我国社会救助服务体系构建的可能性与路径
|
摘要
社会救助是我国反贫困体系的基石,作为"托底线、救急难"的一项重要民生制度,在缓解贫困、解决困难群体生存危机方面发挥着重要作用。但是基于生存目标的社会救助制度仍然面临诸多发展困境,主要体现在救助目标滞后、救助主体薄弱、救助模式固化、救助服务非专业化、救助内容单一等。在共建共享共治的社会发展大格局下,我国社会救助制度应从单一国家救助走向社会救助服务体系,吸取国际社会服务体系建设经验,激发慈善救助潜力,加固服务支持体系。以"现金+服务+自助"作为社会救助服务体系的逻辑起点,以国家、社会与市场的协同救助网络作为责任分担机制,从生存型救助到发展型救助,提供专业化科学化社会化救助服务,满足差异化需求,促进社会工作与社会救助的衔接,进而织牢编密保障贫困群体基本生活的安全网。
Social assistance is the cornerstone of anti-poverty system in china,as a " bottom line,emergency difficult" important livelihood system plays an important role in poverty alleviation,solving crisis of the difficulties groups.However,there are still many difficulties in the development of social assistance system,which mainly reflected in the low level of relief,narrow scope of relief,relief means passive,a single relief project,lack of effective convergence mechanism linking with non institutionalized social assistance projects.The co-construction and sharing of work and social development under the big pattem,the social assistance system of our country should from a single state iad to social assistance service ysstem.absorb international social service system construction experiencfe,stimulate the charity relief potential,strengthenimg service support system."Cash,self-help,service"as the logical starting point of social assistance service system,the cooperative rescue network in the country,the society and market as a responsibility sharing mechanism,from survival assistance to development-oriented assistance,provide professional scientifics social assistance,meet the demand of differentiation,promote social work and social assistance of cohesion,and woven tightly colse protect poor basic.
Social assistance is the cornerstone of anti-poverty system in china,as a " bottom line,emergency difficult" important livelihood system plays an important role in poverty alleviation,solving crisis of the difficulties groups.However,there are still many difficulties in the development of social assistance system,which mainly reflected in the low level of relief,narrow scope of relief,relief means passive,a single relief project,lack of effective convergence mechanism linking with non institutionalized social assistance projects.The co-construction and sharing of work and social development under the big pattem,the social assistance system of our country should from a single state iad to social assistance service ysstem.absorb international social service system construction experiencfe,stimulate the charity relief potential,strengthenimg service support system."Cash,self-help,service"as the logical starting point of social assistance service system,the cooperative rescue network in the country,the society and market as a responsibility sharing mechanism,from survival assistance to development-oriented assistance,provide professional scientifics social assistance,meet the demand of differentiation,promote social work and social assistance of cohesion,and woven tightly colse protect poor basic.
引文
[1]周沛.新型社会救助体系探究[J].南京大学学报,2010(4):141-149+160.
[2][美]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:510.
[3]国务院.“十三五”推进基本公共服务均等化规划[EB/OL].(2017-03-01)[2017-06-20].http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-03/01/c_1120553171.htm.
[4]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:243.
[5]Katarzyna Gajewska.Peer production and prosumerism as a model for the future organization of general interest services provision in developed countries[J].World Future Review,2014,6(1):29-39.
[6]Mary Daly.Paradigms in EU social policy:a critical account of Europe 2020[J].Transfer:European Review of Labor and Research,2012,18(3):273-284.
[7]Kati Kuitto.From social security to social investment?Compensating and social investment welfare policies in a life-course perspective[J].Journal of European Social Policy,2016,26(5):442-459.
[8]2017年政府工作报告[EB/OL].(2017-03-05)[2017-03-28].http://www.china.com.cn/lianghui/news/2017-03/05/content_40412438.htm.
[9]Townsend,P.The concept of poverty:working papers on method of investigation and life-styles of the poor in different countries[M].London:Heinemann Educational,1984.
[10]谢勇才.从生存型救助到发展型救助:我国社会救助制度的发展困境与完善路径[J].中国软科学,2015(11):39-49.
[11]王浦劬,莱斯特·M·萨拉蒙.政府向社会组织购买公共服务研究---中国与全球经验分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010:31-42.
(1)阿玛蒂亚·森认为物质资源的匮乏是造成贫困的根源,由此衍生出异质性因素阻碍个人可行能力的发挥,其中包括主观方面的个人特质和家庭环境因素,也包括客观方面的社会政策、社会气候环境。主客观异质性因素的交叉限制多维度可行能力的发挥,甚至造成可行能力的丧失与剥夺,外显为生活状态窘迫的功能型贫困与缺乏发展机会与潜在发展动力的能力型贫困。功能型贫困与能力型贫困缺失引发可行能力贫困。
(2)甘肃的“杨改兰事件”警醒了我国的扶贫政策,也显性化了我国底层社会人们的贫瘠生活状态,农村低保保障了受助群体的基本生活,但是在从低保制度退出之后,国家后续的服务工作没有及时接续,造成扶贫工作的断裂。
(1)孙立平认为,在新中国成立后我国建立起以国家政权为核心,国家、市场、社会三位一体的“总体性社会”。在总体性社会的结构背景下,社会建设依附于国家政权体系,以国家为主体,依靠政治权力,服务于政治目标。国家依靠中央集权与计划经济体制,垄断一切社会资源,整个社会结构封闭、僵化与停滞。这种一体式社会建设模式虽然有利于国家集中有限社会资源进行社会生产,在短时间内解决社会问题促进社会整合,但是由此形成的一系列僵化体制对我国之后的社会建设会产生不良影响,所以在总体性社会格局转变的进程中,需要重新建构国家与社会的关系。参见孙立平、王汉生、王思斌等《改革以来中国社会结构的变迁》,《中国社会科学》,1994年第2期第47页。
[2][美]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:510.
[3]国务院.“十三五”推进基本公共服务均等化规划[EB/OL].(2017-03-01)[2017-06-20].http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-03/01/c_1120553171.htm.
[4]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:243.
[5]Katarzyna Gajewska.Peer production and prosumerism as a model for the future organization of general interest services provision in developed countries[J].World Future Review,2014,6(1):29-39.
[6]Mary Daly.Paradigms in EU social policy:a critical account of Europe 2020[J].Transfer:European Review of Labor and Research,2012,18(3):273-284.
[7]Kati Kuitto.From social security to social investment?Compensating and social investment welfare policies in a life-course perspective[J].Journal of European Social Policy,2016,26(5):442-459.
[8]2017年政府工作报告[EB/OL].(2017-03-05)[2017-03-28].http://www.china.com.cn/lianghui/news/2017-03/05/content_40412438.htm.
[9]Townsend,P.The concept of poverty:working papers on method of investigation and life-styles of the poor in different countries[M].London:Heinemann Educational,1984.
[10]谢勇才.从生存型救助到发展型救助:我国社会救助制度的发展困境与完善路径[J].中国软科学,2015(11):39-49.
[11]王浦劬,莱斯特·M·萨拉蒙.政府向社会组织购买公共服务研究---中国与全球经验分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010:31-42.
(1)阿玛蒂亚·森认为物质资源的匮乏是造成贫困的根源,由此衍生出异质性因素阻碍个人可行能力的发挥,其中包括主观方面的个人特质和家庭环境因素,也包括客观方面的社会政策、社会气候环境。主客观异质性因素的交叉限制多维度可行能力的发挥,甚至造成可行能力的丧失与剥夺,外显为生活状态窘迫的功能型贫困与缺乏发展机会与潜在发展动力的能力型贫困。功能型贫困与能力型贫困缺失引发可行能力贫困。
(2)甘肃的“杨改兰事件”警醒了我国的扶贫政策,也显性化了我国底层社会人们的贫瘠生活状态,农村低保保障了受助群体的基本生活,但是在从低保制度退出之后,国家后续的服务工作没有及时接续,造成扶贫工作的断裂。
(1)孙立平认为,在新中国成立后我国建立起以国家政权为核心,国家、市场、社会三位一体的“总体性社会”。在总体性社会的结构背景下,社会建设依附于国家政权体系,以国家为主体,依靠政治权力,服务于政治目标。国家依靠中央集权与计划经济体制,垄断一切社会资源,整个社会结构封闭、僵化与停滞。这种一体式社会建设模式虽然有利于国家集中有限社会资源进行社会生产,在短时间内解决社会问题促进社会整合,但是由此形成的一系列僵化体制对我国之后的社会建设会产生不良影响,所以在总体性社会格局转变的进程中,需要重新建构国家与社会的关系。参见孙立平、王汉生、王思斌等《改革以来中国社会结构的变迁》,《中国社会科学》,1994年第2期第47页。