论无人水下潜水器在国际海洋法下的无害通过权
摘要
无人水下潜水器作为一类新兴的船舶,虽具备与军舰较类似的性质与功能,但在国际海洋法下并不能被称为军舰,而宜界定为非商用政府船舶或者军用船舶。由于无人水下潜水器的航行可能对沿海国的秩序与安全构成威胁,故沿海国可以不承认其无害通过权。即使沿海国不否认其无害通过权,其亦应遵从国际海洋法的无害通过制度关于搜集信息、水面上航行等方面的规则,以确保其通过领海的行为是无害的。
引文
[1]US Department of the Navy,The Navy Unmanned Undersea Vehicle(UUV)Master Plan,2004,p.4,www.navy mil,last visit:26 March 2018.
[2]Michael N.Schmitt and David S.Goddard International Law and the Military Use of Unmanned Maritime Systems,International Review of the Red Cross2016,Vol.98.
[3]Bryan A.Garner:Black's Law Dictionary,8th edition2004,p.4836.
[4]COPE and others v.VALLETTE DRY-DOCKCO.,119 U.S.625,1887.
[5]Andrew H.Henderson,Murky Waters:The Lega Status of Unmanned Undersea Vehicles,Naval Law Review2006,Vol.53.
[6]Art.32(2),Articles concerning the Law of the Sea with commentaries,1956.
[7]Art.3,4,Convention relating to the Conversion o Merchant Ships into War-Ships(Hague VII),18 October1907,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org,last visit:26 March 2018.
[8]https://treaties.un.org,last visit:26 March 2018.
[9]Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua(Nicaragua v.U.S.A.),1986 I.C.J.,Judgment para.214.
[10]William K.Agyebeng:Theory in Search of Practice The Right of Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea,Cornel International Law Journal,2006,Vol.39.
[11]Bowen L.Florsheim,Territorial Seas-3000 Year Old Question,Journal of Air Law and Commerce,1980,Vol36.
[12]Miyoshi Masahiro,The Submerged Passage of a Submarine through the Territorial Sea-the Incident of a Chinese Atomic-powered Submarine,Singapore Year Book of International Law,2006,Vol.10.
[13]Art.5(1),Territorial Sea Law No.3037 of 31December 1977,http://www.un.org,last visit:2 March 2019.
[14]Art.5(2),Federal Law No.19 of 1993 on the respect of the delimitation of the maritime zones of the United Arab Emirates,http://extwprlegs1.fao.org,last visit:2 March 2019.
[15]Art.4(1),Proclamation of 3 June 1966 concerning the admission to Swedish territory of foreign naval vessels and military aircraft,http://www.un.org,last visit:2 March 2019.
[16]Stuart B.Kaye,Freedom of Navigation,Surveillance and Security:Legal Issues Surrounding the Collection o Intelligence from Beyond the Littoral,Australian Yearbook o International Law,2005,Vol.24.
[17]Daniel Patrick O’Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Vol.I,I.A.Shearer,1982,p.269.
[18]Rene J.Dupuy,Daniel Vignes,A Handbook of the New Law of the Sea,Springer Netherlands,1991,p.927.
[19]David I.White,The Right of Innocent Passage of Submarines in the Territorial Seas,Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa,1974,Vol.7.
[2]Michael N.Schmitt and David S.Goddard International Law and the Military Use of Unmanned Maritime Systems,International Review of the Red Cross2016,Vol.98.
[3]Bryan A.Garner:Black's Law Dictionary,8th edition2004,p.4836.
[4]COPE and others v.VALLETTE DRY-DOCKCO.,119 U.S.625,1887.
[5]Andrew H.Henderson,Murky Waters:The Lega Status of Unmanned Undersea Vehicles,Naval Law Review2006,Vol.53.
[6]Art.32(2),Articles concerning the Law of the Sea with commentaries,1956.
[7]Art.3,4,Convention relating to the Conversion o Merchant Ships into War-Ships(Hague VII),18 October1907,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org,last visit:26 March 2018.
[8]https://treaties.un.org,last visit:26 March 2018.
[9]Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua(Nicaragua v.U.S.A.),1986 I.C.J.,Judgment para.214.
[10]William K.Agyebeng:Theory in Search of Practice The Right of Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea,Cornel International Law Journal,2006,Vol.39.
[11]Bowen L.Florsheim,Territorial Seas-3000 Year Old Question,Journal of Air Law and Commerce,1980,Vol36.
[12]Miyoshi Masahiro,The Submerged Passage of a Submarine through the Territorial Sea-the Incident of a Chinese Atomic-powered Submarine,Singapore Year Book of International Law,2006,Vol.10.
[13]Art.5(1),Territorial Sea Law No.3037 of 31December 1977,http://www.un.org,last visit:2 March 2019.
[14]Art.5(2),Federal Law No.19 of 1993 on the respect of the delimitation of the maritime zones of the United Arab Emirates,http://extwprlegs1.fao.org,last visit:2 March 2019.
[15]Art.4(1),Proclamation of 3 June 1966 concerning the admission to Swedish territory of foreign naval vessels and military aircraft,http://www.un.org,last visit:2 March 2019.
[16]Stuart B.Kaye,Freedom of Navigation,Surveillance and Security:Legal Issues Surrounding the Collection o Intelligence from Beyond the Littoral,Australian Yearbook o International Law,2005,Vol.24.
[17]Daniel Patrick O’Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Vol.I,I.A.Shearer,1982,p.269.
[18]Rene J.Dupuy,Daniel Vignes,A Handbook of the New Law of the Sea,Springer Netherlands,1991,p.927.
[19]David I.White,The Right of Innocent Passage of Submarines in the Territorial Seas,Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa,1974,Vol.7.