互联网使用与女性创业概率——基于微观数据的实证研究
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摘要
基于中国综合社会调查的女性创业者数据,探讨了互联网使用与女性创业概率之间的关系。probit模型回归结果发现:互联网使用显著提升了女性的创业概率;平均而言,上网女性的创业概率比不上网女性高3%;高频次使用互联网的女性创业概率高于低频次使用互联网的女性。互联网通过提高女性的人力资本和社会资本、丰富女性的信息渠道等机制为女性提供了有效积累创业资源的线上途径,从而促进了女性的创业活动。
Based on the data of female entrepreneurs from Chinese General Social Survey,this paper discusses the relationship between internet use and female entrepreneurial probability.The results of probit model regression show that internet use significantly increase women's entrepreneurial probability.On average,women who use the internet have 3% higher entrepreneurial probability than women who are not online.Women who use the internet at high frequency have higher entrepreneurial probability than women who used the internet at low frequency.By improving women's human capital and social capital,and enriching women's information channels,the internet provides women with an online way to effectively accumulate entrepreneurial resources,thereby promoting women's entrepreneurial activities.
Based on the data of female entrepreneurs from Chinese General Social Survey,this paper discusses the relationship between internet use and female entrepreneurial probability.The results of probit model regression show that internet use significantly increase women's entrepreneurial probability.On average,women who use the internet have 3% higher entrepreneurial probability than women who are not online.Women who use the internet at high frequency have higher entrepreneurial probability than women who used the internet at low frequency.By improving women's human capital and social capital,and enriching women's information channels,the internet provides women with an online way to effectively accumulate entrepreneurial resources,thereby promoting women's entrepreneurial activities.
引文
[1]李兰.我国女企业家发展现状,问题与期望[J].发展研究,2017(8):22-25.
[2]NICOLAOU N,SHANE S,CHERKAS L,et al.Opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur:a bivariate genetics perspective[J].Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2009,110(2):108-117.
[3]AHL H.Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions[J].Entrepreneurship theory and practice,2006,30(5):595-621.
[4]JOME L R M,DONAHUE M P,SIEGEL L A.Working in the uncharted technology frontier:characteristics of women web entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business and Psychology,2006,21(1):127-147.
[5]SMITH C,SMITH J B,SHAW E.Embracing digital networks:entrepreneurs'social capital online[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2017,32(1):18-34.
[6]NAMBISAN S.Digital entrepreneurship:toward a digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2017,41(6):1029-1055.
[7]MCADAM M,CROWLEY C,HARRISON R T."To boldly go where no[man]has gone before"-Institutional voids and the development of women's digital entrepreneurship[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2018.
[8]GUPTA V K,YORK A S.The effects of geography and age on women's attitudes towards entrepreneurship:evidence from the state of Nebraska[J].The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2008,9(4):251-262.
[9]KOBEISSI N.Gender factors and female entrepreneurship:international evidence and policy implications[J].Journal of international entrepreneurship,2010,8(1):1-35.
[10]FARR-WHARTON R,BRUNETTO Y.Women entrepreneurs,opportunity recognition and government-sponsored business networks:a social capital perspective[J].Women in Management Review,2007,22(3):187-207.
[11]BRINDLEY C.Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential:women and risk[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior&Research,2005,11(2):144-161.
[12]JUSTO R,DETIENNE D R,SIEGER P.Failure or voluntary exit?Reassessing the female underperformance hypothesis[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2015,30(6):775-792.
[13]PATRICK C,STEPHENS H,WEINSTEIN A.Where are all the self-employed women?Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions[J].Small Business Economics,2016,46(3):365-390.
[14]GREENE F J,HAN L,MARLOW S.Like mother,like daughter?Analyzing maternal influences upon women's entrepreneurial propensity[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2013,37(4):687-711.
[15]POWELL G N,EDDLESTON K A.Linking family-tobusiness enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success:do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes?[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2013,28(2):261-280.
[16]KANZE D,HUANG L,CONLEY M A,et al.We ask men to win and women not to lose:closing the gender gap in startup funding[J].Academy of Management Journal,2018,61(2):586-614.
[17]BAUGHN C C,CHUA B L,NEUPERT K E.The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneruship:a multicountry study[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2006,30(5):687-708.
[18]GOLTZ S,BUCHE M W,PATHAK S.Political empowerment,rule of law,and women's entry into entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Small Business Management,2015,53(3):605-626.
[19]JAMALI D.Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries:a relational perspective[J].Gender in management:an international journal,2009,24(4):232-251.
[20]SHAHRIAR A Z M.Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity:evidence from matrilineal and patriarchal societies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2018,33(6):762-779.
[21]UKPERE C L,SLABBERT A D,UKPERE W I.Rising trend in social media usage by women entrepreneurs across the globe to unlock their potentials for business success[J].Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,2014,5(10):551.
[22]MELISSA E,HAMIDATI A,SARASWATI M S.Social media empowerment:how social media help to boost women entrepreneurship in Indonesian urban areas[J].Swiss German University,Indonesia,2012,1(1):77-90.
[23]DELACROIX E,PARGUEL B,BENOIT-MOREAU F.Digital subsistence entrepreneurs on Facebook[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2018.
[24]MACK E A,MARIE-PIERRE L,REDICAN K.Entrepreneurs'use of internet and social media applications[J].Telecommunications Policy,2017,41(2):120-139.
[25]刘鹏程,李磊,王小洁.企业家精神的性别差异——基于创业动机视角的研究[J].管理世界,2013,239(8):126-135.
[26]李新春,叶文平,朱沆.社会资本与女性创业(1)——基于GEM数据的跨国(地区)比较研究[J].管理科学学报,2017,20(8):112-126.
[27]杨湘玉,程源,刘云.创业倾向影响路径的性别差异研究[J].科研管理,2017,38(6):84-90.
[28]许艳丽,王岚.创新驱动发展战略下女性创业的新趋势、新挑战与新路径[J].科学管理研究,2017,35(3):91-93.
[29]赵荔,苏靖,赵静.“互联网+”新业态中的女性创业特性分析——基于47位最值得关注创业女性榜单[J].企业经济,2017,36(9):100-105.
[30]朱欢.互联网使用对居民幸福感的影响研究——基于CGSS(2015)数据的经验证据[J].信息系统工程,2018(12):154-155.
[31]陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):89-99.
[32]周洋,华语音.互联网与农村家庭创业——基于CFPS数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2017(5):111-119.
[33]ARREGLE J L,BATJARGAL B,HITT M A,et al.Family ties in entrepreneurs'social networks and new venture growth[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2015,39(2):313-344.
[34]LEE L,WONG P K,DER FOO M,et al.Entrepreneurial intentions:the influence of organizational and individual factors[J].Journal of business venturing,2011,26(1):124-136.
[35]郑筱婷,陆小慧.有兄弟对女性是好消息吗?——家庭人力资本投资中的性别歧视研究[J].经济学(季刊),2018(1):277-298.
[36]NELSON T,LEVESQUE L L.The status of women in corporate governance in high-growth,high-potential firms[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007,31(2):209-232.
[37]GEDAJLOVIC E,HONIG B,MOORE C B,et al.Social capital and entrepreneurship:a schema and research agenda[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2013,37(3):455-478.
[38]UZZI B.Social structure and competition in interfirm networks[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1997,42(1):37-69.
[39]DAVIDSSON P,HONIG B.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs[J].Journal of business venturing,2003,18(3):301-331.
[40]STAM W,ARZLANIAN S,ELFRING T.Social capital of entrepreneurs and small firm performance:a meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2014,29(1):152-173.
[41]SIGFUSSON T,CHETTY S.Building international entrepreneurial virtual networks in cyberspace[J].Journal of World Business,2013,48(2):260-270.
[42]ELLISON N B,STEINFIELD C,LAMPE C.Connection strategies:social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices[J].New media&society,2011,13(6):873-892.
[43]ECKHARDT J T,SHANE S A.Opportunities and entrepreneurship[J].Journal of management,2003,29(3):333-349.
[44]UCBASARAN D,WESTHEAD P,WRIGHT M.Opportunity identification and pursuit:does an entrepreneur's human capital matter?[J].Small Business Economics,2008,30(2):153-173.
[45]FIET J O.The Systematic Search for Entrepreneurial Discoveries[M].Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO,2002:102-106.
[46]OZGEN E,BARON R A.Social sources of information in opportunity recognition:effects of mentors,industry networks,and professional forums[J].Journal of business venturing,2007,22(2):174-192.
[47]KASABOV E.Start-up difficulties in early-stage peripheral clusters:the case of it in an emerging economy[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2015,39(4):727-761.
(1)参见2017年中国女企业家协会、中国企业家调查系统、卓越企业家成长研究基金联合课题组发布的《中国女企业家发展:现状、问题与期望——2505位女企业家问卷调查报告》。
[2]NICOLAOU N,SHANE S,CHERKAS L,et al.Opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur:a bivariate genetics perspective[J].Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2009,110(2):108-117.
[3]AHL H.Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions[J].Entrepreneurship theory and practice,2006,30(5):595-621.
[4]JOME L R M,DONAHUE M P,SIEGEL L A.Working in the uncharted technology frontier:characteristics of women web entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business and Psychology,2006,21(1):127-147.
[5]SMITH C,SMITH J B,SHAW E.Embracing digital networks:entrepreneurs'social capital online[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2017,32(1):18-34.
[6]NAMBISAN S.Digital entrepreneurship:toward a digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2017,41(6):1029-1055.
[7]MCADAM M,CROWLEY C,HARRISON R T."To boldly go where no[man]has gone before"-Institutional voids and the development of women's digital entrepreneurship[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2018.
[8]GUPTA V K,YORK A S.The effects of geography and age on women's attitudes towards entrepreneurship:evidence from the state of Nebraska[J].The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2008,9(4):251-262.
[9]KOBEISSI N.Gender factors and female entrepreneurship:international evidence and policy implications[J].Journal of international entrepreneurship,2010,8(1):1-35.
[10]FARR-WHARTON R,BRUNETTO Y.Women entrepreneurs,opportunity recognition and government-sponsored business networks:a social capital perspective[J].Women in Management Review,2007,22(3):187-207.
[11]BRINDLEY C.Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential:women and risk[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior&Research,2005,11(2):144-161.
[12]JUSTO R,DETIENNE D R,SIEGER P.Failure or voluntary exit?Reassessing the female underperformance hypothesis[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2015,30(6):775-792.
[13]PATRICK C,STEPHENS H,WEINSTEIN A.Where are all the self-employed women?Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions[J].Small Business Economics,2016,46(3):365-390.
[14]GREENE F J,HAN L,MARLOW S.Like mother,like daughter?Analyzing maternal influences upon women's entrepreneurial propensity[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2013,37(4):687-711.
[15]POWELL G N,EDDLESTON K A.Linking family-tobusiness enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success:do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes?[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2013,28(2):261-280.
[16]KANZE D,HUANG L,CONLEY M A,et al.We ask men to win and women not to lose:closing the gender gap in startup funding[J].Academy of Management Journal,2018,61(2):586-614.
[17]BAUGHN C C,CHUA B L,NEUPERT K E.The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneruship:a multicountry study[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2006,30(5):687-708.
[18]GOLTZ S,BUCHE M W,PATHAK S.Political empowerment,rule of law,and women's entry into entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Small Business Management,2015,53(3):605-626.
[19]JAMALI D.Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries:a relational perspective[J].Gender in management:an international journal,2009,24(4):232-251.
[20]SHAHRIAR A Z M.Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity:evidence from matrilineal and patriarchal societies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2018,33(6):762-779.
[21]UKPERE C L,SLABBERT A D,UKPERE W I.Rising trend in social media usage by women entrepreneurs across the globe to unlock their potentials for business success[J].Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,2014,5(10):551.
[22]MELISSA E,HAMIDATI A,SARASWATI M S.Social media empowerment:how social media help to boost women entrepreneurship in Indonesian urban areas[J].Swiss German University,Indonesia,2012,1(1):77-90.
[23]DELACROIX E,PARGUEL B,BENOIT-MOREAU F.Digital subsistence entrepreneurs on Facebook[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2018.
[24]MACK E A,MARIE-PIERRE L,REDICAN K.Entrepreneurs'use of internet and social media applications[J].Telecommunications Policy,2017,41(2):120-139.
[25]刘鹏程,李磊,王小洁.企业家精神的性别差异——基于创业动机视角的研究[J].管理世界,2013,239(8):126-135.
[26]李新春,叶文平,朱沆.社会资本与女性创业(1)——基于GEM数据的跨国(地区)比较研究[J].管理科学学报,2017,20(8):112-126.
[27]杨湘玉,程源,刘云.创业倾向影响路径的性别差异研究[J].科研管理,2017,38(6):84-90.
[28]许艳丽,王岚.创新驱动发展战略下女性创业的新趋势、新挑战与新路径[J].科学管理研究,2017,35(3):91-93.
[29]赵荔,苏靖,赵静.“互联网+”新业态中的女性创业特性分析——基于47位最值得关注创业女性榜单[J].企业经济,2017,36(9):100-105.
[30]朱欢.互联网使用对居民幸福感的影响研究——基于CGSS(2015)数据的经验证据[J].信息系统工程,2018(12):154-155.
[31]陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):89-99.
[32]周洋,华语音.互联网与农村家庭创业——基于CFPS数据的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2017(5):111-119.
[33]ARREGLE J L,BATJARGAL B,HITT M A,et al.Family ties in entrepreneurs'social networks and new venture growth[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2015,39(2):313-344.
[34]LEE L,WONG P K,DER FOO M,et al.Entrepreneurial intentions:the influence of organizational and individual factors[J].Journal of business venturing,2011,26(1):124-136.
[35]郑筱婷,陆小慧.有兄弟对女性是好消息吗?——家庭人力资本投资中的性别歧视研究[J].经济学(季刊),2018(1):277-298.
[36]NELSON T,LEVESQUE L L.The status of women in corporate governance in high-growth,high-potential firms[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007,31(2):209-232.
[37]GEDAJLOVIC E,HONIG B,MOORE C B,et al.Social capital and entrepreneurship:a schema and research agenda[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2013,37(3):455-478.
[38]UZZI B.Social structure and competition in interfirm networks[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1997,42(1):37-69.
[39]DAVIDSSON P,HONIG B.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs[J].Journal of business venturing,2003,18(3):301-331.
[40]STAM W,ARZLANIAN S,ELFRING T.Social capital of entrepreneurs and small firm performance:a meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2014,29(1):152-173.
[41]SIGFUSSON T,CHETTY S.Building international entrepreneurial virtual networks in cyberspace[J].Journal of World Business,2013,48(2):260-270.
[42]ELLISON N B,STEINFIELD C,LAMPE C.Connection strategies:social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices[J].New media&society,2011,13(6):873-892.
[43]ECKHARDT J T,SHANE S A.Opportunities and entrepreneurship[J].Journal of management,2003,29(3):333-349.
[44]UCBASARAN D,WESTHEAD P,WRIGHT M.Opportunity identification and pursuit:does an entrepreneur's human capital matter?[J].Small Business Economics,2008,30(2):153-173.
[45]FIET J O.The Systematic Search for Entrepreneurial Discoveries[M].Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO,2002:102-106.
[46]OZGEN E,BARON R A.Social sources of information in opportunity recognition:effects of mentors,industry networks,and professional forums[J].Journal of business venturing,2007,22(2):174-192.
[47]KASABOV E.Start-up difficulties in early-stage peripheral clusters:the case of it in an emerging economy[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2015,39(4):727-761.
(1)参见2017年中国女企业家协会、中国企业家调查系统、卓越企业家成长研究基金联合课题组发布的《中国女企业家发展:现状、问题与期望——2505位女企业家问卷调查报告》。