Vneg VP”正反问[On“Vneg VP”questions in Modern Chinese].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Research]2010.5:42-49.
Liang,Rongsheng(梁荣声).2006.Shiyong Yueyu实用粤语[Practical Cantonese].Nanjing:Dongnan Daxue Yinxiang Chubanshe南京:东南大学音像出版社[Nanjing:Southeast University Press].
Mai,Yun(麦耘),&Buyun Tan(谭步云).(eds.)1997.Shiyong Guangzhouhua Fenlei Cidian实用广州话分类词典[Classification Dictionary of Cantonese].Guangzhou:Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe广州:广东人民出版社[Guangzhou:People of Guangdong Press].
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏),&Yan Zhu(朱彦).2002.“Shibushi VP”wenju de kendingxing qingxiang jiqi leixingxue yiyi“是不是VP”问句的肯定性倾向及其类型学意义[The affirmative inclination of the“shi-bu-shi VP”question and its typological significance].Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue世界汉语教学[Chinese Teaching in the World]2002.3:23-36.
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏).2014.Xiandai Hanyu Yiwenju Yanjiu(zengding ben)现代汉语疑问句研究(增订本)[Research on Interrogative Sentence in Modern Chinese(enlarged edition)].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Shao,Jingmin(邵敬敏),Juan Zhou(周娟),Xiaochuan Peng(彭小川),Yi Shao(邵宜),Yu-en Gan(甘于恩),&Yiping Zeng(曾毅平).2010.Hanyu Fangyan Yiwen Fanchou Bijiao Yanjiu汉语方言疑问范畴比较研究[Comparison Study on Interrogatives in Chinese Dialects].Guangzhou:Ji’nan Daxue Chubanshe广州:暨南大学出版社[Ji’nan University Press].
Tan,Jiqiang(谭季强).1930.Fenlei Tongxing Guangzhouhua分类通行广州话[Cantonese in Classification].Taibei:Taiwan Wenhai Chubanshe台北:台湾文海出版社[Taipei:Taiwan Wenhai Press].
Wang,Li(王力).1957.Guangzhouhua Qianshuo广州话浅说[Easy Cantonese].Beijing:Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe北京:文字改革出版社[Beijing:Characters Reformation Press].
Wang,Yongping(王永平).2013.Guangzhou fazhan jishi广州发展纪事[Guangzhou Chronicle in History].Guangzhou:Guangdong Jingji Chubanshe广州:广东经济出版社[Guangzhou:Guangdong Ecnomic Press].
Wu,Wei(伍巍),&Weiqiang Chen(陈卫强).2008.Yibainianlai guangzhouhua fanfu wenju yanbian guocheng chutan一百年来广州话反复问句演变过程初探[Analysis on the transformation of tag-question in Cantonese].Yuyan Yanjiu语言研究[Studies in Language and Linguistics]2008.3:72-88.
[1]为行文方便,本文在引用表1中所列文献时,以出版时间代替具体书目,同一年的作品在时间后附上作者姓氏,如1888 Fulton,1888 Ball。现代文献亦如此,以保持全文引用文献标注的一致性。
[2]为忠实地再现原文面貌,文中用例后面直接引用原文献的英文解释(无英文翻译的则用中文解释);引例后括号内第一个数字是表1中所列文献的出版年份,用于代替文献名称,冒号后是该用例在文献中的页码,原作品无页码则标明其课序或标题。
[3]有些文献中将“冇”写成“无”,二者当时读音完全相同,如“你有见过熊冇(nee you keen kwaw hoong mō)”(1854:9),“有洗身盆无(you sīshun poon mō)”(1854:9),同一作者在同一作品的同一页将同一个读音写成两个不同的形体,且二者的语法和语义功能完全相同,可见是同一个词的不同书写形式。本文根据绝大部分文献资料,将其统一写成“冇”。
[4]汉语共同语主要依据邵敬敏和朱彦(2002),傅惠钧(2004,2010)等。